Ras manusia: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{rapikan|date=Oktober 2012}}

'''Ras''' (dari [[bahasa Prancis]] ''[[:fr:race|race]]'', yang sendirinya dari [[bahasa Latin]] ''radix'', "akar") adalah suatu sistem [[klasifikasi]] yang digunakan untuk mengkategorikan [[manusia]] dalam [[Populasi (biologi)|populasi]] atau [[kelompok sosial|kelompok]] besar dan berbeda melalui ciri [[fenotipe]], asal-usul geografis, tampang jasmani dan [[suku|kesukuan]] yang terwarisi. Di awal abad ke-20 istilah ini sering digunakan dalam arti [[biologis]] untuk menunjuk populasi manusia yang beraneka ragam dari segi [[genetik]] dengan anggota yang memiliki [[fenotipe]] (tampang luar) yang sama.<ref name="lie"/> Arti "ras" ini masih digunakan dalam [[antropologi]] [[forensik]] (dalam menganalisis sisa tulang), penelitian [[biomedis]] dan [[kedokteran]] berdasarkan asal-usul.<ref name="gill"/>

 

 

Oleh karena itu, [[paradigma]] "ras" yang digunakan dalam berbagai [[disiplin]] menekan dengan cara yang beraneka pada sifat [[biologi]]s atau pada segi konstruk sosial.

 

Sementara ilmuwan Eropa sebagian besar telah meninggalkan klasifikasi rasial, konsep tersebut menjadi arus utama oleh ilmuwan non-Eropa. Baru-baru ini, beberapa penelitian pada tahun 2019 dan 2020 dari "Central South University" (CSU; 中南 大学), telah menyajikan bukti kuat untuk asal muasal multiregional manusia. Bukti genetik menunjukkan bahwa populasi terkait Asia Timur (orang Asia Timur, orang Siberia, orang Asia Tengah, orang Asia Tenggara, orang Polinesia, dan orang Amerika Pribumi) secara genetik berbeda dari orang Eropa atau Afrika. Mereka selanjutnya menyarankan bahwa bukti ini bertentangan dengan migrasi keluar dari Afrika. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa populasi terkait Asia Timur (juga dikenal sebagai ras Mongoloid) berasal dari suatu tempat di Asia Timur (Tiongkok selatan).<ref name="Yuan 101410">{{Cite journal|last=Yuan|first=Dejian|last2=Lei|first2=Xiaoyun|last3=Gui|first3=Yuanyuan|last4=Wang|first4=Mingrui|last5=Zhang|first5=Ye|last6=Zhu|first6=Zuobin|last7=Wang|first7=Dapeng|last8=Yu|first8=Jun|last9=Huang|first9=Shi|date=2019-06-09|title=Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/101410v6|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=101410|doi=10.1101/101410}}</ref><ref name="Chen 2020.03.10.986042">{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Hongyao|last2=Zhang|first2=Ye|last3=Huang|first3=Shi|date=2020-03-11|title=Ancient Y chromosomes confirm origin of modern human paternal lineages in Asia rather than Africa|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.10.986042v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=2020.03.10.986042|doi=10.1101/2020.03.10.986042}}</ref>

 

== Paham modern pertama tentang "ras" ==

<ref name="New Ideas, New Fuels: Craig Venter at the Oxonian">{{Cite web |url=http://fora.tv/2008/07/30/New_Ideas_New_Fuels_Craig_Venter_at_the_Oxonian#chapter_17 |title=New Ideas, New Fuels: Craig Venter at the Oxonian |publisher=FORA.tv |date=2008-11-03 |accessdate=2009-04-18 |archive-date=2009-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122071534/http://fora.tv/2008/07/30/New_Ideas_New_Fuels_Craig_Venter_at_the_Oxonian#chapter_17 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

 

 

<ref name="Mevorach07">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1525/ae.2007.34.2.238 |title=Race, racism, and academic complicity |year=2007 |last1=Mevorach |first1=Katya Gibel |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=34 |pages=238–241 |issue=2}}</ref>

<!--Bamshad 2005 ??? -->

<!--Banton Michael 1977-->

<!--Baum 2006-->

* {{cite book|last=Baum|first=Bruce|title=The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: a political history of racial identity|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofcaucas0000baum|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/risefallofcaucas0000baum/page/218 218]|isbn=0-8147-9892-6|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite journal | last1 = Keita | first1 = SOY | last2 = Kittles | first2 = RA | last3 = Royal | first3 = CDM | last4 = Bonney | first4 = GM | last5 = Furbert-Harris | first5 = P | last6 = Dunston | first6 = GM | last7 = Rotimi | first7 = CM | year = 2004 | title = Conceptualizing human variation | url = http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1455.html | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 36 | issue = S17–S20 | pmid = 15507998 | doi = 10.1038/ng1455 | ref = harv }}

<!--King Desmond 2007-->

<!--Koertvelyessy, Nettleship 1996-->

* {{cite journal | last1 = Koertvelyessy | first1 = TA | last2 = Nettleship | first2 = MT |year = 1996 | title = Ethnicity and mating structure in Southwestern Hungary | url = | journal = Rivista di Antropologia (Roma) | volume = 74 | issue = | pages = 45–53 |ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal |last=Muffoletto |first=Robert |title=Ethics: A discourse of power |publisher=TechTrends |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=62–66 |doi=10.1007/BF02763286 |year=2003 |ref=harv}}

<!--Nobles Melissa 2000-->

<!--O'Brien, Mayr 1991-->

* {{Cite journal|last1=O'Brien |first1=SJ |last2=Mayr |first2=E |title=Bureaucratic Mischief: Recognizing Endangered Species and Subspecies |journal=Science |volume=251 |issue=4998 |pages=1187–1188 |year=1991 |month=March |pmid=17799277 |doi=10.1126/science.251.4998.1187 |ref=harv|bibcode = 1991Sci...251.1187O |ref=harf}}

* {{Cite journal | last1 = Owens | first1 = K. | last2 = King | year = 1999 | first2 = MC| title = Genomic Views of Human History | url = | journal = Science | pmid = 10521333 | volume = 286 | issue = 5439| pages = 451–453 | doi = 10.1126/science.286.5439.451 |ref=harv}}

<!--Palmié 2007-->

<!--Parra et al 2004-->

* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/ng1440 | last1 = Parra | first1 = EJ | last2 = Kittles | first2 = RA | last3 = Shriver | first3 = MD | year = 2004 | title = Implications of correlations between skin color and genetic ancestry for biomedical research | url = | journal = Nat Genet | volume = 36 | issue = 11 Suppl| pages = S54–S60 | pmid = 15508005 }}

* {{cite journal |last=Smedley |first=Audrey |title=The History of the Idea of Race... and Why It Matters |publisher=presented at the conference “Race, Human Variation and Disease: Consensus and Frontiers” sponsored by the American Anthropological Association (AAA) |date=2007-March-14-17 |url=http://www.understandingrace.org/resources/pdf/disease/smedley.pdf |ref=harv |access-date=2012-01-02 |archive-date=2019-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113030614/http://www.understandingrace.org/resources/pdf/disease/smedley.pdf |dead-url=yes }}

<!--Sober 2000-->

<!--Spickard PR 1992-->

* {{cite book|last1=Spickard|first1=PR|year=1992|chapter=The illogic of American racial categories|editor1-last=Root|editor1-first=MPP|title=Racially mixed people in America|url=https://archive.org/details/raciallymixedpeo0000unse|publisher=Sage|location=Newbury Park, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/raciallymixedpeo0000unse/page/12 12]–23|isbn=0803941013|ref=harv}}

<!--Stanton W 1982-->

<!--Stocking 1968-->

<!--Takaki R 1993-->

* {{cite book|last1=Takaki|first1=R|year=1993|title=A different mirror: a history of multicultural America|url=https://archive.org/details/differentmirrorh00taka_0|publisher=Little, Brown|location=Boston|isbn=0316831123|format=paperback|ref=harv}}

* {{en}} [http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html Racial & Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types] - bloodbook.com

 

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[[Kategori:Genetika populasi]]