Pelayaran Cheng Ho ke Samudra Barat: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Patria lupa (bicara | kontrib) Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20240709)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot |
||
(6 revisi perantara oleh satu pengguna lainnya tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 325:
{{Transl|zh|Shuyu Zhouzilu}} menambahkan cerita berikut ini.<ref name=d38-395-6/> Menteri Perang Xiang Zhong ({{Lang|zh|項忠}}; di kantor 1474–1477) mengirim petugas untuk mengambil dokumen, tetapi petugas tidak dapat menemukannya setelah beberapa hari mencari.<ref name=d38-395-6/><ref name=dr7-173-5/> Liu akhirnya mengakui dan membenarkan tindakannya kepada Xiang dengan menyatakan bahwa "ekspedisi Sanbao ke Samudra Barat menghabiskan puluhan juta uang dan biji-bijian, dan terlebih lagi orang-orang yang menemui ajal mereka [dalam ekspedisi ini] dapat dihitung berjuta-juta. Meskipun dia kembali dengan membawa hal-hal yang indah, apa manfaatnya bagi negara? Ini hanyalah tindakan pemerintahan yang buruk yang harus sangat ditentang oleh para menteri. Bahkan jika arsip lama masih dipertahankan, mereka harus dihancurkan untuk menekan [pengulangan hal-hal ini] pada akarnya."<ref name=d38-395-6/><ref name=dr7-173-5/> Xiang Zhong tercatat terkesan dengan penjelasan ini.<ref name=d38-395-6/><ref name=dr7-173-5/>
{{Transl|zh|Mingshi}}, {{Transl|zh|Xuanzong Shilu}}, dan {{Transl|zh|Mingshi Jishi Benmo}} [{{Lang|zh|明史紀事本末}}] mengaitkan alasan penindasan dan penghancuran catatan yang diarsipkan untuk mencegah kasim Wang Zhi ({{Lang|zh|汪直}}) berkonsultasi dengannya untuk invasinya ke Vietnam.<ref>''Mingshi'' (Cited in {{harvnb|Duyvendak|1939|loc=397}}); ''Mingshi'', ''Xuanzong Shilu'', and ''Mingshi Jishi Benmo'' (Cited in {{harvnb|Dreyer|2007|loc=173–175}}).</ref> Dreyer (2007) mencatat bahwa Liu tidak dapat memiliki akses ke catatan dan meragukan dugaan keterlibatannya.<ref name=dr7-173-5/> Duyvendak (1939) menyatakan bahwa pejabat Kementerian Perang tidak cukup berpengaruh untuk menghentikan pengambilan dokumen dan berspekulasi bahwa Liu mungkin telah menghancurkannya dengan persetujuan Menteri Perang.<ref>{{Harvp|Duyvendak|1939|loc=397–398}}.</ref> Schottenhammer (2021) menyatakan bahwa tidak jelas apakah Liu benar-benar menyembunyikan dan membakar dokumen-dokumen tersebut, namun dia menduga bahwa, seperti yang diungkapkan Lin (2015), dokumen-dokumen tersebut mungkin dihancurkan dalam kekacauan ketika [[Beijing]] direbut oleh pemberontak [[Li Zicheng]] dan pasukannya pada abad ke-17.<ref>{{Harvp|Schottenhammer |2021|loc=157}}.</ref>
Suryadinata (2005) menyatakan bahwa sumber-sumber Asia Tenggara juga memberikan informasi tentang perjalanan khazanah Ming, tetapi keandalannya harus diteliti karena sejarah lokal ini dapat terjalin dengan legenda tetapi masih tetap relevan dalam memori kolektif orang-orang yang bersangkutan.<ref>{{Harvp|Suryadinata|2005b|loc=91}}.</ref>
Sumber-sumber Arab memberikan wawasan tentang tanggal kedatangan armada dan jalannya acara di berbagai lokasi di wilayah Arab, yang melengkapi kerangka waktu umum yang disediakan dalam sumber-sumber Tiongkok.<ref>{{harvnb|Jost|2019|loc=82–89}}.</ref> Sumber ini juga menyediakan wawasan tentang pertukaran komoditas, seperti komoditas mana yang diperdagangkan dan nilai apa yang diberikan pada barang atau hadiah perdagangan Tiongkok.<ref>{{harvnb|Jost|2019|loc=90–93}}.</ref> ''Tarih al-Yaman fi d-daulati r-Rasuliya'' (ca. 1440) adalah contoh teks Arab yang menambah wawasan tentang kurma dan pertukaran komoditas.<ref name=jost95>{{harvnb|Jost|2019|loc=95}}.</ref> ''Qurrat al-Uyun fi Akhbar al-Yaman al-Maimun'' (1461-1537) menggambarkan pertemuan antara [[dinasti Rasulid|Rasulid]] Sultan al-Nasir Ahmad (memerintah 1400–1424) dan utusan Tiongkok, memberikan contoh seorang penguasa yang dengan sukarela menyetujui protokol yang diminta dari hubungan upeti dalam perspektif unik dari partai non-Tiongkok.<ref>{{harvnb|Jost|2019|loc=90–95}}.</ref> ''Kitab as-Suluk li-ma rifat duwal al-muluk'' (1436–1442), sebuah teks dari Mesir Mamluk, menjelaskan kontak antara penguasa Tiongkok dan penguasa Mamluk, yang menambah penanggalan dan pemahaman tentang ekspedisi ke Makkah selama pelayaran ketujuh.<ref name=jost95/>
Baris 352:
Selama pidato [[Universitas Harvard]] pada November 1997, Presiden [[Jiang Zemin]] memuji Cheng karena menyebarkan budaya Tiongkok ke luar negeri.<ref name=lee10-104/> Banyak orang Tiongkok masa kini menganggap bahwa ekspedisi ini dilakukan sesuai dengan cita-cita [[Konfusianisme]].<ref name=lee10-104>{{Harvp|Lee|2010|loc=104}}.</ref> Sejak tahun 2005, dalam rangka memperingati pelayaran khazanah Ming, Tiongkok setiap tahun merayakan [[Hari Maritim Nasional Tiongkok|Hari Maritim Nasional]] pada tanggal 11 Juli.<ref name=do12-54>{{Harvp|Dooley|2012|loc=54}}.</ref> Tahun itu juga menandai peringatan 600 tahun pelayaran perdana Cheng.<ref name=do12-54/><ref>{{Harvp|Dreyer|2007|loc=xii}}.</ref>
Meskipun narasi populer saat ini mungkin menekankan perdamaian dari pelayaran ini, terutama dalam hal tidak adanya penaklukan teritorial dan penaklukan kolonial, pernyataan ini mengabaikan [[militerisasi]] berat yang dilakukan armada khazanah Ming untuk melakukan [[proyeksi kekuatan]] dan tindakan yang dilakukan untuk kepentingannya.<ref>{{Harvp|Wang|2015|loc=59–62}}.</ref> Dalam wacana politik Tiongkok saat ini, dengan meningkatnya perkembangan kemampuan dan ambisi maritim Tiongkok, Pelayaran Khazanah Ming dibangkitkan untuk menggarisbawahi [[Kebangkitan damai Tiongkok|kemunculan damai Tiongkok modern]].<ref>{{Harvp|Dooley|2012|loc=54–55 & 69–72}}.</ref><ref name=no17-221-3/> Dengan menarik kesinambungan antara Tiongkok kontemporer dan narasi sejarah yang disediakan oleh pelayaran-pelayaran ini, proses politik ini memberikan beberapa fungsi bagi Tiongkok: ia meningkatkan kebanggaan nasional, membentuk identitas nasional, menegaskan kembali identitas maritim, melegitimasi pengembangan kekuatan maritim, memberikan gambaran pembangunan yang serasi dan damai, menyoroti keterkaitan dunia yang lebih luas, dan memberikan kontras dengan sifat kekerasan kolonialisme barat.<ref name=no17-221-3/>
== Catatan ==
Baris 361:
== Daftar pustaka ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book | last=Brook | first=Timothy | title = The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1398–1644, Part 2 | year=1998 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | author-link=Timothy Brook | isbn=978-0-521-24333-9 | chapter=Communications and Commerce }}
* {{cite book | last=Chan | first=Hok-lam | title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 | year=1998 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-24332-2 | chapter=The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Peter |title=Admiral Zhenghe and the West: A Comparative Analysis in Confucian and Christian Civilisation Powers |journal=Al-Shajarah: Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |date=2021 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=159–176}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zhongping |title=Toward a Global Network Revolution: Zheng He's Maritime Voyages and Tribute-Trade Relations Between China and the Indian Ocean World |journal=China and Asia |date=2019 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–49 |doi=10.1163/2589465X-00101002}}
* {{cite journal | last=Church | first=Sally K. | title=The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China | journal=The Medieval History Journal | year=2004 | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=1–37 | doi=10.1177/097194580400700101 | s2cid=161549135 }}
* {{
* {{cite book |last1=Church |first1=Sally K. |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non‑Western Cultures |date=2008 |publisher=Springer | location=New York | isbn=978-1-4020-4425-0 |edition=2nd |chapter=Zheng He }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Deng |first1=Hui |last2=Li |first2=Xin |title=The Asian Monsoons and Zheng He's Voyages to the Western Ocean |journal=Journal of Navigation |year=2011 |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=207–218 |doi=10.1017/S0373463310000469 |s2cid=128761254 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dooley |first1=Howard J. |title=The Great Leap Outward: China's Maritime Renaissance |journal=The Journal of East Asian Affairs |date=2012 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=53–76 | jstor=23257908 }}
* {{cite book | last=Dreyer | first=Edward L. | title=Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433
* {{cite journal | last=Duyvendak | first=J. J. L. | title=The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century | journal=T'oung Pao | year=1939 | volume=34 | issue=5 | pages=341–413 | author-link=J. J. L. Duyvendak | jstor=4527170 | doi=10.1163/156853238X00171}}
* {{cite journal | last=Fairbank | first=John King | title=Tributary Trade and China's Relations
* {{cite journal | last=Finlay | first=Robert | title=Portuguese and Chinese Maritime Imperialism: Camoes's Lusiads and Luo Maodeng's Voyage of the San Bao Eunuch|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|year=1992 | volume=34 | issue=2 | pages=225–241 | jstor=178944 | doi=10.1017/S0010417500017667| s2cid=144362957 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Finlay | first=Robert | title=The Voyages of Zheng He: Ideology, State Power, and Maritime Trade in Ming China | journal=Journal of the Historical Society | year=2008 | volume=8 | issue=3 | pages=327–347 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-5923.2008.00250.x }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Holmes |first1=James R. |last2=Yoshihara |first2=Toshi |title=China's Naval Ambitions in the Indian Ocean |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |date=2008 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=367–394 |doi=10.1080/01402390802024700}}
* {{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=John Clifford |title=Buddha in the Crown: Avalokiteśvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-506418-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Jost |first1=Alexander |title=Early Global Interconnectivity
* {{cite journal |last1=Kutcher |first1=Norman A. |title=Qing Dynasty Perceptions of Zheng He and His Voyages |journal=China and Asia |date=2020 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=163–175 |doi=10.1163/2589465X-00201006}}
* {{cite journal | last=Lee | first=Jangwon | title=China's Looking Seaward: Zheng He's Voyage in the 21st Century | journal=International Area Studies Review | year=2010 | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=89–110 | doi=10.1177/223386591001300305 | s2cid=154903952 }}
* {{cite book | last=Levathes | first=Louise | title=When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433 | url=https://archive.org/details/whenchinaruledse00loui | year=1996 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-19-511207-8
* {{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yingsheng |title=An Open Knowledge System for Navigational Science: Zheng He’s Maritime Expeditions and Sino-Foreign Overseas Exchange |journal=China and Asia |date=2019 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=50–91 |doi=10.1163/2589465X-00101003}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lo |first1=Jung-pang |title=The Decline of the Early Ming Navy |journal=Oriens Extremus |date=1958 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=149–168 | jstor=43383349 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=J. V. G. |title=Chinese Coastal Maps |journal=Imago Mundi |date=1954 |volume=11 |pages=151–168 |doi=10.1080/03085695408592067 | jstor=1150192 }}
* {{cite book | last=Mills | first=J. V. G. | title=Ying-yai Sheng-lan: 'The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores' [1433] | year=1970 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-01032-0 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ming |first1=Wan |title=Zheng He's Voyages to the Western Oceans: 3 Books, 1 Map, 1 Novel, 1 Play, and 7 Steles |journal=Ming Studies |date=2005 |volume= |issue=51–52 |pages=31–42 |doi=10.1179/014703705788762672}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ming |first1=Wan |title=Zheng He's Seven Voyages Into the Namoli Ocean–the Indian Ocean |journal=China and Asia |date=2019 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=92–125 |doi=10.1163/2589465X-00101004|s2cid=188578313 }}
* {{cite book | last=Needham | first=Joseph | title=Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth | year=1959 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | author-link=Joseph Needham | isbn=978-0-521-05801-8 }}
* {{cite book | last=Needham | first=Joseph | title=Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics | year=1971 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-07060-7 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nohara |first1=Jun J. |title=Sea Power as a Dominant Paradigm: The Rise of China's New Strategic Identity |journal=Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies |date=2017 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=210–232 |doi=10.1080/24761028.2017.1391623 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Kevin H. |author-link1=Kevin O'Rourke |last2=Williamson |first2=Jeffrey G. |author-link2=Jeffrey G. Williamson|title=Did Vasco da Gama
* {{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Haraprasad |title=An Analysis of the Chinese Maritime Voyages
* {{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Haraprasad |title=The Eighth Voyage of the Dragon
*{{cite book |last1=Schottenhammer| first1=Angela |title=Early Global Interconnectivity
*{{cite journal |last1=Schottenhammer |first1=Angela |title=Consolidating Southeast Asia and the Meaning of Force in History: Pax Ming and the Case of Chen Zuyi 陳祖義 |journal=China and Asia |date=2021 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=130–168 |doi=10.1163/2589465X-030105}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=The Impact of Zheng He's Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2016 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=609–636 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X16001038}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Siu |first1=Yiu |title=The Cessation of Zheng He's Voyages and the Beginning of Private Sailings: Fiscal Competition Between Emperors and Bureaucrats |journal=Journal of Chinese History |date=2023 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1017/jch.2022.45|s2cid=258586977 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Suryadinata |first1=Leo |title=Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia |date=2005a |publisher=International Zheng He Society |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-329-5 |chapter=Introduction | author-link=Leo Suryadinata }}
*{{cite book |last1=Suryadinata |first1=Leo |title=Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia |date=2005b |publisher=International Zheng He Society |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-329-5 |chapter=Zheng He, Semarang and the Islamization of Java: Between History and Legend}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Ta Sen |title=Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia |date=2005 |publisher=International Zheng He Society |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-329-5 |chapter=Did Zheng He Set Out
*{{cite book |last1=Tsai |first1=Shih-shan Henry |title=Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
* {{cite book | last=Wang | first=Gungwu | title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1398–1644, Part 2 | year=1998 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | author-link=Wang Gungwu | isbn=978-0-521-24333-9 | chapter=Ming Foreign Relations: Southeast Asia }}
* {{cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Yuan-kang |title=Responding
* {{cite book | last=Wills | first=John E.
* {{cite book |last1=Zheng |first1=Yangwen |title=China on the Sea: How the Maritime World Shaped Modern China |date=2014 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-19477-9}}
{{refend}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}▼
* {{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Ying |last2=Chen |first2=Zhongping |last3=Blue |first3=Gregory |title=Zheng He's Maritime Voyages (1405–1433) and China's Relations With the Indian Ocean World: A Multilingual Bibliography |date=2014 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-28016-8}}
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wikivoyage|Voyages of Zheng He}}
▲{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*
*
* Mitter, Rana; Crighton, Ben; Smith Rosser, Elizabeth (2018). "[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09zv3d7 Zheng He: The Admiral Goes to Africa]". ''Chinese Characters''. BBC Radio 4.
* Smith, Adam (2013). "[http://www.penn.museum/blog/research/zheng-he-great-voyages-lecture/ The Voyages of Chinese Explorer Zheng He]". ''Great Voyages: Travels, Triumphs, and Tragedies''. Penn Museum. {{YouTube|id=le7r93whykg|link=no}}.
* [[Joanna Waley-Cohen|Waley-Cohen, Joanna]] (2012). "[https://www.brown.edu/about/administration/international-affairs/year-of-china/joanna-waley-cohen-lecture-sail-seas-marine-technology-and-treasure-fleets-early-ming-china-0 To Sail the Seas: Marine Technology and the Treasure Fleets of Early Ming China]". ''Technology and Society in Pre-Modern China''. Brown University.▼
* [[Dan Snow|Snow, Dan]]; Clunas, Craig; Hickmann, James; Patmore, Dougal (2023). [https://shows.acast.com/dansnowshistoryhit/episodes/zheng-he Zheng He: The Ming Dynasty Explorer]. ''Dan Snow's History Hit''. Acast.
▲* [[Joanna Waley-Cohen|Waley-Cohen, Joanna]] (2012). "[https://www.brown.edu/about/administration/international-affairs/year-of-china/joanna-waley-cohen-lecture-sail-seas-marine-technology-and-treasure-fleets-early-ming-china-0 To Sail the Seas: Marine Technology and the Treasure Fleets of Early Ming China]". ''Technology and Society in Pre-Modern China''. Brown University. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209051521/https://www.brown.edu/about/administration/international-affairs/year-of-china/joanna-waley-cohen-lecture-sail-seas-marine-technology-and-treasure-fleets-early-ming-china-0|date=9 December 2022|nolink=y}}. {{YouTube|id=IgwkMYq8Aw4|link=no}}.
{{refend}}
|