Perbatasan Amerika Serikat dengan Kanada: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Peace Arch, U.S.-Canada border.jpg|jmpl|200px|ka|[[Peace Arch]] di perbatasan antara [[Surrey, British Columbia]] dan [[Blaine, Washington]]]]
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==Sejarah==
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==== Survei batas (pertengahan abad ke-19) ====
Survei Batas Barat Laut (1857–1861) menetapkan batas darat. Namun, batas air tidak diselesaikan untuk beberapa waktu. Setelah [[Perang Babi (1859)|Perang Babi]] pada tahun 1859, arbitrase pada tahun 1872 menetapkan perbatasan antara [[Kepulauan Teluk]]
[[Jejak Komisi Batas|Survei Batas Internasional]] (atau, "Survei Batas Utara" di AS) dimulai pada tahun 1872.<ref>{{cite book |last=McManus |first=Sheila |title=The Line Which Separates: Race, Gender, and the Making of the Alberta-Montana Borderlands |publisher=University of Alberta Press |year=2005 |location=Edmonton, Alberta |page=[https://archive.org/details/linewhichseparat00mcma/page/7 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/linewhichseparat00mcma |url-access=registration |quote=called it the Northern Boundary Survey. |isbn=0-88864-434-5}}</ref> Mandatnya adalah untuk menetapkan perbatasan seperti yang disepakati dalam Perjanjian 1818. Archibald Campbell memimpin jalan bagi Amerika Serikat, sementara Donald Cameron, didukung oleh kepala astronom [[Samuel Anderson (surveyor)|Samuel Anderson]], memimpin tim Inggris. Survei ini berfokus pada perbatasan dari Danau Hutan hingga puncak Pegunungan Rocky.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Archibald |last2=Twining |first2=W. J. |title=Reports upon the survey of the boundary between the territory of the United States and the possessions of Great Britain from the Lake of the woods to the summit of the Rocky mountains |work=Authorised by an act of Congress approved March 19, 1872 |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1878 |url=https://archive.org/stream/reportsuponsurve00nort#page/n6/mode/1up |access-date=September 13, 2013}}</ref>
===Abad ke-20===
Pada tahun 1903, menyusul perselisihan yang muncul karena [[Demam Emas Klondike]], gabungan Inggris–Kanada–AS. pengadilan menetapkan [[sengketa batas Alaska|batas tenggara Alaska]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.questia.com/read/9352181/canada-and-the-united-states-some-aspects-of-their |title=Canada and the United States: Some Aspects of Their Historical Relations |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |author1=Keenlyside, Hugh LL. |author2=Brown, Gerald S. |year=1952 |pages=178–189}}</ref>
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==== Penutupan 2020–2021 ====
[[File:Poker Creek–Little Gold Creek Border Crossing 2021.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Poker Creek – Penyeberangan Perbatasan Little Gold Creek]] di perbatasan Alaska–Yukon ditutup karena pandemi [[COVID-19]].]]
Sebagai tanggapan terhadap [[pandemi COVID-19 di Kanada]] dan [[pandemi COVID-19 di Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], pemerintah Kanada dan Amerika Serikat sepakat menutup perbatasan untuk "perjalanan yang tidak penting" pada 21 Maret 2020, untuk periode awal 30 hari.<ref>{{Cite web|last=[[Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)|Office of the Prime Minister]]|date=2020-03-20|title=U.S.-Canada joint initiative: Temporary restriction of travellers crossing the U.S.-Canada border for non-essential purposes|url=https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/agency-agence/pm-covid19-eng.html|access-date=2020-06-20|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021215201/https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/agency-agence/pm-covid19-eng.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Penutupan telah diperpanjang 15 kali sejak saat itu; masa berlakunya berakhir pada 21 Juli 2021. Namun, pada pertengahan Juni 2021, pemerintah Kanada mengumumkan akan melonggarkan beberapa persyaratan masuk bagi warga negara Kanada yang divaksinasi penuh, penduduk tetap, dan warga negara asing mulai 5 Juli 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/canada-u-s-land-border-closure-extended-to-feb-21-1.5263467|title=Canada-U.S. Land border closure extended to Feb. 21|date=January 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7518359/coronavirus-canada-us-border-closure-extension/|title=Canada-U.S. border closure extended to Jan. 21 as coronavirus cases soar, CBSA says - National | Globalnews.ca|website=Global News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-u-s-agree-to-keep-borders-closed-another-30-days-sources-1.5023287|title=Canada, U.S. agree to keep borders closed another 30 days: sources|first=Rachel|last=Aiello|date=July 14, 2020|website=CTVNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Aiello|first=Rachel|date=2020-08-14|title=Canada-U.S. border closure extended again amid tension over restrictions|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/canada-u-s-border-closure-extended-again-amid-tension-over-restrictions-1.5064424|access-date=2020-08-14|website=CTVNews|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/29/travel/us-canada-travel-ban.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/29/travel/us-canada-travel-ban.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|title=Why Can't Americans Go to Canada?|author1=Elaine Glusac|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=In mid-June, to the frustration of many on both sides of the border, Canada announced it was extending restrictions on nonessential travel until at least July 21. The ban includes travel via land, air and sea. The United States closed its border with [[Mexico]] contemporaneously with the Canada–U.S. closure.}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Oliver|first=David|date=2020-03-19|title=Trump announces U.S.-Mexico border closure to stem spread of coronavirus|work=[[USA Today]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2020/03/19/u-s-mexico-officials-look-ban-non-essential-travel-across-border/2874497001/|access-date=2020-06-21}}</ref> Pada pertengahan Juli, pemerintah Kanada mengumumkan bahwa warga negara Amerika yang divaksinasi penuh dan penduduk tetap dapat mengunjungi Kanada mulai 9 Agustus 2021. Pemerintah Amerika membuka kembali perbatasan daratnya untuk warga negara Kanada yang divaksinasi penuh efektif 8 November 2021. Asalkan kasus COVID tetap stabil dan/atau menurun, pengunjung internasional yang divaksinasi lengkap dapat memasuki Kanada mulai 7 September.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of Canada announces easing of border measures for fully vaccinated travellers|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/government-of-canada-announces-easing-of-border-measures-for-fully-vaccinated-travellers-815432837.html|author=[[Public Health Agency of Canada]]|work=Newswire Canada|date=July 19, 2021|access-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Penutupan tahun 2020–21 dilaporkan sebagai selimut pertama, penutupan jangka panjang perbatasan sejak Perang 1812.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Hess|first1=Daniel Baldwin|last2=Bitterman|first2=Alex|date=2020-05-29|title=Shuttered Canada-US border highlights different approaches to the pandemic – and differences between the 2 countries|url=https://theconversation.com/shuttered-canada-us-border-highlights-different-approaches-to-the-pandemic-and-differences-between-the-2-countries-137848|access-date=2020-06-21|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref>
== Keamanan ==
=== Pendekatan penegakan hukum ===
Perbatasan Internasional biasanya disebut sebagai "perbatasan terpanjang yang tidak dijaga", meskipun ini hanya berlaku dalam arti militer, karena penegakan hukum sipil hadir. Melintasi perbatasan di luar kontrol perbatasan adalah ilegal, karena siapa pun yang melintasi perbatasan harus diperiksa per imigrasi<ref>{{Cite canlaw|abbr=S.C.|year=2001|section=18|chapter=27|wikilink=Immigration and Refugee Protection Act|regtitle=|short title=Immigration and Refugee Protection Act|link=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-2.5/FullText.html|linkloc=Justice Laws}}</ref><ref>{{USC|8|1324}}; {{USC|8|1325}}; and {{USC|8|1326}}.</ref> dan undang-undang bea cukai.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|abbr=R.S.C.|year=1985|section=11|chapter=1|short title=Customs Act|link=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-52.6/|linkloc=Justice Laws}}</ref><ref>{{USC|19|1459}}.</ref> Tingkat tindakan keamanan yang relatif rendah berbeda dengan [[
[[File:US-Canada border counties.png|thumb|270px|[[Kabupaten (Amerika Serikat)|U.S. county]] (atau yang setara dengan kabupaten) berbagi perbatasan darat atau perairan dengan Kanada{{legend|#22b14c|Perbatasan darat}}{{legend|#00b7ef|Perbatasan air}}]]
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* kartu program perjalanan tepercaya (yaitu [[NEXUS]], [[Perdagangan bebas|FAST]], atau [[Jaringan Elektronik Aman untuk Pemeriksaan Cepat Wisatawan|SENTRI]]);
* [[Penjaga Pantai Amerika Serikat|Kredensial Merchant Mariner]] yang valid—untuk digunakan saat bepergian bersama dengan bisnis maritim resmi; dan
* [[
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* [http://jidanni.org/geo/us_can1994/index.html 1994 trip from Lake of the Woods to the Continental Divide]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanada
[[Kategori:Perbatasan Kanada – Amerika Serikat| ]]
[[Kategori:Perbatasan internasional]]
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