Erythroxylum: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
←Membuat halaman berisi '{{Taxobox | name = ''Erythroxylum'' | image = Erythroxylum tortuosum 2.jpg | image_caption = ''Erythroxylum tortuosum'' | regnum = Plantae | divisio = Magnoliophyta | classis = Magnoliopsida | ordo = Malpighiales | familia = Erythroxylaceae | genus = '''''Erythroxylum''''' | genus_authority = P. Browne, 1756 | subdivision_ranks = Spesies | subdivision = Lihat teks |synonyms_ref = |synonyms = }} == Daftar spesies == == Refe...' Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
k →top: clean up parameter kosong |
||
(12 revisi perantara oleh 5 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Judul miring}}
{{Taxobox
| color = {{tc2|tumbuhan}}
| name = ''Erythroxylum''
| image = Erythroxylum tortuosum 2.jpg
| image_caption = ''Erythroxylum tortuosum''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berpembuluh|Tracheophyta]]}}
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berbunga|Angiospermae]]}}
{{kladtb|[[Eudikotil]]}}
{{kladtb|[[Rosid]]}}
|ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
| familia = [[Erythroxylaceae]]
| genus = '''''Erythroxylum'''''
Baris 13 ⟶ 17:
| subdivision = Lihat teks
|synonyms_ref =
|synonyms = ''Erythroxylon''
}}
'''''Erythroxylum''''' adalah genus tumbuhan berbunga tropis dalam famili [[Erythroxylaceae]] (Suku koka-kokaan). Banyak dari spesies anggotanya yanh mengandung [[senyawa]] [[kokain]].<ref>Dr Duke's List of plants containing COCAINE {{cite web|url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/chemdisp.xsql?chemical%3DCOCAINE |title=Chemical Information |access-date=2004-11-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107170238/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/chemdisp.xsql?chemical=COCAINE |archive-date=2004-11-07 }}</ref><ref>Bieri S, Brachet A, Veuthey J, Christen P. Cocaine distribution in wild Erythroxylum species. ''Journal of ethnopharmacology''. 2006; 103: 439-447. {{doi|10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.021}}</ref>. Dua spesiesnya yakni ''[[Koka|Erythroxylum coca]]'' dan ''Erythroxylum novogranatense'' merupakan sumber komersial utama kokain dan sebagai [[stimulan]] ringan yang biasa dibuat menjadi teh koka.<ref name="Johnson2005">{{cite journal |last=Johnson|first=E|author2=Zhang D|author3=Emche S |title=Inter- and Intra-specific Variation among Five Erythroxylum Taxa Assessed by AFLP |journal=Annals of Botany|year=2005|volume=95|issue=4|pages=601–608|doi=10.1093/aob/mci062|pmid=15650009|pmc=4246853}}</ref> Spesies lainnya yakni ''Erythroxylum vaccinifolium'' (Catuaba) digunakan sebagai [[afrodisiak]] dalam minuman khas Brasil dan juga digunakan sebagai [[Herbalisme|herbal]].
== Daftar spesies<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Erythroxylum'' P.Browne |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:24933-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> ==
{{col|2}}
*''[[Erythroxylum acrobeles]]'' {{small|W.A.Gentner}}
*''[[Erythroxylum acuminatum]]'' {{small|Ruiz & Pav.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum acutum]]'' {{small|W.A.Gentner}}
*''[[Erythroxylum affine]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum alaternifolium]]'' {{small|A.Rich.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum amazonicum]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum amplifolium]]'' {{small|Baill.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum amplum]]'' {{small|Benth.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ampullaceum]]'' {{small|Baker}}
*''[[Erythroxylum anceps]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum andrei]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum angelicae]]'' {{small|Loiola}}
*''[[Erythroxylum anguifugum]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum annamense]]'' {{small|Tardieu}}
*''[[Erythroxylum apiculatum]]'' {{small|Diogo}}
*''[[Erythroxylum areolatum]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum argentinum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum armatum]]'' {{small|Oviedo & Borhidi}}
*''[[Erythroxylum arrojadoi]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum australe]]'' {{small|F.Muell.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ayrtonianum]]'' {{small|Loiola & M.F.Sales}}
*''[[Erythroxylum badium]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum banaoense]]'' {{small|Oviedo}}
*''[[Erythroxylum bangii]]'' {{small|Rusby}}
*''[[Erythroxylum baracoense]]'' {{small|Borhidi}}
*''[[Erythroxylum barbatum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum bequaertii]]'' {{small|Standl.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum betulaceum]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum bezerrae]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum bicolor]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum boinense]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Erythroxylum boivinianum]]'' {{small|Baill.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum bradeanum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum brennae]]'' {{small|D'Arcy & Schanen}}
*''[[Erythroxylum brevipes]]'' {{small|DC.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum buxifolium]]'' {{small|Lam.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum buxus]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum caatingae]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum calyptratum]]'' {{small|Komada & Tagane}}
*''[[Erythroxylum cambodianum]]'' {{small|Pierre}}
*''[[Erythroxylum campestre]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum campinense]]'' {{small|Amaral}}
*''[[Erythroxylum carajasense]]'' {{small|(Plowman) Costa-Lima}}
*''[[Erythroxylum carthagenense]]'' {{small|Jacq.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum cassinoides]]'' {{small|Planch. & Linden}}
*''[[Erythroxylum cataractarum]]'' {{small|Spruce ex Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum catharinense]]'' {{small|Amaral}}
*''[[Erythroxylum cincinnatum]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum citrifolium]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum clarense]]'' {{small|Borhidi}}
*''[[Koka|Erythroxylum coca]]'' {{small|Lam.}} – '''Koka'''
*''[[Erythroxylum coelophlebium]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum cogolloi]]'' {{small|Jara}}
*''[[Erythroxylum columbinum]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum compressum]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum confusum]]'' {{small|Britton}}
*''[[Erythroxylum cordato-ovatum]]'' {{small|Huber}}
*''[[Erythroxylum coriaceum]]'' {{small|Britton & P.Wilson}}
*''[[Erythroxylum corymbosum]]'' {{small|Boivin ex Baill.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum couveleense]]'' {{small|Guillaumin}}
*''[[Erythroxylum cuneatum]]'' {{small|(Miq.) Kurz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum cuneifolium]]'' {{small|(Mart.) O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum cuspidifolium]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum daphnites]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum davidii]]'' {{small|D'Arcy & Schanen}}
*''[[Erythroxylum deciduum]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum dekindtii]]'' {{small|(Engl.) O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum delagoense]]'' {{small|Schinz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum densum]]'' {{small|Rusby}}
*''[[Erythroxylum dillonii]]'' {{small|Plowman ex Jara}}
*''[[Erythroxylum discolor]]'' {{small|Bojer}}
*''[[Erythroxylum distortum]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum divaricatum]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum domingense]]'' {{small|Oviedo}}
*''[[Erythroxylum dumosum]]'' {{small|Alain}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ecarinatum]]'' {{small|Hochr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum elegans]]'' {{small|Baill.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ellipticum]]'' {{small|R.Br. ex Benth.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum emarginatum]]'' {{small|Thonn.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum engleri]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ferrugineum]]'' {{small|Cav.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum fimbriatum]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum firmum]]'' {{small|Baker}}
*''[[Erythroxylum fischeri]]'' {{small|Engl.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum flavicans]]'' {{small|Borhidi}}
*''[[Erythroxylum foetidum]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum frangulifolium]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum gaudichaudii]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum gentryi]]'' {{small|Jara}}
*''[[Erythroxylum gerrardii]]'' {{small|Baker}}
*''[[Erythroxylum glaucum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum glaziovii]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum gonoclados]]'' {{small|(Mart.) O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum gracile]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum gracilipes]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum grandifolium]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum grisebachii]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum guanchezii]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum guatemalense]]'' {{small|Lundell}}
*''[[Erythroxylum hamigerum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum haughtii]]'' {{small|W.A.Gentner}}
*''[[Erythroxylum havanense]]'' {{small|Jacq.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum hildebrandtii]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum hondense]]'' {{small|Kunth}}
*''[[Erythroxylum horridum]]'' {{small|Borhidi & Oviedo}}
*''[[Erythroxylum hypericifolium]]'' {{small|Lam.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum hypoleucum]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum impressum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum incrassatum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum jaimei]]'' {{small|Jara}}
*''[[Erythroxylum jamaicense]]'' {{small|Fawc. & Rendle}}
*''[[Erythroxylum kapplerianum]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum kochummenii]]'' {{small|Ng}}
*''[[Erythroxylum laetevirens]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum lanceolatum]]'' {{small|(Wight) Walp.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum lanceum]]'' {{small|Bojer}}
*''[[Erythroxylum lancifolium]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum laurel]]'' {{small|Baill.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum laurifolium]]'' {{small|Lam.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum leal-costae]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum leandrianum]]'' {{small|Payens}}
*''[[Erythroxylum lenticellosum]]'' {{small|Huber}}
*''[[Erythroxylum leptoneurum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ligustrinum]]'' {{small|DC.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum lindemanii]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum lineolatum]]'' {{small|DC.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum loefgrenii]]'' {{small|Diogo}}
*''[[Erythroxylum longipes]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum longisetulosum]]'' {{small|Loiola & M.F.Sales}}
*''[[Erythroxylum loretense]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum lygoides]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum macrocalyx]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum macrocarpum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum macrochaetum]]'' {{small|Miq.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum macrophyllum]]'' {{small|Cav.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum magnoliifolium]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum mamacoca]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum mangorense]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Erythroxylum mannii]]'' {{small|Oliv.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum maracasense]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum martii]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum mattos-silvae]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum membranaceum]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum mexicanum]]'' {{small|Kunth}}
*''[[Erythroxylum microphyllum]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum mikanii]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum minutifolium]]'' {{small|Griseb.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum mocquerysii]]'' {{small|DC.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum mogotense]]'' {{small|Oviedo}}
*''[[Erythroxylum monogynum]]'' {{small|Roxb.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum moonii]]'' {{small|Hochr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum mucronatum]]'' {{small|Benth.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum myrsinites]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum myrtoides]]'' {{small|Bojer}}
*''[[Erythroxylum nelson-rosae]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum nitidulum]]'' {{small|Baker}}
*''[[Erythroxylum nobile]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum nordestinum]]'' {{small|Costa-Lima, Loiola & M.Alves}}
*''[[Erythroxylum nossibeense]]'' {{small|Baill.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum novocaledonicum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum novogranatense]]'' {{small|(D.Morris) Hieron.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum nummularia]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum obtusifolium]]'' {{small|(Wight) Hook.f.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum occultum]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ochranthum]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum opacum]]'' {{small|Rusby}}
*''[[Erythroxylum oreophilum]]'' {{small|(O.E.Schulz ex Pilg.) Steyerm. & Maguire}}
*''[[Erythroxylum orinocense]]'' {{small|Kunth}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ovalifolium]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum oxycarpum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum oxypetalum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pachyneurum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pacificum]]'' {{small|D.R.Simpson}}
*''[[Erythroxylum panamense]]'' {{small|Turcz.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum paraguariense]]'' {{small|(Chodat & Hassl.) O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum parvistipulatum]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum passerinum]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum patentissimum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pauciflorum]]'' {{small|Rusby}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pauferrense]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pedicellare]]'' {{small|(Griseb.) O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pelleterianum]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pervillei]]'' {{small|Baill.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum petrae-caballi]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pictum]]'' {{small|E.Mey. ex Harv. & Sond.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum platyclados]]'' {{small|Bojer}}
*''[[Erythroxylum plowmanianum]]'' {{small|Cogollo & Pipoly}}
*''[[Erythroxylum polygonoides]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum popayanense]]'' {{small|Kunth}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pruinosum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pulchrum]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pungens]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pyan]]'' {{small|Costa-Lima}}
*''[[Erythroxylum pyrifolium]]'' {{small|Baker}}
*''[[Erythroxylum raimondii]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum reticulatum]]'' {{small|Northr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum revolutum]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum rhodappendiculatum]]'' {{small|Costa-Lima}}
*''[[Erythroxylum rignyanum]]'' {{small|Baill.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum rimosum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum riparium]]'' {{small|T.Araújo & Amorim}}
*''[[Erythroxylum riverae]]'' {{small|Jara & J.D.García-Gonz.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum roigii]]'' {{small|Britton & P.Wilson}}
*''[[Erythroxylum roraimae]]'' {{small|Klotzsch ex O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum rosuliferum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum rotundifolium]]'' {{small|Lunan}}
*''[[Erythroxylum rufum]]'' {{small|Cav.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ruizii]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ruryi]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum santosii]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum sarawakanum]]'' {{small|R.C.K.Chung}}
*''[[Erythroxylum schomburgkii]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum schunkei]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum sechellarum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum seyrigi]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Erythroxylum shatona]]'' {{small|J.F.Macbr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum sideroxyloides]]'' {{small|Lam.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum simonis]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum sinense]]'' {{small|Y.C.Wu}}
*''[[Erythroxylum sobraleanum]]'' {{small|Loiola & L.S.Cordeiro}}
*''[[Erythroxylum socotranum]]'' {{small|Thulin}}
*''[[Erythroxylum sparsiflorum]]'' {{small|Baker}}
*''[[Erythroxylum sphaeranthum]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Erythroxylum splendidum]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum spruceanum]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum squamatum]]'' {{small|Sw.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum stenopetalum]]'' {{small|Costa-Lima}}
*''[[Erythroxylum steyermarkii]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum stipulosum]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum striiflorum]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Erythroxylum striolatum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum strobilaceum]]'' {{small|Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum suberosum]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil., A.Juss. & Cambess.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum subglaucescens]]'' {{small|Mart. ex Peyr.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum subracemosum]]'' {{small|Turcz.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum subrotundum]]'' {{small|A.St.-Hil.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum subsessile]]'' {{small|(Mart.) O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum substriatum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum subumbellatum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum tapacuranum]]'' {{small|Costa-Lima}}
*''[[Erythroxylum tenue]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum tianguanum]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum timothei]]'' {{small|Loiola & M.F.Sales}}
*''[[Erythroxylum tortuosum]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum tucuruiense]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum ulei]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum umbrosum]]'' {{small|Costa-Lima & M.Alves}}
*''[[Erythroxylum umbu]]'' {{small|Costa-Lima}}
*''[[Erythroxylum undulatum]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum urbanii]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum vaccinifolium]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum vaginatum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum vasquezii]]'' {{small|Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum vernicosum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
*''[[Erythroxylum virgultosum]]'' {{small|Mart.}}
*''[[Erythroxylum williamsii]]'' {{small|Standl. ex Plowman}}
*''[[Erythroxylum xerophilum]]'' {{small|H.Perrier}}
*''[[Erythroxylum zambesiacum]]'' {{small|N.Robson}}
*''[[Erythroxylum zeylanicum]]'' {{small|O.E.Schulz}}
{{EndDiv}}
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Kategori:Erythroxylum]]
[[Kategori:Erythroxylaceae]]
|