Antikolinergik: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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(8 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 10:
*[[Pusing]] (termasuk gejala yang berhubungan dengan [[vertigo]] dan [[mabuk gerak]])
*Gejala ekstrapiramidal, potensi efek samping obat antipsikotik
*Gangguan gastrointestinal (misalnya [[tukak lambung]], diare, pilorospasme, [[divertikulitis]], [[kolitis
*Gangguan genitourinari (misalnya sistitis, uretritis, dan [[prostatitis]])
*Insomnia, meski biasanya hanya dalam jangka pendek
*Gangguan pernapasan (misalnya asma, bronkitis kronis, dan [[penyakit paru obstruktif kronik]] [PPOK])
*Sinus bradikardia karena [[saraf vagus]] yang hipersensitif
*Keracunan zat saraf berbasis organofosfat, seperti [[VX (racun saraf)|VX]], [[sarin]], tabun, dan soman ([[atropin]] lebih disukai jika digabungkan dengan oksim, biasanya pralidoksim)
Antikolinergik umumnya memiliki efek antisialagogue (menurunkan produksi air liur), dan sebagian besar menghasilkan efek sedasi pada tingkat tertentu, keduanya bermanfaat dalam prosedur pembedahan.<ref>Page 592 in: {{cite book |author1=Cahalan, Michael D. |author2=Barash, Paul G. |author3=Cullen, Bruce F. |author4=Stoelting, Robert K. |title=Clinical Anesthesia |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7817-8763-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC|title=Clinical Anesthesia|access-date=8 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220091947/https://books.google.com/books?id=-YI9P2DLe9UC|archive-date=20 February 2017|isbn=9780781787635|last1=Barash|first1=Paul G.|year=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins }}</ref>
Hingga awal abad ke-20, obat antikolinergik banyak digunakan untuk mengobati gangguan kejiwaan.
==Contoh==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* '''Agen Antimuskarinik'''
** [[Antidepresan trisiklik]]
** [[Antipsikotik]] ([[klozapin]], [[kuetiapin]])<ref name=TI113>{{cite web |title=[113] How well do you know your anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) drugs? {{!}} Therapeutics Initiative |url=https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2018/09/10/113-anticholinergic-antimuscarinic-drugs/ |website=Therapeutics Initiative |access-date=20 September 2018 |date=10 September 2018}}</ref>
** [[Atropin]]
** [[Benztropin]]
** [[Biperiden]]
** [[Klorfenamin]]
** [[Difenhidramin]]<ref name=TI113/>
** [[Dimenhidrinat]]<ref name=TI113/>
** Disiklomin ([[Disikloverin]])
** [[Doksepin]]
** [[Doksilamin]]
** [[Flavoksat]]
** [[Glikopironium|Glikopironium/-late]]
** [[Hiosiamin]]
** [[Ipratropium bromida]]
** [[Oksibutinin]]<ref name=TI113/>
** [[Oksitropium bromida|Oksitropium]]
** [[Orfenadrin]]
** [[Prometazin]]
** [[Propantelin bromida]]
** [[Hiosin hidrobromida|Skopolamin]]
** [[Solifenasin]]
** SSRI tertentu ([[Paroksetin]])<ref name=TI113/>
** [[Tolterodin]]
** [[Tiotropium]]
** [[Triheksifenidil]]
** [[Tropikamida]]<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.04.013| pmid = 23706777| title = Drops of madness? Recreational misuse of tropicamide collyrium; early warning alerts from Russia and Italy| journal = General Hospital Psychiatry| volume = 35| issue = 5| pages = 571–3| year = 2013| last1 = Bersani | first1 = F. S. | last2 = Corazza | first2 = O. | last3 = Simonato | first3 = P. | last4 = Mylokosta | first4 = A. | last5 = Levari | first5 = E. | last6 = Lovaste | first6 = R. | last7 = Schifano | first7 = F. }}</ref>
** [[Umeklidinium]]
* '''Agen Antinikotinat'''
** [[Bupropion]] – Penghambat ganglion<ref name="pmid24484978">{{cite book |vauthors=Carroll FI, Blough BE, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Lukas RJ, Damaj MI |chapter=Bupropion and Bupropion Analogs as Treatments for CNS Disorders |title=Emerging Targets & Therapeutics in the Treatment of Psychostimulant Abuse |volume=69 |pages=177–216 |year=2014 |pmid=24484978 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-420118-7.00005-6 |series=Advances in Pharmacology |isbn=9780124201187 }}</ref><ref name="Dwoskin2014">{{cite book | author = Dwoskin, Linda P. | title = Emerging Targets & Therapeutics in the Treatment of Psychostimulant Abuse | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b3UpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 | date = 29 January 2014 | publisher = Elsevier Science | isbn = 978-0-12-420177-4 | pages = 177–216 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170320155042/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3UpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 | archive-date = 20 March 2017 }}</ref><ref name="TasmanKay2011">{{cite book | author1 = Tasman, Allan | author2 = Kay, Jerald | author3 = Lieberman, Jeffrey A. | author4 = First, Michael B. | author5 = Maj, Mario | title = Psychiatry | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vVG7zz7eaxcC&pg=RA9-PT2900 | date = 11 October 2011 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | isbn = 978-1-119-96540-4 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170320140656/https://books.google.com/books?id=vVG7zz7eaxcC&pg=RA9-PT2900 | archive-date = 20 March 2017 }}</ref>
** [[Dekstrometorfan]] - Penekan batuk dan penghambat ganglion<ref name="pmid15356218">{{cite journal |doi=10.1124/jpet.104.075093 |pmid=15356218 |title=Effect of Dextrometorphan and Dextrorphan on Nicotine and Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors: In Vitro and in Vivo Selectivity |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=312 |issue=2 |pages=780–5 |year=2004 |last1=Damaj |first1=M. I. |last2=Flood |first2=P |last3=Ho |first3=K. K. |last4=May |first4=E. L. |last5=Martin |first5=B. R. |s2cid=149958 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16563374">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.034 |pmid=16563374 |title=Effects of dextrorotatory morphinans on α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=536 |issue=1–2 |pages=85–92 |year=2006 |last1=Lee |first1=Jun-Ho |last2=Shin |first2=Eun-Joo |last3=Jeong |first3=Sang Min |last4=Kim |first4=Jong-Hoon |last5=Lee |first5=Byung-Hwan |last6=Yoon |first6=In-Soo |last7=Lee |first7=Joon-Hee |last8=Choi |first8=Sun-Hye |last9=Lee |first9=Sang-Mok |last10=Lee |first10=Phil Ho |last11=Kim |first11=Hyoung-Chun |last12=Nah |first12=Seung-Yeol }}</ref><ref name="pmid10869398">{{cite journal |pmid=10869398 |url=http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10869398 |year=2000 |last1=Hernandez |first1=S. C. |title=Dextromethorphan and Its Metabolite Dextrorphan Block α3β4 Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors |journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=293 |issue=3 |pages=962–7 |last2=Bertolino |first2=M |last3=Xiao |first3=Y |last4=Pringle |first4=K. E. |last5=Caruso |first5=F. S. |last6=Kellar |first6=K. J. }}</ref>
** [[Doksakurium]] – Relaksan otot rangka nondepolarisasi
** [[Heksametonium]] – Penghambat ganglion
** [[Mekamilamin]] – Penghambat ganglion dan bantuan [[penghentian merokok]] sesekali<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shytle|first=RD|author2=Penny, E |author3=Silver, AA |author4=Goldman, J |author5= Sanberg, PR |title=Mecamylamine (Inversine): an old antihypertensive with new research directions |journal=Journal of Human Hypertension|date=Jul 2002|volume=16|issue=7|pages=453–7|pmid=12080428 |doi=10.1038/sj.jhh.1001416|doi-access=free}}</ref>
** [[Tubokurarin]] - Relaksan otot rangka nondepolarisasi
{{div col end}}
===Antidot===
Fisostigmin adalah salah satu dari sedikit obat yang dapat digunakan sebagai penangkal keracunan antikolinergik. [[Nikotin]] juga melawan antikolinergik dengan mengaktifkan reseptor asetilkolin nikotinat. [[Kafeina]] (meskipun merupakan [[antagonis reseptor]] [[adenosina]]) dapat melawan gejala antikolinergik dengan mengurangi sedasi dan meningkatkan aktivitas asetilkolin, sehingga menyebabkan kewaspadaan dan gairah.
==Referensi==
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