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Baris 1:
: ''Artikel ini membahas jabatan keagamaan. Untuk penggunaan dalam Islam, lihat [[Imam (Islam)]].''
#REDIRECT [[Imam (Islam)]]▼
[[Berkas:Clerical_clothing.jpg|jmpl|300px|[[Pastor]] [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] dalam pakaian tradisional jabatannya.]]
'''Imam''' adalah orang yang diberikan wewenang untuk menyelenggarakan upacara keagamaan. Jabatan atau kedudukan mereka disebut '''imamat''', istilah yang juga dapat digunakan secara kolektif.
Sejak dahulu dan dalam masyarakat-masyarakat yang paling sederhana pun telah hadir pemimpin upacara keagamaan yang disebut imam (lihat [[shaman]] dan [[orakel]]). Dalam berbagai agama dapat ditemukan kehadiran imam, seperti dalam beberapa cabang dari agama [[Kristen]], dalam [[Shinto]]isme, [[Hinduisme]], [[Buddhisme]], dan banyak agama. Para imam biasanya dianggap mempunyai hubungan yang baik dengan [[Tuhan]] dalam agama yang bersangkutan. Umat pun biasanya menghubungi imam untuk mendapatkan nasihat dalam hal-hal rohani. Dalam agama-agama tertentu, imam adalah suatu jabatan penuh waktu, sehingga yang bersangkutan dilarang mempunyai pekerjaan atau karier lainnya. Dalam agama lainnya, kedudukan imam diwariskan dari orang tua kepada keturunannya.
Agama-agama tertentu mengakui adanya imam perempuan, misalnya di kalangan [[agama kafir]] atau [[neopagan]] seperti [[Wicca]] dan berbagai agama rekonstruksionis.
== Tradisi [[Yahudi]] ==
[[Berkas:Kohanim_hands_blessing_photo.jpg|ka|jmpl|Posisi tangan seorang [[Kohen]] ketika diangkat untuk memberkati jemaat Yahudi]]
Dalam [[Yudaisme]], [[Kohen|Kohanim]] (bentuk tunggal: ''Kohan'' atau ''Kohen'' ({{lang-he|כהן}}) dan dari sini muncul nama keluarga ''Cohen'') adalah imam yang jabatannya turun-temurun melalui garis ayah. Keluarga-keluarga ini berasal dari [[suku Lewi]]. Jabatan tertinggi, yaitu [[Imam Besar Yahudi|Imam Besar]], secara tradisional dikhususkan dari keturunan Imam [[Harun bin Amram|Harun]]. Pada masa kedua [[Bait Allah|Bait Suci di Yerusalem]] (yaitu pada zaman [[Yesus]] [[Kristus]]), mereka bertanggung jawab atas persembahan dan korban sehari-hari dan khusus pada [[hari raya Yahudi]] di lingkungan Bait Suci yang dikenal sebagai ''[[korbanot]]''. Sejak kehancuran [[Bait Suci Kedua]], para [[rabi]]lah yang menjadi tokoh penting di kalangan pimpinan rohani Yahudi.
Namun, peranan Kohen masih ada, meskipun jauh berkurang pentingnya dibandingkan dengan masa Alkitab. Di [[Israel]], Kohanim [[Berkat Imamat|memberkati jemaatnya]] pada hari Sabat dan hari-hari raya. Di [[Yerusalem]], mereka memberikan berkatnya setiap hari sebagai bagian dari ibadat [[Doa Yahudi|doa]] pagi mereka. Di luar Israel, khususnya di dalam tradisi ortodoks [[Ashkenazi]], mereka melakukannya hanya di [[sinagoge]] dalam doa pagi pada hari-hari raya Yahudi.
== Tradisi [[Gereja Katolik|Katolik]] ==
* Ada 2 kata Yunani dalam bagian [[Perjanjian Baru]] [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]] yang dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] diterjemahkan sebagai "[[pastor]]" atau "imam", dan dapat berarti:
# ''presbyteros (πρεσβυτερος)'', {{lang-la|presbyter}}, merupakan asal kata ''priest'' dalam bahasa Inggris, beberapa kalangan menyamakannya dengan ''elder'' atau [[penatua]], juga disebut "tua-tua" atau penilik gereja.
# ''hiereus ('ιερευς)'', {{lang-la|sacerdos}}, mengacu kepada orang yang mempersembahkan korban, atau dalam konsep Kekristenan dapat berarti imam yang mempersembahkan korban Ekaristi ([[Perjamuan Kudus]]).
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At some point after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem (A.D. [[70]]), possibly as early as A.D. [[90]] (see The [[Didache]]), Greek-speaking Christians began using ''hiereus'' to refer, first, to [[bishop]]s and then, by extension, to the [[presbyter]]s under them, but still making a distinction between the Jewish priesthood, pagan priesthoods, and the priesthood of Christ. Thus, in [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] and [[Anglicanism]], the terms "presbyter" and "priest" are virtually interchangeable (although, technically, bishops are also priests in this sense, and are sometimes called "high priests"). Priests, like [[deacon]]s, are [[clergy]]members and can only be ordained by a bishop. In the case of the ordination of a bishop, three or more bishops are normally required to perform the [[consecration]].
=== Catholic and Orthodox ===
[[Berkas:RomanCatholicPriest.jpg|thumb|250px|Roman Catholic priest [[Lieutenant Commander | LCDR]] Allen R. Kuss (USN) aboard USS ''Enterprise'']]
The most significant [[liturgy|liturgical]] acts reserved to [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] priests are the administration of the [[Sacrament]]s, including the celebration of the [[mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Divine Liturgy]] as well as the [[Eucharist]], and the Sacrament of Reconciliation, a rite of [[Repentance]], also called [[Confession]]. [[Baptism|Holy Baptism]] is also normally administered by a priest, as is, in the Eastern Rites, [[chrismation]], which corresponds to [[confirmation]] in the West. Additionally, priests in both East and West administer the other sacramental mysteries, including the [[anointing of the sick]] and [[marriage]]. The only sacrament which is always reserved to a bishop is that of [[ordination]]. The presence and ministry of a priest is required for a [[parish]] to function fully. This activity is known in Roman Catholicism as the [[cure of souls]].
In these traditions, only men who meet certain requirements may become priests. In Catholicism the [[canon law|canonical]] minimum age is twenty-five. Bishops may dispense with this rule and ordain men up to one year younger; dispensations of more than a year are reserved to the [[Holy See]] (Can. 1031 §§1, 4.) A Catholic priest must be ''[[incardinated]]'' by his bishop or his major religious superior in order to engage in public ministry. In Orthodoxy the normal minimum age is thirty (Can. 9 of Neocaesarea) but a bishop may dispense with this at need. In neither tradition may priests marry after ordination. In the Latin rite of the Roman church, they must be [[Clerical celibacy|celibate]] and there are special rules for married clergy converting from certain other Christian confessions. Married men may become priests in Eastern Orthodoxy and the Eastern Rites of the Roman church but in neither case may they marry after ordination even if they become widowed. It is also important to note that candidates for the episcopacy are only chosen from among the celibate.
Some Catholic churches, not in communion with the Roman Church, do ordain women as well as men as priests; such churches include some [[Old Catholic]] communities, as well as some [[Independent Catholic Churches]]. These churches also generally permit the ordination of married people.
=== Protestant ===
Most [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations do not use the term "priest" to describe the individual who has an officiating role because of its association with the idea of the [[Eucharist]] as sacrifice. In these denominations leaders of congregations are instead typically called "[[Minister (Christianity)|ministers]]" or "pastors" and are not necessarily believed to possess any special sacramental [[charism]] by virtue of their office. [[Lutheranism]] uses "priest" in [[Scandinavia]] and the [[Baltics]] and in churches deriving from there, but not in [[Germany]] and churches deriving from there.
=== Anglican Communion ===
The churches of the [[Anglican Communion]] universally refer to three orders of ordained ministry: [[bishop]]s, priests and [[deacon]]s. Priestly celibacy was abolished during the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], although Anglican priests in [[religious order]]s normally are celibate. In a growing number of [[Province (Anglican)|provinces]] of the Communion both men and women can be ordained priests. Anglican priests, whether serving as [[vicar]], [[rector]], [[curate]] or [[parson]], in general function in ways which are similar to the priests of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches.
=== Quaker ===
[[Religious Society of Friends|Quakerism]] does not grant a special priestly role to any individual, partly because Quakers do not practice any special sacraments that require priestly mediation, and partly because they believe that the ''[[priesthood of all believers]]'' grants the potential of a spiritual and ministerial role to all individuals within the denomination, regardless of sex or status within the faith.
== Dress ==
In most Christian traditions, priests wear [[clerical clothing]], a distinctive form of street dress. Even within individual traditions it varies considerably in form, depending on the specific occasion. In [[Western Christianity]], the stiff white [[clerical collar]] has become the nearly universal feature of priestly clerical clothing, worn either with a [[cassock]] or a [[clergy shirt]]. The shirt may be worn with or without a jacket, and occasionally a [[pectoral cross]] is worn with either the cassock or the shirt. The collar may be either a full collar or a vestigal tab displayed through a square cutout in the shirt collar. [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] priests mostly retain the traditional dress of two layers of differently cut cassock: the ''rasson'' (Greek) or ''podriasnik'' (Russian) beneath the outer ''exorasson'' (Greek) or ''riasa'' (Russian). Pectoral crosses are worn only if they are awarded.
Distinctive clerical clothing is less often worn in modern times than formerly, and in many cases it is rare for a priest to wear it when not acting in a pastoral capacity, especially in countries that view themselves as largely secular in nature. There are frequent exceptions to this however, and many priests rarely if ever go out in public without it, especially in countries where their religion makes up a clear majority of the population.
Every Christian tradition that retains the title of priest also retains the tradition of special liturgical [[vestment]]s worn only during services. Vestments vary so widely that there is little that can be said in general about them. Garments traceable in origin to the ancient Roman [[dalmatic]], such as the [[alb]], [[surplice]] or [[stikharion]], are very common, as is the [[stole]], but these are not worn universally.-->
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Rohaniwan]]
* [[Brahmana]], [[imamat Weda]]
* [[Flamen]]
* [[Druid]]
* [[Hierodule]]
* [[Holy Orders]]
* [[Biarawan]]
* [[Biarawati]]
* [[Imamat (Komunitas Kristus)]]
* [[Imamat (Mormonisme)]]
* [[Imamat am orang percaya]]
* [[Shaman]]
* [[Wicca]]
* [[Presbyterorum Ordinis]], dekret tentang imamat dari [[Konsili Vatikan II]]
* [[Penahbisan perempuan]]
* [[Ritualisme]]
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://acca.asn.au/MESS011H/101P1004.html Deskripsi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616005318/http://acca.asn.au/MESS011H/101P1004.html |date=2005-06-16 }} masalah penyatuan kembali Katolik Roma dengan Katolik Lama sehubungan dengan penahbisan perempuan sebagai imam.
[[Kategori:Tokoh agama]]
[[Kategori:Gelar keagamaan]]
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