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Baris 1: {{Taxobox ~~{{redirect\|Basswood}}~~ \| color = {{tc2\|tumbuhan}} ~~{{redirect\|Lime tree\|the citrus fruit trees\|Lime (fruit)}}~~ ~~{{taxobox~~ \|image = Tilia tomentosa.jpg \|image_caption = ''[[Tilia tomentosa]]'', ~~cultivated~~dibiakkan ~~at the~~pada [[:en:Morton Arboretum\|Morton Arboretum]] ~~near~~dekat [[Chicago]] \|regnum = [[Plantae]] {{kladtb\|[[Tumbuhan berpembuluh\|Tracheophyta]]}} ~~\|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]~~ {{kladtb\|[[Tumbuhan berbunga\|Angiospermae]]}} ~~\|unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]]~~ {{kladtb\|[[Eudikotil]]}} ~~\|unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]]~~ {{kladtb\|[[Rosid]]}} \|ordo = [[Malvales]] \|familia = [[Malvaceae]] Baris 16: \|subdivision = Sekitar 30 }} '''''Tilia''''' ,'''linde''' atau '''namdar''' merupakan suatu [[genus]] yang terdiri dari kira-kira 30 [[spesies]] pohon [[:en:native plant\|asli]] di hampir seluruh wilayah [[Belahan Utara]] [[:en:temperateness\|bersuhu sedang]]. [[:en:Common name\|Nama umumnya]] '''lime tree''' di kepulauan Britania (''British Isles''), meskipun tumbuhan ini bukan kerabat dekat [[:en:Lime (fruit)\|buah lime (jeruk pecel)]]. Nama lain adalah pohon '''linden''' dan '''basswood'''. Genus ini dijumpai di Eropa dan Amerika Utara bagian timur, tetapi keragaman spesies terbesar terdapat di [[Asia]]. Menurut [[:en:Cronquist system\|sistem klasifikasi Cronquist]], genus ini ditempatkan dalam [[familia]] [[Tiliaceae]], tetapi riset genetika yang diikhtisarkan oleh [[:en:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group\|Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] menghasilkan penggolongan genus ini ke dalam [[familia]] [[Malvaceae]].▼ Kebanyakan spesies ~~''Tilia''~~linde berupa pohon ~~[[deciduous]]~~dwirumah berukuran besar, tingginya rata-rata mencapai {{Convert\|20\|to\|40\|m\|ft\|sigfig=2}}, dengan daun-daun berbentuk ''oblique-cordate'' bergaris tengah {{Convert\|6\|to\|20\|cm\|in\|0}}. Sebagaimana pohon ~~''elm''~~dardar, jumlah spesies tepatnya tidak dapat dipastikan, karena ~~banyak (atau~~ kebanyakan) spesies mudah mengalami [[:en:Hybrid (biology)\|hibridisasi]], baik di alam terbuka atau dalam pembiakan. Pohon ~~lime~~linde bersifat [[:En:hermaphrodite\|hermafrodit]], mempunyai [[:en:perfect flower\|bunga sempurna]] dengan bagian-bagian jantan dan betina, diserbukkan oleh [[serangga]].▼ ▲'''''Tilia''''' merupakan suatu [[genus]] yang terdiri dari kira-kira 30 [[spesies]] pohon [[:en:native plant\|asli]] di hampir seluruh wilayah [[Belahan Utara]] [[:en:temperateness\|bersuhu sedang]]. [[:en:Common name\|Nama umumnya]] '''lime tree''' di kepulauan Britania (''British Isles''), meskipun tumbuhan ini bukan kerabat dekat [[:en:Lime (fruit)\|buah lime (jeruk pecel)]]. Nama lain adalah pohon '''linden''' dan '''basswood'''. Genus ini dijumpai di Eropa dan Amerika Utara bagian timur, tetapi keragaman spesies terbesar terdapat di [[Asia]]. Menurut [[:en:Cronquist system\|sistem klasifikasi Cronquist]], genus ini ditempatkan dalam [[familia]] [[Tiliaceae]], tetapi riset genetika yang diikhtisarkan oleh [[:en:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group\|Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] menghasilkan penggolongan genus ini ke dalam [[familia]] [[Malvaceae]]. == Nama ==▼ ▲Kebanyakan spesies ''Tilia'' berupa pohon [[deciduous]] berukuran besar, tingginya rata-rata mencapai {{Convert\|20\|to\|40\|m\|ft\|sigfig=2}}, dengan daun-daun berbentuk ''oblique-cordate'' bergaris tengah {{Convert\|6\|to\|20\|cm\|in\|0}}. Sebagaimana pohon ''elm'', jumlah spesies tepatnya tidak dapat dipastikan, karena banyak (atau kebanyakan) spesies mudah mengalami [[:en:Hybrid (biology)\|hibridisasi]], baik di alam terbuka atau dalam pembiakan. Pohon lime bersifat [[:En:hermaphrodite\|hermafrodit]], mempunyai [[:en:perfect flower\|bunga sempurna]] dengan bagian-bagian jantan dan betina, diserbukkan oleh [[serangga]]. ~~Genus~~Tumbuhan ~~yang di Indonesia disebut "'''pohon saru'''"~~ini umumnya dinamai ''lime'' atau ''linden'' in Britania<ref>Brown, Lesley (ed.). 2002. ''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', vol. 1, A–M. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 1600.</ref> serta ''linden'', ''lime'', atau ''basswood'' di Amerika Utara.<ref>''Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.'' 2000. Electronic version 2.5. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.</ref>▼ ▲==Nama== ▲Genus yang di Indonesia disebut "'''pohon saru'''"ini umumnya dinamai ''lime'' atau ''linden'' in Britania<ref>Brown, Lesley (ed.). 2002. ''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', vol. 1, A–M. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 1600.</ref> serta ''linden'', ''lime'', atau ''basswood'' di Amerika Utara.<ref>''Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.'' 2000. Electronic version 2.5. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.</ref> <!--"Lime" is an altered form of Middle English ''lind'', in the 16th century also ''line'', from Old English feminine ''lind'' or ''linde'', [[Proto-Germanic]] ''lendā'', cognate to Latin ''lentus'' "flexible" and Sanskrit ''latā'' "[[liana]]". Within [[Germanic languages]], English "lithe", German ''lind'' "lenient, yielding" are from the same root. Baris 31 ⟶ 30: [[Nama Latin]] ''tilia'' merupakan kognasi dari kata [[bahasa Yunani]] πτελέᾱ, ''ptelea'', "[[:en:elm tree\|pohon elm]]", τιλίαι, ''tiliai'', "[[:en:black poplar\|poplar hitam]]" ([[Hesychius of Alexandria\|Hes.]]), awalnya dari suatu kata [[:en:Proto-Indo-European language\|Proto-Indo-European]] ''ptel-ei̯ā'' yang bermakna "lebar" (feminin); mungkin dalam artian "berdaun lebar" atau mirip dengan itu.<ref>[[IEW]]</ref> == Pemerian == [[~~File~~Berkas:Eriophyes tiliae tiliae.JPG\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|~~right~~ka\| "''Lime nail galls''", suatu kelainan yang disebabkan oleh kutu ''[[Eriophyes tiliae]]'']] [[~~File~~Berkas:Tilia x europea-2.JPG\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|Daun dan batang]] Batang ~~''Tilia''~~pohon linde yang kokoh berdiri seperti sebuah pilar. Cabang-cabangnya membelah terus sampai menjadi ramifikasi lebat sampai ranting-ranting yang halus dan tebal. Dalam musim panas, pohon ini ditutupi padat oleh daun-daun besar sehingga memberi penampakan kepala yang tertutup daun lebat.<ref name=Keeler>{{cite book \| last =Keeler \| first =Harriet L. \| title =Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them \|url =https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog \| publisher =Charles Scriber's Sons ~~\| year =1900~~ \|year =1900 \| location =New York \|pages =[https://archive.org/details/ournativetreesa02keelgoog/page/n51 24]–31 }}</ref> ~~\| pages =24–31 }}</ref>~~ <!-- The leaves of all the ''Tilia'' species are heart-shaped and most are asymmetrical, and the tiny fruit, looking like [[pea]]s, always hang attached to a ribbon-like, greenish-yellow [[bract]], whose use seems to be to launch the ripened seed-clusters just a little beyond the parent tree. The flowers of the European and American ''Tilia'' species are similar, except the American bears a petal-like scale among its stamens and the European varieties are devoid of these appendages. All of the ''Tilia'' species may be propagated by cuttings and grafting, as well as by seed. They grow rapidly in rich soil, but are subject to the attack of many insects. ''Tilia'' is notoriously difficult to propagate from seed unless collected fresh in the fall. If allowed to dry, the seeds will go into a deep dormancy and take 18 months to germinate.<ref name=Keeler /> Baris 55: == Sejarah == {{About\|\|cultural significance\|Lime tree in culture}} [[~~File~~Berkas:Tilia johnsoni 01.jpg\|\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|''[[Tilia johnsoniT. johnsoni]]'' leaf fossil, 49 [[mya (unit)\|Ma]], Washington, USA]] Di Eropa, sejumlah pohon ~~''linden''~~linde mencapai usia yang lanjut. Sebuah [[:en:coppice\|coppice]] dari ''T. cordata'' di [[Westonbirt Arboretum]], wilayah [[Gloucestershire]] diperkirakan berusia 2.000 tahun.<ref>[{{Cite web \|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-73egts \|title=Situs forestry gov UK- Tilia] \|access-date=2015-02-26 \|archive-date=2015-01-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106203615/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-73egts \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> Di halaman pekarangan "Imperial Castle" di Nuremberg ada sebatang pohon ~~''Tilia''~~linde yang menurut tradisi pada tahun [[1900]], ditanama oleh [[:en:Cunigunde of Luxembourg\|Empress Cunigunde]], istri [[:en:Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor\|Henry II dari Jerman]] sekitar tahun [[1000]].Pohon ~~''Tilia''~~linde di Neuenstadt am Kocher, wilayah Baden-Württemberg, Jerman, diperkirakan berusia 1000 tahun ketika tumbang.<ref name=Keeler /> Pohon "Alte Linde" di Naters, [[Swiss]], disebut dalam suatu dokumen tahun [[1357]] dan dipaparkan oleh seorang penulis pada waktu itu sebagai ''magnam'' (raksasa). Sebuah ''plaque'' di kaki pohon menyebutkan bahwa pada tahun [[1155]] sudah ada sebuah pohon linden di tempat itu. [[:en:Najevnik linden tree\|Pohon linden Najevnik]] ({{lang-sl\|Najevska lipa}}), yaitu ''Tilia cordata'' yang berusia 700 tahun, merupakan pohon terlebat di [[Slovenia]].<ref name="DEDI">{{cite encyclopedia \|url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/263-najevska-lipa \|title=Najevska lipa \|trans_title=Najevnik Linden Tree \|encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] \|first1=Mateja \|last1=Šmid Hribar \|editor1-first=Mateja \|editor1-last=Šmid Hribar \|editor2-first=Gregor \|editor2-last=Golež \|editor3-first=Dan \|editor3-last=Podjed \|editor4-first=Drago \|editor4-last=Kladnik \|editor5-first=Bojan \|editor5-last=Erhartič \|editor6-first=Primož \|editor6-last=Pavlin \|editor7-first=Jerele \|editor7-last=Ines \|accessdate=28 August 2013 \|language=Slovenian \|archive-date=2014-12-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205011736/http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/263-najevska-lipa \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> * ~~The~~Keunggulan ~~excellence~~madu ~~of the honey of far-famed~~dari [[Hyblaean Mountains]] yang terkenal luas<ref name=eb>{{cite web \|url=http://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxldaulh1/honey-bees-flowers-sugar.html \|title=Honey \|work=9th Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica \|quote=…honey most esteemed by the ancients was that of Mount Hybla in Sicily… \|accessdate=November 22, 2011}}</ref> ~~was~~disebabkan ~~due~~oleh ~~to the~~pohon linden ~~trees~~yang ~~that~~menutupi ~~covered its sides and~~sisi-sisinya ~~crowned~~dan ~~its~~memahkotai ~~summit~~puncaknya.▼ * Fosil tumbuhan ini telah ditemukan pada [[:en:Tertiary\|lapisan formasi ''Tertiary'']] di [[:en:Grinnell Land\|Grinnell Land]], [[Kanada]], pada garis 82° lintang utara, dan di [[Spitzbergen]], [[Norwegia]]. Sapporta meyakini bahwa yang ditemukannya di sana adalah leluhur bersama dari spesies ''Tilia'' di Eropa dan Amerika.<ref name=Keeler /> <!-- ==Penggunaan== ▲* The excellence of the honey of far-famed [[Hyblaean Mountains]]<ref name=eb>{{cite web \|url=http://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxldaulh1/honey-bees-flowers-sugar.html \|title=Honey \|work=9th Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica \|quote=…honey most esteemed by the ancients was that of Mount Hybla in Sicily… \|accessdate=November 22, 2011}}</ref> was due to the linden trees that covered its sides and crowned its summit. Pohon linden dihargai sebagai [[tanaman hias]] bilamana diinginkan adanya dedaunan lebat atau kerindangan.<ref name=Keeler /> Pohon ini menghasilkan bau sedap dan bunga penghasil nektar, obat-obatan/jamu, antara lain "''lime blossom''" ([[bahasa Ibrani]]: ''tirzah''). Merupakan tanaman yang penting bagi peternak lebah madu karena menghasilkan madu bunga tunggal yang berwarna pucat tapi kaya dengan rasa. Bunganya juga digunakan untuk membuat teh obat serta larutan tinktur. Penggunaan ini terutama populer di Eropa dan juga digunakan pada praktik pengobatan dengan ramuan tradisional di Amerika Utara. * Lime fossils have been found in the [[Tertiary\|Tertiary formations]] of [[Grinnell Land]], Canada, at 82° N latitude, and in [[Spitzbergen]], Norway. Sapporta believed he had found there the common ancestor of the ''Tilia'' species of Europe and America.<ref name=Keeler /> <!-- ==~~Uses~~=Kayu ===--> [[~~File~~Berkas:Riemenschneider Hl Georg.jpg\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|~~right~~ka\|200px\|Limewood [[Saint George]] bykarya [[Tilman Riemenschneider]], ~~''circa''~~~ 1490]]<!--▼ The linden is recommended as an ornamental tree when a mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired.<ref name=Keeler /> The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal [[herb]] lime blossom. They are very important [[honey]] plants for [[beekeeping\|beekeepers]], producing a very pale but richly flavoured [[monofloral honey]]. The flowers are also used for [[herbal tea]]s and [[tinctures]]; this kind of use is particularly popular in Europe and also used in North American herbal medicine practices. ~~===Wood===~~ ▲[[File:Riemenschneider Hl Georg.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Limewood [[Saint George]] by [[Tilman Riemenschneider]], ''circa'' 1490]] The [[timber]] of linden trees is soft and easily worked; it has very little [[wood grain\|grain]] and a density of 560 kg per cubic metre.<ref>[http://www.nichetimbers.co.uk/european-hardwood/lime/ Lime timber]. Niche Timbers. Accessed 19-08-2009.</ref> During the [[Viking era]], it was often used for constructing shields. It is a popular wood for model building and intricate carving. Especially in Germany, it was the classic wood for [[sculpture]] from the Middle Ages onwards and is the material for the elaborate [[altarpiece]]s of [[Veit Stoss]], [[Tilman Riemenschneider]], and many others. In England, it was the favoured medium of the sculptor [[Grinling Gibbons]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.hrp.org.uk/HamptonCourtPalace/GrinlingGibbons \|title=Hampton Court Palace: Grinling Gibbons \|publisher=Hrp.org.uk \|accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> The wood is used in [[marionette]], [[puppet]] making and carving. Having a fine light grain and being comparatively light in weight, it has been used for centuries for this purpose despite modern alternatives being available, and is still one of the main materials used today. Baris 74 ⟶ 73: It is also the wood of choice for window blinds and shutters. Real wood blinds are often made from this lightweight but strong and stable wood, which is well suited to natural and stained finishes. ===~~Bark=~~Kulit kayu== It is known in the trade as basswood, particularly in North America. This name originates from the inner fibrous bark of the tree, known as ''bast''. A strong<ref>{{cite book\|last=Kallio\|first=Edwin\|title=American Basswood... an American Wood\|year=1973\|publisher=US Forest Service\|page=5\|author2=Richard M. Godman }}</ref> [[fibre]] is obtained from this by peeling off the bark and soaking it in water for a month, after which the inner fibres can be easily separated. Bast obtained from the inside of the bark of the ''Tilia'' tree has been used by the [[Ainu people]] of Japan to weave their traditional clothing, the ''attus''. Similar fibres obtained from other plants are also called bast: see [[Bast fibre]]. ===~~Herbalism~~ Ramuan === Most medicinal research has focused on ''[[Tilia cordata]]'', {{citation needed\|date=October 2012}} although other species are also used medicinally and somewhat interchangeably. The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Limeflower tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. The flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are used for medicinal purposes. Active ingredients in the ''Tilia'' flowers include [[flavonoids]] (which act as [[antioxidant]]s) and volatile oils. The plant also contains tannins that can act as an astringent.<ref name=bradley>Bradley P., ed. (1992). British Herbal Compendium. Vol. 1: 142–144. British Herbal Medicine Association, Dorset (Great Britain)</ref> Baris 84 ⟶ 83: Usually, the double-flowered species are used to make perfumes. The leaf buds and young leaves are also edible raw. ''Tilia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]]; see [[List of Lepidoptera that feed on Tilia\|List of Lepidoptera that feed on ''Tilia'']]. --> == Taksonomi == Daftar berikut meliputi tumbuhan yang paling umum diterima tergolong genus ini, termasuk spesies, hibrid, dan ''cultivar''. [[~~File~~Berkas:Linde bei Frankenbrunn.jpg\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|''Bole'' dari sebuah ''Tilia'' kuno di Frankenbrunn, [[Bavaria]]]] [[~~File~~Berkas:Ancient lime tree - geograph.org.uk - 75721.jpg\|~~thumbnail~~jmpl\| Pohon Tilia (''lime tree'') kuno]] [[~~File~~Berkas:Avenue of lime trees at Turville Heath - geograph.org.uk - 39077.jpg\|~~thumbnail~~jmpl\| Jalan yang dipagari oleh pohon-pohon Tilia (''lime tree'') di Turville Heath ]] === Spesies === * ''[[Tilia americana]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus\|L.]]</small> – Basswood, American Linden * ''[[Tilia amurensis]]'' <small></small> – Amur Lime, Amur Linden Baris 122 ⟶ 121: * ''[[Tilia tuan]]'' === Hibrid dan ''cultivar'' === * ''[[Tilia × euchlora]]'' (''T. dasystyla × T. cordata'') * ''[[Tilia × europaea]]'' – Common Lime (''T. cordata × T. platyphyllos''; syn. ''T. × vulgaris'') Baris 131 ⟶ 130: * ''Tilia'' 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin) == Galeri == <gallery heights=" 188px" widths="154px" perrow="4" caption=""> File:AmericanBasswood.JPG\|''[[Tilia americana]]'' Baris 147 ⟶ 146: </gallery> == Lihat pula == * [[International World War Peace Tree]], a ''Tilia'' tree that stands as a sign of [[November 11, 1918\|Germany's alliance]] with the United States * [[St Lawrence Lime]], a former lime tree in Canterbury, England Baris 162 ⟶ 161: * {{cite web\|last=Eichhorn\|first=Markus\|title=Lime Trees and Bees\|url=http://www.test-tube.org.uk/trees/video_lime.htm\|work=Test Tube\|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]\|date=January 2012}} {{Woodworking}} {{Taxonbar\|from=Q127849}} [[Kategori:Tilia\| ]] [[Kategori:~~Medicinal~~Tumbuhan ~~plants~~obat]] [[Kategori:Malvaceae]]