Ras manusia: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{rapikan|date=Oktober 2012}}

'''Ras''' (dari [[bahasa Prancis]] ''[[:fr:race|race]]'', yang sendirinya dari [[bahasa Latin]] ''radix'', "akar") adalah suatu sistem [[klasifikasi]] yang digunakan untuk mengkategorikan [[manusia]] dalam [[Populasi (biologi)|populasi]] atau [[kelompok sosial|kelompok]] besar dan berbeda melalui ciri [[fenotipe]], asal-usul geografis, tampang jasmani dan [[suku|kesukuan]] yang terwarisi. Di awal abad ke-20 istilah ini sering digunakan dalam arti [[biologis]] untuk menunjuk populasi manusia yang beraneka ragam dari segi [[genetik]] dengan anggota yang memiliki [[fenotipe]] (tampang luar) yang sama.<ref name="lie"/> Arti "ras" ini masih digunakan dalam [[antropologi]] [[forensik]] (dalam menganalisis sisa tulang), penelitian [[biomedis]] dan [[kedokteran]] berdasarkan asal-usul.<ref name="gill"/>

 

 

Oleh karena itu, [[paradigma]] "ras" yang digunakan dalam berbagai [[disiplin]] menekan dengan cara yang beraneka pada sifat [[biologi]]s atau pada segi konstruk sosial.

 

Sementara ilmuwan Eropa sebagian besar telah meninggalkan klasifikasi rasial, konsep tersebut menjadi arus utama oleh ilmuwan non-Eropa. Baru-baru ini, beberapa penelitian pada tahun 2019 dan 2020 dari "Central South University" (CSU; 中南 大学), telah menyajikan bukti kuat untuk asal muasal multiregional manusia. Bukti genetik menunjukkan bahwa populasi terkait Asia Timur (orang Asia Timur, orang Siberia, orang Asia Tengah, orang Asia Tenggara, orang Polinesia, dan orang Amerika Pribumi) secara genetik berbeda dari orang Eropa atau Afrika. Mereka selanjutnya menyarankan bahwa bukti ini bertentangan dengan migrasi keluar dari Afrika. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa populasi terkait Asia Timur (juga dikenal sebagai ras Mongoloid) berasal dari suatu tempat di Asia Timur (Tiongkok selatan).<ref name="Yuan 101410">{{Cite journal|last=Yuan|first=Dejian|last2=Lei|first2=Xiaoyun|last3=Gui|first3=Yuanyuan|last4=Wang|first4=Mingrui|last5=Zhang|first5=Ye|last6=Zhu|first6=Zuobin|last7=Wang|first7=Dapeng|last8=Yu|first8=Jun|last9=Huang|first9=Shi|date=2019-06-09|title=Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101410v6|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=101410|doi=10.1101/101410}}</ref><ref name="Chen 2020.03.10.986042">{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Hongyao|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Huang|first3=Shi|date=2020-03-11|title=Ancient Y chromosomes confirm origin of modern human paternal lineages in Asia rather than Africa|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986042v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=2020.03.10.986042|doi=10.1101/2020.03.10.986042}}</ref>

 

== Paham modern pertama tentang "ras" ==

Dalam bukunya berjudul ''The Natural Varieties of Mankind'', [[Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]] yang diterbitkan tahun 1775 mengajukan lima kelompok besar: "[[ras Kaukasoid]]", "[[ras Mongoloid]]", "ras Etiopia" (yang kemudian dinamakan "[[ras Negroid]]"), "[[suku Indian|ras Indian]]" dan "[[ras Melayu]]", namun dia tidak mengusulkan peringkatan apa pun antara para ras.<ref name="Graves, Joseph 2001. p.39"/>

 

 

Di dua dasawarsa terakhir abad ke-18[[poligenisme]], yaitu kepercayaan bahwa "ras" yang berbeda telah berkembang secara terpisah di setiap benua dan tidak memiliki moyang yang sama,<ref name="stocking"/> diajukan di Inggris oleh sejarawan [[Edward Long]] dan anatomis [[Charles White]], di Jerman oleh etnograf [[Christoph Meiners]] dan [[Georg Forster]], di Prancis oleh Julien Virey dan di Amerika Serikat oleh [[Samuel Morton]], [[Josiah Nott]] dan [[Louis Agassiz]]. Poligenisme popular dan paling menyebar pada abad ke-19, dan memuncak dengan didirikannya [[Anthropological Society of London]] selama [[American civil war]], bertentangan denga [[Ethnological Society of London]] yang anti-perbudakan.<ref name="desmond"/>

<ref name="New Ideas, New Fuels: Craig Venter at the Oxonian">{{Cite web |url=http://fora.tv/2008/07/30/New_Ideas_New_Fuels_Craig_Venter_at_the_Oxonian#chapter_17 |title=New Ideas, New Fuels: Craig Venter at the Oxonian |publisher=FORA.tv |date=2008-11-03 |accessdate=2009-04-18 |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122071534/http://fora.tv/2008/07/30/New_Ideas_New_Fuels_Craig_Venter_at_the_Oxonian#chapter_17 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

 

 

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* {{en}} [http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html Racial & Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types] - bloodbook.com

 

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[[Kategori:Genetika populasi]]