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{{Chinese
| pic =
| piccap = Ahfaz bersama para petani pada masa revolusi kebudayaan Tiongkok
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| c = 文化大革命
| l = "Revolusi Kebudayaan Besar"
| p = Wénhuà dàgémìng
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| j = Man<sup>4</sup>-faa<sup>3</sup> daai<sup>6</sup>-gaak<sup>3</sup>-ming<sup>6</sup>
| y = Màhn-faa daaih-gaak-mihng
| poj = Bûn-hoà tāi-kek-bēng
| altname = Formal name
| s2 = {{nowrap|无产阶级文化大革命}}
| t2 = 無產階級文化大革命
| l2 = "Revolusi Kebudayaan Proletariat Besar"
| p2 = Wúchǎnjiējí wénhuà dàgémìng
| j2 = Mou<sup>4</sup>-caan<sup>2</sup> gaai<sup>1</sup>-kap<sup>1</sup> man<sup>4</sup>-faa<sup>3</sup> daai<sup>6</sup> gaak<sup>3</sup>-ming<sup>6</sup>
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| poj2 = Bô-sán-kai-kip bûn-huà tuā kik-miā
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'''Revolusi Kebudayaan''', yang secara resmi disebut '''Revolusi Besar Kebudayaan
Revolusi tersebut diluncurkan pada Mei 1966, setelah Mao menuduh bahwa unsur-unsur [[borjuis]] telah menginfiltrasi pemerintah dan masyarakat pada garis besar dengan bertujuan untuk memulihkan kapitalisme. Ia menyatakan bahwa "[[Revisionisme (Marxisme)|kaum revisionis]]" akan dihapuskan melalui kekerasan [[perjuangan kelas]]. Kaum muda Tiongkok menanggapi pernyataan Mao dengan membentuk kelompok-kelompok [[Pertahanan Merah (Tiongkok)|Pertahanan Merah]] di seluruh negara tersebut. Gerakan tersebut menyebar ke dalam militer, buruh perkotaan, dan kepemimpinan Partai Komunis itu sendiri. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan merebaknya perjuangan faksional di seluruh ranah kehidupan. Pada kepemimpinan teratas, hal tersebut berujung pada pembersihan massal terhadap para pejabat senior, termasuk [[Liu Shaoqi]] dan [[Deng Xiaoping]]. Pada masa yang sama, [[kultus personalitas]] Mao bertumbuh.
Mulai dari "[[Agustus Merah]]" di [[Beijing]], pembantaian terjadi di seluruh [[daratan Cina]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|website=[[Universitas Chicago]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417112031/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=2020-04-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Jutaan orang dianiaya dalam perjuangan kekerasan yang terjadi di seluruh negara tersebut, dan mengakibatkan serangkaian besar pelecehan yang meliputi [[humiliasi publik]], penahanan arbitrari, penyiksaan, penghinaan, dan perampasan properti. Sejumlah besar
Mao secara resmi mendeklarasikan Revolusi Kebudayaan berakhir pada 1969, namun fase aktifnya berlangsung sampai kematian pemimpin militer [[Lin Biao]] pada 1971. Setelah kematian Mao dan penangkapan [[Geng Empat]] pada 1976, para reformator yang dipimpin oleh [[Deng Xiaoping]] secara bertahap mulai melucuti kebijakan-kebijakan Maois yang berkaitan dengan Revolusi Kebudayaan. Deng memulai program "[[Boluan Fanzheng]]" untuk memperbaiki kesalahan Revolusi Kebudayaan dan pada tahun 1978 meluncurkan program "[[Reformasi ekonomi Tiongkok|Reformasi dan Pembukaan]]", yang membawa Tiongkok ke era baru.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Denmark|first=Abraham|title=40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=40 years of reform and opening up in China|url=https://www.scmp.com/video/china/2172457/how-forty-years-reform-and-opening-have-transformed-china|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=2021-04-14}}</ref> Pada 1981, Partai tersebut mendeklarasikan bahwa Revolusi Kebudayaan "bertanggung jawab atas penggantian rugi paling besar dan kehilangan paling parah yang dialami oleh Partai, negara, dan rakyat sejak pembentukan Republik Rakyat".<ref>"Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China," adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on June 27, 1981 ''Resolution on CPC History (1949–81).'' (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981). p. 32.</ref>
== Korban tewas ==
Perkiraan korban tewas selama Revolusi Kebudayaan sangat bervariasi, dari ratusan ribu hingga 20 juta.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12">{{cite journal|last1=Pye|first1=Lucian W.|date=1986|title=Reassessing the Cultural Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_china-quarterly_1986-12_108/page/597|journal=The China Quarterly|volume=108|issue=108|pages=597–612|doi=10.1017/S0305741000037085|issn=0305-7410|jstor=653530}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|last1=Foundation|first1=World Peace|title=China: the Cultural Revolution {{!}} Mass Atrocity Endings|url=https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2016/12/14/china-the-cultural-revolution/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203527/https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2016/12/14/china-the-cultural-revolution/|archive-date=November 28, 2019|access-date=2019-11-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news|last1=Strauss|first1=Valerie|last2=Southerl|first2=Daniel|date=1994-07-17|title=HOW MANY DIED? NEW EVIDENCE SUGGESTS FAR HIGHER NUMBERS FOR THE VICTIMS OF MAO ZEDONG'S ERA|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/07/17/how-many-died-new-evidence-suggests-far-higher-numbers-for-the-victims-of-mao-zedongs-era/01044df5-03dd-49f4-a453-a033c5287bce/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509114452/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/07/17/how-many-died-new-evidence-suggests-far-higher-numbers-for-the-victims-of-mao-zedongs-era/01044df5-03dd-49f4-a453-a033c5287bce/|archive-date=2019-05-09|access-date=2019-05-09|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|title=Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Primary Megadeaths of the Twentieth Century|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#Mao|work=Necrometrics|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69erJ2JTC?url=http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#Mao|archive-date=August 4, 2012|access-date=November 9, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Pembantaian dan kanibalisme ===
Selama Revolusi Kebudayaan, pembantaian terjadi di seluruh daratan China. Yang utama termasuk:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|author-link=Song Yongyi|date=2011-08-25|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976|website=[[Sciences Po]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-30|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pembantaian Guangxi]], di mana [[kanibalisme]] skala besar juga terjadi.
* [[Insiden Mongolia Dalam]]
* [[Kasus Mata-Mata Zhao Jianmin]]
* [[Agustus Merah]] ([[Beijing]])
* [[Insiden Shadian]]
* [[Pembantaian Ruijin]]
== Catatan ==
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* [http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Li-Peng,-the-%E2%80%9Cbutcher-of-Tiananmen,%E2%80%9D-was-%E2%80%9Cready-to-die%E2%80%9D-to-stop-the-student-turmoil-18592.html "Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil"]. ''AsiaNews.it''. 2003. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
* Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=zhou+enlai&hl=en&ei=wBkuTdKyB4H_8AaJucigAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Zhou Enlai: A Political Life'']. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ISBN 962-996-280-2. Retrieved on March 12, 2011.
* Ewing, Kent. (2011, June 4). "Mao's Army on the Attack". ''Asia Times Online''. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223806/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html |date=2016-03-03 }}> on June 16, 2011.
* Fong Tak-ho. (2006, May 19). "Cultural Revolution? What Revolution?" ''Asia Times Online''. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HE19Ad01.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624083748/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HE19Ad01.html |date=2011-06-24 }}> on June 15, 2011.
* {{cite book |title= The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution |author= Gao, Mobo |year= 2008 |publisher= Pluto Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0-7453-2780-8|nopp=|ref=Gao08}} Retrieved at <http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094507/http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf |date=2012-11-03 }}> on September 2, 2012.
* {{cite book |title= Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966–76 |editor= Richard King |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0774815437 }}
* {{cite book |title= Mao's Last Revolution |url= https://archive.org/details/maoslastrevoluti00macf |author= MacFarquhar, Roderick |author-link= Roderick MacFarquhar |author2= Schoenhals, Michael |last-author-amp= yes |year= 2006 |publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn= 978-0-674-02332-1 |nopp=|ref=Har08}}
* Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). ''The Search for Modern China'', New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-97351-4.
* {{cite book |title= Enemies of the People: The Ordeal of Intellectuals in China's Great Cultural Revolution|url= https://archive.org/details/enemiesofpeopleo00thur|author= Thurston, Anne F. |year= 1988 |publisher= Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge |isbn= |nopp=|ref=Thu88}}
* Teiwes, Frederick C. & Sun, Warren. (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era". ''Pacific Affairs''. Vol. 77, No. 2, Summer. 211–235. Retrieved from <http://www.jstor.org/stable/40022499> on March 11, 2011.
* Zhao Ziyang. ''[[Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang]]''. Trans & Ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0
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* Richard Curt Kraus. ''The Cultural Revolution: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series, 2012. xiv, 138p. ISBN 978-0-19-974055-0.
* [[Roderick MacFarquhar|MacFarquhar, Roderick]] and Schoenhals, Michael. ''Mao's Last Revolution''. [[Harvard University Press]], 2006. ISBN 0-674-02332-3
* {{cite book |title=Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/turbulentdecadeh0000yanj |author1=Jiaqi Yan |author2=Gao Gao |publisher= University of Hawai'i Press |edition= 1st |year= 1996 |isbn=978-0824816957 }}
* Morning Sun, "Bibliography," [http://www.morningsun.org/library Morningsun.org] Books and articles of General Readings and Selected Personal Narratives on the Cultural Revolution.
Baris 62 ⟶ 74:
* Li, Jie and Enhua Zhang, eds. ''Red Legacies in China: Cultural Afterlives of the Communist Revolution (Harvard University Asia Center, 2016) 409 pages; Scholarly studies on cultural legacies and continuities from the Maoist era in art, architecture, literature, performance, film, etc.
* [[Fox Butterfield]], ''China: Alive in the Bitter Sea'', (1982, revised 2000), ISBN 0-553-34219-3, an oral history of some Chinese people's experience during the Cultural Revolution.
* {{cite book |last1 = Chang |first1= Jung |first2 = Jon |last2 = Halliday |year = 2005 |title = Mao: The Unknown Story |url = https://archive.org/details/maounknownstory00jung_0 |publisher = Knopf| location = New York |isbn = 0679422714|ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |title= Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication |author= Xing Lu |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year= 2004 |isbn=978-1570035432 }}
* [[Ross Terrill]], ''The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong'' Stanford University Press, 1984 ISBN 0-8047-2922-0; rpr. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992 ISBN 0-671-74484-4.
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{{Sister project links|n=no|v=Modern China: China since 1945 and the Modern World|q=no|s=no|b=VCE History Revolutions/Chinese Revolution}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028164/Cultural-Revolution ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. The Cultural Revolution]
* [http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html History of The Cultural Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429003300/http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html |date=2007-04-29 }}
* [http://www.sinohits.net/posters/index.htm Chinese propaganda posters gallery (Cultural Revolution, Mao, and others)]
* [http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64563/65449/4526439.html Hua Guofeng's speech to the 11th Party Congress, 1977]
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