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Revisi per 20 September 2015 09.25 sunting Hidayatsrf (bicara \| kontrib) Pengurus antarmuka, Pengurus 25.023 suntingan k Section heading change: Further reading → Bacaan lanjutan using a script ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 29 Juni 2024 13.26 sunting balikkan Mitgatvm Bot (bicara \| kontrib) Bot 63.383 suntingan k →top: tanpa takson -> klad + clean up Tag: AWB
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Baris 1: {{italic title}} {{~~taxobox~~Taxobox \| color = {{tc2\|tumbuhan}} \|name = ''Striga'' \|image = Striga bilabiata MS4167.jpg \|regnum = [[Plantae]] {{kladtb\|[[Tumbuhan berpembuluh\|Tracheophyta]]}} ~~\|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]~~ {{kladtb\|[[Tumbuhan berbunga\|Angiospermae]]}} ~~\|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]~~ {{kladtb\|[[Eudikotil]]}} ~~\|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]~~ {{kladtb\|[[Asterid]]}} \|ordo = [[Lamiales]] \|familia = [[Orobanchaceae]] Baris 12 ⟶ 14: \|}} '''''Striga''''', atau secara lokal dikenal dengan '''rajatawa''' adalah marga ([[genus]]) tumbuhan yang mencakup sekelompok [[gulma]] [[parasitisme\|parasit]] tanaman pangan ~~yang dijuluki sebagai "rumput setan".~~ Dalam pustaka berbahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai ''witchweed'' atau ''witchers weed''. Tumbuhan ini ditemukan di Afrika, Asia, dan Australia, terutama di kawasan beriklim tropis. Beberapa jenisnya merupakan [[organisme pengganggu tanaman]] yang serius karena tidak ~~sekedar~~sekadar menjadi parasit tetapi juga menyebabkan penyakit tanaman pangan, terutama di kawasan pertanian savanna Afrika. Sebagai pengganggu, ''Striga'' telah menyebar pula ke benua Amerika. ''Striga'' merupakan tumbuhan yang sangat diawasi penyebarannya oleh jawatan-jawatan [[karantina]] di seluruh dunia. <!-- ==Description== Baris 57 ⟶ 59: --> == Gangguan == Jagung, sorgum, dan tebu adalah tanaman yang paling sering terganggu oleh striga, bahkan dapat menimbulkan kerugian 100%, termasuk di [[Amerika Serikat]]. Di Afrika, striga menjadi salah satu pengganggu terpenting. Sekitar 40% lahan savanna Afrika yang dapat digarap terkena dampak striga, sehingga menyebabkan kerugian sampai 13 ~~milyar~~miliar dollar AS per tahun.<ref name="Bio" />. <!-- Maize, sorghum, and sugarcane crops affected by witchweed in the United States have an estimated value well over $20 billion.<ref name="Sand" /> Furthermore, witchweed is capable of wiping out an entire crop.<ref name="Wales" /> In fact, it is so prolific that in 1957 Congress allocated money in an attempt to eradicate witchweed. Thus, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ([[APHIS]]) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture established a research station and control methods.<ref name="Pest" /> Through infestation mapping, quarantine, and control activities such as contaminated seed destruction, the acreage parasitized by witchweed has been reduced 99% since its discovery in the United States.<ref name="Pest" /> APHIS has even offered cash rewards for those identify and report the weed, and encourages landowners to check their own acreage.<ref name="Pest" /> Baris 65 ⟶ 67: == Beberapa jenis == [[~~File~~Berkas:Striga plant.jpg\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|Photo of a striga plant (witchweed)]] [[~~File~~Berkas:Striga bilabiata at Kadavoor.jpg\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|''[[Striga bilabiata]]'']] * ''Striga asiatica'' has a very wide geographic distribution, from Africa through southern and eastern Asia to Australia. Since the 1950s, it is also known from the United States. This introduction, likely a result of human activity, resulted in an infestation of corn ([[maize]]) across many counties in North and South Carolina. The United States Department of Agriculture and state agencies imposed a quarantine on this area to control its spread - a process that was apparently successful. * ''[[Striga gesnerioides]]'', cowpea witchweed, as its name implies, is a parasite of [[cowpea]] (''[[Vigna unguiculata]]''), which is not a grass, but a member of the legume family ([[Fabaceae]] or [[Leguminosae]]). This species was also accidentally introduced into Florida in the United States, where it was found parasitizing ''[[Indigofera]]'' ''hirsuta'' (hairy indigo, another legume).▼ * ''[[Striga hermonthica]]'' (purple witchweed) is also a parasite that affects [[grass]]es, particularly [[sorghum]] and [[pearl millet]] in sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal to Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania, Angola, Namibia).▼ * ''[[Striga aequinoctialis]]'' West Africa▼ * ''[[Striga angolensis]]'' Angola▼ * ''[[Striga angustifolia]]'' East Africa, Asia, Indonesia▼ * ''[[Striga asiatica]]'' (Asiatic witchweed) Africa, Arabian peninsula, India, Burma, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, New Guinea, Australia (introduced?), USA (introduced)▼ * ''[[Striga aspera]]'' Africa▼ * ''[[Striga bilabiata]]'' Africa▼ * ''[[Striga brachycalyx]]'' Africa.▼ * ''[[Striga chrysantha]]'' Central Africa▼ * ''[[Striga dalzielii]]'' West Africa▼ * ''[[Striga elegans]]'' Angola, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe▼ * ''[[Striga forbesii]]'' Africa, Madagascar▼ * ''[[Striga gastonii]]'' Chad, Central African Republic▼ * ''[[Striga gesnerioides]]'' (cowpea witchweed) Africa, Arabian peninsula, India, USA (introduced)▼ * ''[[Striga gracillima]]'' Tanzania▼ * ''[[Striga hallaei]]'' Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo▼ * ''[[Striga hirsuta]]'' Madagascar▼ * ''[[Striga indica]]'' India▼ * ''[[Striga junodii]]'' South Africa, Mozambique▼ * ''[[Striga klingii]]'' West Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Togo▼ * ''[[Striga latericea]]'' East Africa, Ethiopia, Somalia▼ * ''[[Striga lepidagathidis]]'' Senegal, Guinea, Guinea Bissau▼ * ''[[Striga lutea]]'' Sudan, Ethiopia▼ * ''[[Striga macrantha]]'' West Africa, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Togo▼ * ''[[Striga passargei]]'' West and Central Africa, Arabian peninsula▼ * ''[[Striga pinnatifida]]'' Ethiopia▼ * ''[[Striga primuloides]]'' Ivory Coast, Nigeria▼ * ''[[Striga pubiflora]]'' Somalia▼ * ''[[Striga yemenica]]'' Ethiopia▼ == Galeri == ▲''[[Striga gesnerioides]]'', cowpea witchweed, as its name implies, is a parasite of [[cowpea]] (''[[Vigna unguiculata]]''), which is not a grass, but a member of the legume family ([[Fabaceae]] or [[Leguminosae]]). This species was also accidentally introduced into Florida in the United States, where it was found parasitizing ''[[Indigofera]]'' ''hirsuta'' (hairy indigo, another legume). ▲''[[Striga hermonthica]]'' (purple witchweed) is also a parasite that affects [[grass]]es, particularly [[sorghum]] and [[pearl millet]] in sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal to Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania, Angola, Namibia). ▲''[[Striga aequinoctialis]]'' West Africa ▲''[[Striga angolensis]]'' Angola ▲''[[Striga angustifolia]]'' East Africa, Asia, Indonesia ▲''[[Striga asiatica]]'' (Asiatic witchweed) Africa, Arabian peninsula, India, Burma, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, New Guinea, Australia (introduced?), USA (introduced) ▲''[[Striga aspera]]'' Africa ▲''[[Striga bilabiata]]'' Africa ▲''[[Striga brachycalyx]]'' Africa. ▲''[[Striga chrysantha]]'' Central Africa ▲''[[Striga dalzielii]]'' West Africa ▲''[[Striga elegans]]'' Angola, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe ▲''[[Striga forbesii]]'' Africa, Madagascar ▲''[[Striga gastonii]]'' Chad, Central African Republic ▲''[[Striga gesnerioides]]'' (cowpea witchweed) Africa, Arabian peninsula, India, USA (introduced) ▲''[[Striga gracillima]]'' Tanzania ▲''[[Striga hallaei]]'' Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo ▲''[[Striga hirsuta]]'' Madagascar ▲''[[Striga indica]]'' India ▲''[[Striga junodii]]'' South Africa, Mozambique ▲''[[Striga klingii]]'' West Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Togo ▲''[[Striga latericea]]'' East Africa, Ethiopia, Somalia ▲''[[Striga lepidagathidis]]'' Senegal, Guinea, Guinea Bissau ▲''[[Striga lutea]]'' Sudan, Ethiopia ▲''[[Striga macrantha]]'' West Africa, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Togo ▲''[[Striga passargei]]'' West and Central Africa, Arabian peninsula ▲''[[Striga pinnatifida]]'' Ethiopia ▲''[[Striga primuloides]]'' Ivory Coast, Nigeria ▲''[[Striga pubiflora]]'' Somalia ▲''[[Striga yemenica]]'' Ethiopia ~~==Gallery==~~ <gallery> Image:Striga densiflora (Agya) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9828.jpg\|''[[Striga densiflora]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]] Image:Striga densiflora (Agya) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9826.jpg\|''Striga densiflora'' in Hyderabad Image:Striga densiflora (Agya) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9825.jpg\|''Striga densiflora'' in Hyderabad </gallery> == ~~See~~Lihat ~~also~~pula == * [[Push–pull technology]] == Sources == Baris 118 ⟶ 117: == Bacaan lanjutan == * {{cite journal \|doi=10.1093/jxb/45.2.281 \|title=The effect ofStriga hermonthica(Del.) Benth. Infection on gas-exchange characteristics and yield of a sorghum host, measured in the field in Mali \|year=1994 \|last1=Clark \|first1=Lawrence J. \|last2=Shawe \|first2=Keith G. \|last3=Hoffmann \|first3=Gŕrard \|last4=Stewart \|first4=George R. \|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany \|volume=45 \|issue=2 \|pages=281–3}} * {{cite book \|first1=Hoffmann \|last1=Gérard \|first2=Roger \|last2=Loisel \|year=1994 \|title=Contribution à l'étude des Phanérogames parasites du Burkina Faso et du Mali: quelques aspects de leur écologie, biologie et techniques de lutte \|trans_title=Contribution to the study of parasitic Phanerogams of Burkina Faso and Mali: some aspects of their ecology, biology and control technics \|language=fr \|type=PhD Thesis \|id={{INIST\|163863}} \|oclc=489977820}} * {{cite journal \|first1=Hoffmann \|last1=Gérard \|last2=Diarra \|first2=C \|last3=Dembele \|first3=D \|year=1994 \|title=Outbreaks and new records: Striga asiatica, new pest of maize in Mali \|journal=FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Plant Protection Bulletin \|volume=42 \|pages=214–5 \|url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00549167 \|issue=42}} * {{cite journal \|id={{INIST\|2781044}} \|first1=Hoffmann \|last1=Gérard \|last2=Marnotte \|first2=P. \|last3=Dembélé \|first3=D \|year=1997 \|title=Emploi d'herbicides pour lutter contre Striga hermonthica : Striga \|trans_title=The use of herbicides to control Striga hermonthica \|language=fr \|journal=Agriculture et Développement \|volume=13 \|pages=58–62}} * {{cite journal \|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180 \|year=2002 \|last1=Khan \|first1=Zeyaur R. \|last2=Hassanali \|first2=Ahmed \|last3=Overholt \|first3=William \|last4=Khamis \|first4=Tsanuo M. \|last5=Hooper \|first5=Antony M. \|last6=Pickett \|first6=John A. \|last7=Wadhams \|first7=Lester J. \|last8=Woodcock \|first8=Christine M. \|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology \|volume=28 \|issue=9 \|pages=1871–85 \|pmid=12449513 \|title=Control of witchweed Striga hermonthica by intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the mechanism defined as allelopathic}} * {{cite journal \|doi=10.2135/cropsci2006.07.0487 \|title=Assessment of Different Legumes for the Control of in Maize and Sorghum \|year=2007 \|last1=Khan \|first1=Zeyaur R. \|last2=Midega \|first2=Charles A. O. \|last3=Hassanali \|first3=Ahmed \|last4=Pickett \|first4=John A. \|last5=Wadhams \|first5=Lester J. \|journal=Crop Science \|volume=47 \|issue=2 \|pages=730–4}} * {{cite journal \|doi=10.1007/BF01681808 \|title=New sources of resistance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) toStriga gesnerioides, a parasitic angiosperm \|year=1995 \|last1=Moore \|first1=T. H. M. \|last2=Lane \|first2=J. A. \|last3=Child \|first3=D. V. \|last4=Arnold \|first4=G. M. \|last5=Bailey \|first5=J. A. \|last6=Hoffmann \|first6=G. \|journal=Euphytica \|volume=84 \|issue=3 \|pages=165–74}} == Pranala luar == ~~==External links==~~ * [http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/Orobanchaceae/Striga.Gallery.html The Parasitic Plant Connection: Striga Photo Gallery] * [http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/Orobanchaceae/Striga.asiatica.html The Parasitic Plant Connection: Striga asiatica in the USA] Baris 132 ⟶ 131: * [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/striga.htm UN Development Programme] * [http://www.iita.org/cms/details/research_summary.aspx?a=86&z=63 ''Striga'' research at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)] * [http://www.dpw.wageningen-ur.nl/cwe/weed_research/nature-problem.html Parasitic Plants as Weeds] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217235643/http://www.dpw.wageningen-ur.nl/cwe/Weed_Research/nature-problem.html \|date=2007-02-17 }} * [http://www.cimmyt.cgiar.org/research/maize/results/striga/control.htm Striga weed control with herbicide-coated maize seed, CIMMYT] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606074819/http://www.cimmyt.cgiar.org/research/maize/results/striga/control.htm \|date=2010-06-06 }} * [http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-5575-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html A recipe for Striga control in sub-saharan Africa] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060303154450/http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-5575-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html \|date=2006-03-03 }} * {{cite journal \|doi=10.1007/BF01681808 \|title=New sources of resistance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) toStriga gesnerioides, a parasitic angiosperm \|year=1995 \|last1=Moore \|first1=T. H. M. \|last2=Lane \|first2=J. A. \|last3=Child \|first3=D. V. \|last4=Arnold \|first4=G. M. \|last5=Bailey \|first5=J. A. \|last6=Hoffmann \|first6=G. \|journal=Euphytica \|volume=84 \|issue=3 \|pages=165–74}} * [http://www.facebook.com/media/set/fbx/?set=a.220085194674814.72657.205932102756790&saved#!/pages/Striga-research-and-control/205932102756790 Facebook community page "Striga Research and Control"] {{Taxonbar\|from=Q56411244}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Striga (Plant)}} [[~~Category~~Kategori:Orobanchaceae]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:Tumbuhan parasit]] [[~~Category~~Kategori:Organisme pengganggu tanaman]]