|
The'''[[Bahasa KoreanKorea]]''' languagedi hasKorea changedUtara betweendan theKorea twoSelatan statestelah duemengalami toperubahan theyang lengthcukup ofbanyak timesebagai thatakibat Northdari andlamanya Southkedua Korea have beennegara separatedberpisah.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sang-Hun|first1=Choe|title=Koreas: Divided by a Common Language |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/world/asia/30iht-dialect.2644361.html?_r=0|accessdate=16 August 2016|work=The New York Times/ International Herald Tribune|date=30 August 2006}}</ref> Perbedaan yang awalnya hanya sekedar perbedaan dialek menjadi semakin meluas, sebagian dikarenakan oleh kebijakan pemerintah dan sebagian oleh isolasi Korea Utara dari dunia luar.
[[Bahasa Korea|Ortografi Korea]], seperti yang didefinisikan oleh [[Korean Language Society]] pada tahun 1933 dalam "Proposal untuk Ortografi Korea Bersatu" ({{Ko-hhrm|한글 맞춤법 통일안||Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong-iran}}) terus digunakan oleh Utara dan Selatan setelah pembebasan Korea pada tahun 1945. Namun dengan berdirinya [[Republik Rakyat Demokratik Korea]] dan [[Republik Korea]] pada tahun 1948, kedua negara telah mengambil kebijakan yang berbeda mengenai bahasa tersebut.
[[Korean orthography]], as defined by the [[Hangul Society|Korean Language Society]] in 1933 in the "Proposal for Unified Korean Orthography" ({{Ko-hhrm|한글 맞춤법 통일안||Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong-iran}}) continued to be used by the North and the South after liberation of Korea in 1945, but with the establishments of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in 1948, the two states have taken on differing policies regarding the language. In 1954, North Korea set out the rules for Korean orthography ({{lang|ko|조선어 철자법}} ''{{transl|kor|RR|Chosŏnŏ Chŏljabŏp}}''). Although this was only a minor revision in orthography that created little difference from that used in the South, from then on, the standard language in the North and the South gradually differed more and more from each other.
== Pengembangan ==
Pada tahun 1954, Korea Utara menetapkan peraturan untuk ortografi Korea ({{Korean|hangul=조선어 철자법|hanja=|rr=|mr=Josŏnŏ Chŏljabŏp|context=north}}). Meskipun ini hanya revisi kecil dalam ortografi yang menciptakan sedikit perbedaan dari yang digunakan di Selatan, sejak saat itu, bahasa standar di Utara dan Selatan secara bertahap semakin berbeda satu sama lain.
InPada thetahun 1960s1960-an, underdi thebawah influencepengaruh ofideologi the ''[[Juche]]'' ideologymuncul cameperubahan abesar bigdalam changekebijakan inlinguistik linguisticdi policiesKorea inUtara. NorthPada Korea. Ontanggal 3 JanuaryJanuari 1964, [[Kim Il-sung]] issued hismengeluarkan teachingsajarannya ontentang "ASejumlah NumberIsu ofdalam IssuesPengembangan onBahasa the Development of the Korean languageKorea" ({{lang|koKorean|hangul=조선어를 발전시키기 위한 몇 가지 문제}} ''Chosŏnŏrŭl|hanja=|rr=|mr=Josŏnŏrŭl Paljŏn Siki'gi Wihan Myŏt' Kaji Munje''|labels=no|context=north}}), anddan pada ontanggal 14 MayMei 1966 ondengan the topictajuk "InDalam RightlyMemajukan AdvancingKarakteristik theNasional NationalBahasa CharacteristicsKorea ofdengan the Korean languageBenar" ({{lang|koKorean|hangul=조선어의 민족적 특성을 옳게 살려 나갈 데 대하여}} ''Chosŏnŏŭi|hanja=|rr=|mr=Josŏnŏŭi Minjokchŏk T'ŭksŏngŭl Olge Sallyŏ Nagal Te Taehayŏ''), from which the "Standard Korean Language" ({{lang|kolabels=no|조선말규범집context=north}} ''Chosŏnmalgyubŏmjip'') rules followed in the same year, issueddimana bypada thetahun Nationalyang Language Revision Committee that was directly under the control of the cabinet. From then onsama, moreaturan important differences came about between the standard language in the North and the South. In 1987, North"Bahasa Korea revised the aforementioned rules further, and these have remained in use until today. In addition, the rules for spacing were separately laid out in the "Standard Spacing Rules in Writing KoreanStandar" ({{langKorean|kohangul=조선말규범집|조선말 띄여쓰기규범hanja=|rr=|mr=Josŏnmalgyubŏmjip|labels=no|context=north}} ''Chosŏnmal Ttŭiyŏssŭgigyubŏm'') indikeluarkan 2000oleh butKomite haveRevisi sinceBahasa beenNasional supersededyang byberada "Rules for Spacing in Writing Korean" ({{lang|ko|띄여쓰기규정}} ''Ttŭiyŏssŭgigyujŏng''),di issuedbawah inkendali 2003kabinet.
Sejak saat itu, perbedaan yang lebih penting muncul antara bahasa standar di Utara dan Selatan. Pada tahun 1987, Korea Utara merevisi peraturan tersebut lebih lanjut, dan ini masih digunakan sampai hari ini. Selain itu, aturan untuk penspasian secara terpisah diatur dalam "Aturan Spasi Standar dalam Menulis Bahasa Korea" ({{Korean|hangul=조선말 띄여쓰기규범|hanja=|rr=|mr=Josŏnmal Ttŭiyŏssŭgigyubŏm|labels=no|context=north}}) pada tahun 2000. Kemudian aturan tersebut digantikan oleh "Aturan untuk Spasi dalam Menulis Bahasa Korea" ({{Korean|hangul=띄여쓰기규정|hanja=|rr=|mr=Ttŭiyŏssŭgigyujŏng|labels=no|context=north}}) yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2003.
South Korea continued to use the ''{{transl|ko|RR|Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong-iran}}'' as defined in 1933, until its amendment "Korean Orthography" ({{lang|ko|한글 맞춤법}} ''{{transl|ko|RR|Hangeul Matchumbeop}}''), together with "Standard Language Regulations" ({{lang|ko|표준어 규정: pyojuneo gyujeong}}), were issued in 1988, which remain in use today.
Korea Selatan terus menggunakan ''{{transl|ko|RR|Hangeul Matchumbeop Tong-iran}}'' sebagaimana didefinisikan pada tahun 1933, sampai diamendemennya Ortografi Korea ({{Korean|hangul=한글 맞춤법|hanja=|rr=Hangeul Matchumbeop|mr=|context=}}) bersama dengan Peraturan Bahasa Standar ({{Korean|hangul=표준어 규정|hanja=|rr=Pyojuneo Gyujeong|mr=|context=}}) pada tahun 1988, yang tetap digunakan sampai sekarang.
As with the [[Korean phonology]] article, this article uses [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbols in pipes {{IPA|{{pipe}} {{pipe}}}} for [[morphophonemic]]s, slashes {{IPA|/ /}} for [[phoneme]]s, and brackets {{IPA|[ ]}} for [[allophone]]s. Pan-Korean romanized words are largely in [[Revised Romanization]], and North Korean-specific romanized words are largely in [[McCune-Reischauer]]. Also, for the sake of consistency, this article also phonetically transcribes {{lang|ko|ㅓ}} as {{IPA|/ʌ/}} for pan-Korean and South-specific phonology, and as {{IPA|/ɔ/}} for North-specific phonology.
Seperti artikel [[fonologi Bahasa Korea]], artikel ini menggunakan simbol [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] dalam pipa {{IPA|{{pipe}} {{pipe}}}} untuk [[Morfofonologi|morfofonemik]], garis miring {{IPA|/ /}} untuk [[fonem]], dan tanda kurung {{IPA|[ ]}} untuk [[alofon]]. Romanisasi kata-kata Pan-Korea menggunakan ''[[Revised Romanization]]'', dan romanisasi kata-kata Korea Utara menggunakan [[McCune–Reischauer|McCune-Reischauer]]. Selain itu, demi konsistensi, artikel ini juga secara fonetis mentranskripsikan ㅓ sebagai {{IPA|/ʌ/}} untuk fonologi pan-Korea Selatan, dan sebagai {{IPA|/ɔ/}} untuk fonologi spesifik Utara.
==Hangul (Chosŏn'gŭl)==
The same [[hangul]] (''Chosŏn'gŭl'') letters are used to write the language in the North and the South. However, in the North, the stroke that distinguishes ㅌ {{IPA|{{pipe}}tʰ{{pipe}}}} from ㄷ {{IPA|{{pipe}}t{{pipe}}}} is written above rather than inside the letter as in the South.
== Hangul (Josŏn-gŭl) ==
In the South, the vowel [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] and [[trigraph (orthography)|trigraph]]s ㅐ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɛ{{pipe}}}}, ㅒ {{IPA|{{pipe}}jɛ{{pipe}}}}, ㅔ {{IPA|{{pipe}}e{{pipe}}}}, ㅖ {{IPA|{{pipe}}je{{pipe}}}}, ㅘ {{IPA|{{pipe}}wa{{pipe}}}}, ㅙ {{IPA|{{pipe}}wɛ{{pipe}}}}, ㅚ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ø{{pipe}}}}, ㅝ {{IPA|{{pipe}}wʌ{{pipe}}}}, ㅞ {{IPA|{{pipe}}we{{pipe}}}}, ㅟ {{IPA|{{pipe}}y{{pipe}}}}, ㅢ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɰi{{pipe}}}} and the consonant digraphs ㄲ {{IPA|{{pipe}}k͈{{pipe}}}}, ㄸ {{IPA|{{pipe}}t͈{{pipe}}}}, ㅃ {{IPA|{{pipe}}p͈{{pipe}}}}, ㅆ {{IPA|{{pipe}}s͈{{pipe}}}}, ㅉ {{IPA|{{pipe}}tɕ͈{{pipe}}}} are not treated as separate letters, whereas in the North they are.
Huruf [[hangul]] (''Josŏn-gŭl'') yang sama digunakan untuk menulis bahasa di Utara dan Selatan. Perbedaannya terletak pada cara menulis. Di Utara, huruf ㅌ {{IPA|{{pipe}}tʰ{{pipe}}}} ditulis dengan cara menambahkan goretan di atas ㄷ {{IPA|{{pipe}}t{{pipe}}}} dan bukan di dalam huruf seperti di Selatan.
Some letters and digraphs have different names in the North and in the South.
Di Selatan, huruf vokal ㅐ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɛ{{pipe}}}}, ㅒ {{IPA|{{pipe}}jɛ{{pipe}}}}, ㅔ {{IPA|{{pipe}}e{{pipe}}}}, ㅖ {{IPA|{{pipe}}je{{pipe}}}}, ㅘ {{IPA|{{pipe}}wa{{pipe}}}}, ㅙ {{IPA|{{pipe}}wɛ{{pipe}}}}, ㅚ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ø{{pipe}}}}, ㅝ {{IPA|{{pipe}}wʌ{{pipe}}}}, ㅞ {{IPA|{{pipe}}we{{pipe}}}}, ㅟ {{IPA|{{pipe}}y{{pipe}}}}, ㅢ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɰi{{pipe}}}} dan huruf konsonan ㄲ {{IPA|{{pipe}}k͈{{pipe}}}}, ㄸ {{IPA|{{pipe}}t͈{{pipe}}}}, ㅃ {{IPA|{{pipe}}p͈{{pipe}}}}, ㅆ {{IPA|{{pipe}}s͈{{pipe}}}}, ㅉ {{IPA|{{pipe}}tɕ͈{{pipe}}}} tidak diperlakukan sebagai huruf terpisah, sedangkan di Utara mereka diperlakukan sebagai huruf terpisah.
Beberapa huruf dan digraf memiliki nama yang berbeda di Utara dan Selatan.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Surat
!Letter
!Nama Korea Utara
!North Korean name
!Nama Korea Selatan
!South Korean name
|-
!{{lang|ko|ㄱ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}g{{pipe}}}}
|}
TheNama namesyang useddigunakan indi theSelatan Southadalah areyang theditemukan ones found in thedi ''Hunmongjahoe'' ([[:ko:훈몽자회|훈몽자회]], 訓蒙字會, publishedditerbitkan tahun 1527). TheNama namesyang useddigunakan indi theUtara Northterbentuk aresecara formedmekanis mechanicallydengan with the patternpola "''letter'' + 이 + 으 + ''letter''". AlsoJuga foruntuk thekonsonan tensed consonantstegang, in thedi SouthSelatan, theymereka aredisebut calledkonsonan "doubleganda" (쌍- {{IPA|/s͈aŋ-/}}) consonants, while insedangkan thedi NorthUtara, theymereka aredisebut calledkonsonan "strongkuat" (된- {{IPA|/tøːn-/}}) consonants.
== Pengurutan huruf ==
===Sorting order===
* Vokal
*Vowels
:{|style="text-align:center"
#North: {{lang|ko|ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ ㅐ ㅒ ㅔ ㅖ ㅚ ㅟ ㅢ ㅘ ㅝ ㅙ ㅞ}}<br/>{{IPA|{{pipe}}a ja ɔ jɔ o jo u ju ɯ i ɛ jɛ e je ø y ɰi wa wɔ wɛ we{{pipe}}}}
#South|style="text-align:left"|''Selatan: {{lang''|ko|ㅏ ||ㅐ ||ㅑ ||ㅒ ||ㅓ ||ㅔ ||ㅕ ||ㅖ ||ㅗ ||ㅘ ||ㅙ ||ㅚ ||ㅛ ||ㅜ ||ㅝ ||ㅞ ||ㅟ ||ㅠ ||ㅡ ||ㅢ ㅣ}}<br/>{{IPA|{{pipe}}a ɛ ja jɛ ʌ e jʌ je o wa wɛ ø jo u wʌ we y ju ɯ ɰi i{{pipe}}}}|ㅣ
|-
*Consonants
| ||[a]||[ɛ]||[ja]||[jɛ]||[ʌ]||[e]||[jʌ]||[je]||[o]||[wa]||[wɛ]||[ø]||[jo]||[u]||[wʌ]||[we]||[y]||[ju]||[ɯ]||[ɰi]||[i]
#North: {{lang|ko|ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ ㅇ}}<br/>{{IPA|{{pipe}}k n t l m p s ŋ tɕ tɕʰ kʰ tʰ pʰ h k͈ t͈ p͈ s͈ tɕ͈ ∅{{pipe}}}}
|-
#South: {{lang|ko|ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ}}<br/>{{IPA|{{pipe}}g gg n d dd l m b bb s ss ∅/ŋ tɕ tɕ͈ tɕʰ kʰ tʰ pʰ h{{pipe}}}}
|style="text-align:left"|''Utara:''||ㅏ||ㅑ||ㅓ||ㅕ||ㅗ||ㅛ||ㅜ||ㅠ||ㅡ||ㅣ||ㅐ||ㅒ||ㅔ||ㅖ||ㅚ||ㅟ||ㅢ||ㅘ||ㅝ||ㅙ||ㅞ
|-
| ||[a]||[ja]||[ɔ]||[jɔ]||[o]||[jo]||[u]||[ju]||[ɯ]||[i]||[ɛ]||[jɛ]||[e]||[je]||[ø]||[y]||[ɰi]||[wa]||[wɔ]||[wɛ]||[we]
|}
* Konsonan
:{|style="text-align:center"
|style="text-align:left"|''Selatan:''||ㄱ||ㄲ||ㄴ||ㄷ||ㄸ||ㄹ||ㅁ||ㅂ||ㅃ||ㅅ||ㅆ||ㅇ||ㅈ||ㅉ||ㅊ||ㅋ||ㅌ||ㅍ||ㅎ
|-style="text-align:center"
| ||[k]||[k͈]||[n]||[t]||[t͈]||[l]||[m]||[p]||[p͈]||[s]||[s͈]||[∅]/[ŋ]||[tɕ]||[tɕ͈]||[tɕʰ]||[kʰ]||[tʰ]||[pʰ]||[h]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''Utara:''||ㄱ||ㄴ||ㄷ||ㄹ||ㅁ||ㅂ||ㅅ||ㆁ||ㅈ||ㅊ||ㅋ||ㅌ||ㅍ||ㅎ||ㄲ||ㄸ||ㅃ||ㅆ||ㅉ||ㅇ
|-
|||[k]||[n]||[t]||[l]||[m]||[p]||[s]||[ŋ]||[tɕ]||[tɕʰ]||[kʰ]||[tʰ]||[pʰ]||[h]||[k͈]||[t͈]||[p͈]||[s͈]||[tɕ͈]||[∅]
|}
InDi the NorthUtara, consonantdigraf vowelvokal digraphskonsonan arediperlakukan treatedsebagai ashuruf lettersdengan inhak theirmereka ownsendiri rightdan andditulis aresetelah orderedakhir afterhuruf thekonsonan enddan ofhuruf thehidup simple consonant and vowel letterssederhana. InDi the SouthSelatan, thedigraf digraphsmuncul comedi betweenantara thehuruf-huruf basic lettersdasar. For exampleMisalnya, aftersetelah {{lang|ko|ㅏ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}a{{pipe}}}} comesdatanglah the diphthongdiftong {{lang|ko|ㅐ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɛ{{pipe}}}}, the combinationkombinasi ofdari {{lang|ko|ㅏ}} anddan {{lang|ko|ㅣ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}i{{pipe}}}}; oratau aftersetelah {{lang|ko|ㅗ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}o{{pipe}}}} comedatang the diphthongsdiftong {{lang|ko|ㅘ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}wa{{pipe}}}}, {{lang|ko|ㅙ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}wɛ{{pipe}}}}, anddan {{lang|ko|ㅚ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}ø{{pipe}}}}, whichyang begindimulai withdengan {{lang|ko|ㅗ}}, anddan so onseterusnya. AlsoJuga, the consonanthuruf letterkonsonan {{lang|ko|ㅇ}} ({{IPA|{{pipe}}∅{{pipe}}}} anddan {{IPA|{{pipe}}ŋ{{pipe}}}}) isditempatkan placeddi betweenantara {{lang|ko|ㅅ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}s{{pipe}}}} anddan {{lang|ko|ㅈ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}tɕ{{pipe}}}} indi theUtara Northsaat when pronounceddiucapkan {{IPA|{{pipe}}ŋ{{pipe}}}}, buttetapi aftersetelah allsemua consonantskonsonan (aftersetelah {{lang|ko|ㅉ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}tɕ͈{{pipe}}}}) whenbila useddigunakan as asebagai ''placeholder'' indicatingyang amenunjukkan nullkonsonan initialawal consonantkosong (foruntuk syllablessuku thatkata beginyang withdimulai adengan vowelvokal).
==Pronunciation Pengucapan ==
[[FileBerkas:Koreandialects.png|thumbjmpl|180px|DialectsDialek-dialek ofdalam KoreanBahasa Korea]]
Bahasa standar di Utara dan Selatan berbagi jenis dan jumlah [[fonem]] yang sama, namun ada beberapa perbedaan dalam segi dialek. Pengucapan standar Korea Selatan didasarkan pada dialek [[Seoul]] sedangkan pengucapan standar Korea Utara didasarkan pada dialek [[Pyongyang]].
The standard languages in the North and the South share the same types and the same number of [[phoneme]]s, but there are some differences in the actual pronunciations. The South Korean standard pronunciation is based on the [[Korean dialects|dialect]] as spoken in [[Seoul]], and the North Korean standard pronunciation is based on the dialect as spoken in [[Pyongyang]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
===Consonants Konsonan ===
The following differences are recognised in the consonants. In the Seoul dialect, ㅈ, ㅊ and ㅉ are typically pronounced with alveolo-palatal affricates {{IPA|[tɕ]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}, {{IPA|[tɕ͈]}}. In the Pyongyang dialect, they are typically pronounced with alveolar affricates {{IPA|[ts]}}, {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}, {{IPA|[ts͈]}}. Also, {{lang|ko|지}} and {{lang|ko|시}} can be pronounced without palatalisation as {{IPA|[tsi]}} and {{IPA|[si]}} in the Pyongyang dialect.
Perbedaan berikut ada dalam beberapa konsonan. Dalam dialek Seoul, ㅈ, ㅊ, dan ㅉ biasanya diucapkan dengan ''alveolo-palatal affricates'' {{IPA|[tɕ]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}, {{IPA|[tɕ͈]}}. Dalam dialek Pyongyang, mereka biasanya diucapkan dengan ''alveolar affricates'' {{IPA|[ts]}}, {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}, {{IPA|[ts͈]}}. {{lang|ko|지}} dan {{lang|ko|시}} juga dapat diucapkan tanpa palikasiasi sebagai {{IPA|[tsi]}} dan {{IPA|[si]}} dalam dialek Pyongyang .
In Sino-Korean words, some of {{lang|ko|ㄴ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}n{{pipe}}}} and all of {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}l{{pipe}}}} that come in the beginning of a word are dropped in pronunciation and not written out in the South, but all initial {{lang|ko|ㄴ}} and {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} are written out in the North. For instance, the common last name 이 {{IPA|[i]}} (often written out in English as [[Lee (Korean surname)|Lee]], seemingly staying true to the North Korean typography and pronunciation), is written and pronounced as 리 {{IPA|[ɾi]}} in North Korean. Furthermore, the South Korean word 여자 {{IPA|[jʌdʑa]}}, meaning woman, is similarly written as 녀자 {{IPA|[njɔdʑa]}} in North Korea. But as this latter pronunciation was artificially crafted in the 1960s, it is common for older speakers to be unable to pronounce initial {{lang|ko|ㄴ}} and {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} properly, thus pronouncing such words in the same way as they are pronounced in the South.
Dalam kosakata Sino-Korea, beberapa {{lang|ko|ㄴ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}n{{pipe}}}} dan semua {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}l{{pipe}}}} yang muncul di awal sebuah kata dihilangkan dalam pengucapan dan tidak ditulis di Selatan, tapi semua huruf awal {{lang|ko|ㄴ}} dan {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} ditulis di Utara. Misalnya, nama marga 이 {{IPA|[i]}} (sering ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia sebagai [[Li (marga)|Li]], tampaknya sesuai dengan tipografi dan pengucapan Korea Utara), ditulis dan diucapkan sebagai 리 {{IPA|[ɾi]}} di Korea Utara. Selanjutnya, kata Korea Selatan 여자 {{IPA|[jʌdʑa]}}, yang berarti wanita, ditulis sebagai 녀자 {{IPA|[njɔdʑa]}} di Korea Utara. Tetapi karena pengucapan yang terakhir ini dibuat secara artifisial pada tahun 1960-an, para orang tua Korea Utara tidak dapat mengucapkan huruf {{lang|ko|ㄴ}} dan {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} dengan jelas, sehingga tidak ada perbedaan dengan Selatan.
The [[liquid consonant]] {{ipa|[ɾ]}} does not come after the [[nasal consonant]]s {{ipa|[m]}} and {{ipa|[ŋ]}}. In this position, {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} is pronounced as {{ipa|[n]}} rather than {{ipa|[ɾ]}}. But in North Korea, {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} before vowels {{lang|ko|ㅑ}}, {{lang|ko|ㅕ}}, {{lang|ko|ㅛ}}, and {{lang|ko|ㅠ}} can remain {{ipa|[ɾ]}} in this context.<ref>{{wikisource-inline|ko:조선말 규범집 (2010)/문화어발음법#제8장 닮기현상이 일어날 때의 발음|Article 24 in Chapter 8 of the revised Compendium of Korean Language Norms 2010}} {{ko icon}}</ref>
[[Konsonan cair]] {{ipa|[ɾ]}} tidak muncul setelah [[konsonan sengau]] {{ipa|[m]}} dan {{ipa|[ŋ]}}. Dalam posisi ini, {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} diucapkan sebagai {{ipa|[n]}} daripada {{ipa|[ɾ]}}. Tapi di Korea Utara, {{lang|ko|ㄹ}} sebelum vokal {{lang|ko|ㅑ}}, {{lang|ko|ㅕ}}, {{lang|ko|ㅛ}}, dan {{lang|ko|ㅠ}} dapat tetap diberi {{ipa|[ɾ]}} dalam konteks ini.<ref>{{wikisource-inline|ko:조선말 규범집 (2010)/문화어발음법#제8장 닮기현상이 일어날 때의 발음|Article 24 in Chapter 8 of the revised Compendium of Korean Language Norms 2010}} {{ko icon}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Utara
!North
!Selatan
!South
!Hanja
|-
|{{lang|ko|침략}} [{{ipa|tɕʰimnjak̚}}] ''ch'imnyak'' oratau [{{ipa|tɕʰimɾjak̚}}] ''ch'imryak''
|[{{ipa|tɕʰimnjak̚}}] ''chimnyak''
|侵略
|-
|{{lang|ko|협력}} [{{ipa|hjɔmnjɔk̚}}] ''hyŏmnyŏk'' oratau [{{ipa|hjɔmɾjɔk̚}}] ''hyŏmryŏk''
|[{{ipa|hjʌmnjʌk̚}}] ''hyeomnyeok''
|協力
|-
|{{lang|ko|식료}} ''singnyo'' oratau ''singryo''
|''singnyo''
|食料
|-
|{{lang|ko|청류벽}} ''ch'ŏngnyubyŏk'' oratau ''ch'ŏngryubyŏk''
|''cheongnyubyeok''
|淸流壁
|}
===Vowels Vokal ===
ThePerbedaan followingberikut differencesterdapat arepada recognised in the vowelsvokal. The vowelVokal ㅓ {{IPA|/ʌ/}} istidak notbulat asdalam rounded in thedialek Seoul dialect as it isseperti indalam thedialek Pyongyang dialect. IfJika expresseddinyatakan indalam [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], it woulditu beadalah {{IPA|[ʌ̹]}} oratau {{IPA|[ɔ̜]}} foruntuk the one indialek Seoul dialect anddan {{IPA|[ɔ]}} foruntuk the one indialek Pyongyang dialect. Due to thisKarena [[roundednesspembulatan]] ini, speakerspembicara ofdari thedialek Seoul dialectakan wouldmenemukan find thatbahwa ㅓ asseperti pronouncedyang bydiucapkan speakersoleh ofpara thepembicara Pyongyangdari dialectdialek soundsPyongyang closeterdengar todekat thedengan vowelvokal ㅗ {{IPA|/o/}}. AdditionallySelain itu, the difference betweenperbedaan theantara vowelsvokal {{lang|ko|ㅐ}} {{IPA|/ɛ/}} anddan {{lang|ko|ㅔ}} {{IPA|/e/}} isperlahan-lahan slowlyberkurang diminishingdi amongstantara thepembicara youngeryang speakerslebih ofmuda thedari dialek Seoul dialect. ItTidak isdiketahui notapakah wellini knownjuga ifterjadi thispada is also happening with thedialek Pyongyang dialect.
===Pitch Nada ===
ThePola pitchnada patternsdalam in thedialek Pyongyang anddan Seoul dialects differberbeda, but therenamun hashanya beenada littlesedikit researchpenelitian insecara detailrinci. OnDi thesisi other handlain, in thedalam ''Chosŏnmal Taesajŏn'' (조선말대사전), publishedyang inditerbitkan pada tahun 1992, wheredi themana pitchesnada foruntuk certainkata-kata wordstertentu areditunjukkan showndalam insistem a three-pitchtiga systemtingkat, asebuah wordkata such asseperti 꾀꼬리 ({{IPA|[k͈øk͈oɾi]}} –- KoreanBurung nightingale)bulbul is markedKorea) asditandai havingdengan pitchnada "232" (wheredi mana "2" isrendah low anddan "3" is hightinggi), fromdimana whichorang onedapat canmelihat seebeberapa someperbedaan differencedalam inpola pitchnada patternsdari from thedialek Seoul dialect.
==Orthography Ortografi ==
=== Kata-kata infleksi ===
===Inflected words===
==== 어 / 여 ====
In words in whichKata-kata thedasar wordyang stemdiakhiri endsdengan invokal ㅣ {{IPA|{{pipe}}i{{pipe}}}}, ㅐ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɛ{{pipe}}}}, ㅔ {{IPA|{{pipe}}e{{pipe}}}}, ㅚ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ø{{pipe}}}}, ㅟ {{IPA|{{pipe}}y{{pipe}}}}, dan ㅢ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ɰi{{pipe}}}}, indapat formsdiubah whereke bentuk fleksi dengan menambahkan akhiran -어 {{IPA|/-ʌ/}} isdi appendedSelatan to these endings in the South, butdan -여 {{IPA|/-jɔ/}} isdi instead appended in the NorthUtara. InNamun, actualdalam pronunciation,pengucapan howeversehari-hari, thesuara {{IPA|[j]}} soundsering often accompanies the pronunciation of such wordsterdengar, even inbahkan thedi SouthSelatan.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kata-kata infleksi
!Inflected word
!Infleksi Utara
!North inflection
!Infleksi Selatan
!South inflection
!arti
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ko|피다}} {{IPA|[pʰida]}}
|{{lang|ko|피여}} {{IPA|[pʰijɔ]}} ''p'iyŏ''
|{{lang|ko|피어 (펴)}} {{IPA|[pʰiʌ] ([pʰjʌ])}} ''pieo (pyeo)''
|berkembang
|bloom
|-
|{{lang|ko|내다}} {{IPA|[nɛːda]}}
|{{lang|ko|내여}} {{IPA|[nɛjɔ]}} ''naeyŏ''
|{{lang|ko|내어}} {{IPA|[nɛʌ]}} ''naeeo''
|mengambil
|take out
|-
|{{lang|ko|세다}} {{IPA|[seːda]}}
|{{lang|ko|세여}} {{IPA|[sejɔ]}} ''seyŏ''
|{{lang|ko|세어}} {{IPA|[seʌ]}} ''seeo''
|menghitung
|count
|-
|{{lang|ko|되다}} {{IPA|[tøda]}}
|{{lang|ko|되여}} {{IPA|[tøjɔ]}} ''toeyŏ''
|{{lang|ko|되어 (돼)}} {{IPA|[tøʌ (twɛ)]}} ''doeeo (dwae)''
|menjadi
|become
|-
|{{lang|ko|뛰다}} {{IPA|[t͈wida]}}
|{{lang|ko|뛰여}} {{IPA|[t͈wijɔ]}} ''ttwiyŏ''
|{{lang|ko|뛰어}} {{IPA|[t͈wiʌ]}} ''ttwieo''
|melompat
|jump
|-
|{{lang|ko|희다}} {{IPA|[çida]}}
|{{lang|ko|희여}} {{IPA|[çijɔ]}} ''hiyŏ''
|{{lang|ko|희어}} {{IPA|[çiʌ]}} ''hieo''
|putih
|white
|}
==== ㅂ-irregularinfleksi tak beraturan inflections====
InDi the SouthSelatan, whenketika thekata worddasar root of adari ㅂ-irregularinfleksi inflectedtak wordberaturan hasmemiliki twodua oratau morelebih syllablessuku (forkata example(misalnya, 고맙다 {{IPA|[komap̚t͈a]}} ''gomapda''), thehuruf ㅂ isdijatuhkan droppeddan anddiganti replaced withdengan 우 indi thesuku nextkata syllableberikutnya. WhenKetika conjugateddikonjugasikan toke thetingkat politepidato speechyang levelsopan, the ㅂ-irregularinfleksi stemtak resyllabifiesberaturan withberurutan thebersirkulasi dengan konjugasi 어요 ''-eoyo'' conjugation tountuk formmembentuk 워요 ''-woyo'' (asseperti inpada 고맙다 ''gomapda'' → 고마우 ''gomau'' → 고마워요 ''gomaweoyo''), appearing to ignore vowel harmony. ㅂ istidak notdiganti replaced withdengan 우 indi the NorthUtara (asseperti itjuga alsodi wasSelatan in the South before the 1988sebelum ''Hangeul Matchumbeop 1988''). TheHarmoni vowelvokal harmonydilakukan isdi keptSelatan indan bothUtara thejika Southkata anddasar thehanya Northmemiliki ifsatu thesuku word root has only one syllablekata (for examplemisalnya, 돕다 {{IPA|[toːp̚t͈a]}} ''topta''/''dopda'').
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kata infleksi
!Inflected word
!Infleksi Utara
!North inflection
!Infleksi Selatan
!South inflection
!Arti
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ko|고맙다}} {{IPA|[komap̚t͈a]}}
|{{lang|ko|고마와}} {{IPA|[komawa]}} ''komawa''
|{{lang|ko|고마워}} {{IPA|[komawʌ]}} ''gomawo''
|terima kasih
|thankful
|-
|{{lang|ko|가깝다}} {{IPA|[kak͈ap̚t͈a]}}
|{{lang|ko|가까와}} {{IPA|[kak͈awa]}} ''kakkawa''
|{{lang|ko|가까워}} {{IPA|[kak͈awʌ]}} ''gakkawo''
|dekat
|near
|}
====Indication ofPenulisan tensedkonsonan consonantstegang aftersetelah wordakhiran endingskata thatyang enddiakhiri withdengan ㄹ ====
InDi word endings where the final consonant is ㄹ {{IPA|{{pipe}}l{{pipe}}}}Seoul, where the South spellsakhiran -ㄹ까 {{IPA|{{pipe}}-l.k͈a{{pipe}}}} anddan -ㄹ쏘냐 {{IPA|{{pipe}}-l.s͈o.nja{{pipe}}}} toditulis indicatemenggunakan thekonsonan tensedganda. consonants,Sedangkan indi thePyongyang Northditulis thesemenggunakan arekonsonan spelledtunggal (-ㄹ가 {{IPA|{{pipe}}-l.ka{{pipe}}}}， dan -ㄹ소냐 {{IPA|{{pipe}}-l.so.nja{{pipe}}}} instead). TheseHal etymologicallyini aremenandakan formedbahwa byPyongyang attachingselalu tomenulis thekonsonan adnominaltunggal formuntuk (관형사형akhiran ''gwanhyeongjahyeong'') that ends insetelah -ㄹ,. andSelain in the North, the tensed consonants are denoted with normal consonants. Alsoitu, thekata wordyang endingberakhiran -ㄹ게 {{IPA|{{pipe}}-l.ɡe{{pipe}}}} usedjuga to be speltditulis -ㄹ께 {{IPA|{{pipe}}-l.k͈e{{pipe}}}} indi theSeoul. South,Namun but has since been changed in thesemenjak ''Hangeul Matchumbeop'' ofdiubah pada tahun 1988, andakhiran istersebut nowkembali speltditulis sebagai -ㄹ게 just like inseperti thedi NorthUtara.
=== Kata Sino-KoreanKorea words===
====Initial Huruf Awal ㄴ / ㄹ (두음법칙[{{lang|ko|頭音法則}}, ''dueum beopchik''], "initialaturan soundsuara ruleawal") ====
InitialHuruf ㄴ {{IPA|{{pipe}}n{{pipe}}}} / ㄹ {{IPA|{{pipe}}l{{pipe}}}} appearingyang inmuncul dalam [[SinoKosakata Tionghoa-KoreanKorea|kosakata vocabulary|Sino-Korean wordsKorea]] aretetap keptditulis indi the NorthUtara. InDi the SouthSelatan, inkata-kata Sino-Korean wordsKorea thatyang begindimulai withdengan ㄹ whichkemudian isdiikuti followedoleh bysuara the vowel soundvokal {{IPA|[i]}} or theatau semivowelsuara soundsemivokal {{IPA|[j]}} (whenbila ㄹ isdiikuti followed by one ofoleh ㅣ {{IPA|{{pipe}}i{{pipe}}}}, ㅑ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ja{{pipe}}}}, ㅕ {{IPA|{{pipe}}jʌ{{pipe}}}}, ㅖ {{IPA|{{pipe}}je{{pipe}}}}, ㅛ {{IPA|{{pipe}}jo{{pipe}}}} andatau ㅠ {{IPA|{{pipe}}ju{{pipe}}}}), ㄹmaka iskonsonan replaced'''ㄹ bydiganti dengan ㅇ''' {{IPA|{{pipe}}∅{{pipe}}}}; when thisBila ㄹ isdiikuti followedoleh byvokal otherselain vowelsyang itdisebut isdi replacedatas, bymaka diganti oleh ㄴ {{IPA|{{pipe}}n{{pipe}}}}. In the North, the initial ㄹ is kept.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Utara
!North
!Selatan
!South
!Hanja
!Arti
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ko|리성계}} {{IPA|[ɾisɔŋɡje]}} ''Ri Sŏnggye''
|{{lang|ko|이성계}} {{IPA|[isʌŋɡje]}} ''I Seonggye''
|{{lang|ko|李成桂}}
|[[Taejo of Joseon|Yi Seong-gye]]
|-
|{{lang|ko|련습}} {{IPA|[ɾjɔːnsɯp̚]}} ''ryŏnsŭp''
|{{lang|ko|연습}} {{IPA|[jʌːnsɯp̚]}} ''yeonseup''
|{{lang|ko|練習}}
|praktek
|practice
|-
|{{lang|ko|락하}} {{IPA|[ɾakʰa]}} ''rak'a''
|{{lang|ko|낙하}} {{IPA|[nakʰa]}} ''naka''
|{{lang|ko|落下}}
|jatuh
|fall
|-
|려권 (''lyeogwon'')
|여권 (''yeogwon'')
|旅券
|paspor
|-
|{{lang|ko|랭수}} {{IPA|[ɾɛːŋsu]}} ''raengsu''
|{{lang|ko|냉수}} {{IPA|[nɛːŋsu]}} ''naengsu''
|{{lang|ko|冷水}}
|air dingin
|cold water
|}
SimilarlyDemikian pula, inkata-kata Sino-Korean wordsKorea thatyang begindimulai withdengan ㄴ {{IPA|{{pipe}}n{{pipe}}}} anddan isdiikuti followedoleh by the vowel soundvokal {{IPA|[i]}} or theatau semi-vowel soundvokal {{IPA|[j]}} (whenketika ㄴ isdiikuti followedoleh bysalah onesatu ofdari {{lang|ko|ㅣ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}i{{pipe}}}}, {{lang|ko|ㅕ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}jʌ{{pipe}}}}, {{lang|ko|ㅛ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}jo{{pipe}}}} anddan {{lang|ko|ㅠ}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}ju{{pipe}}}}), indi the SouthSelatan, this '''ㄴ isdiganti replaced bydengan ㅇ''' {{IPA|{{pipe}}∅{{pipe}}}}, but this remains unchanged in the North.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Utara
!North
!Selatan
!South
!Hanja
!Arti
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ko|니승}} {{IPA|[nisɯŋ]}} ''nisŭn''
|{{lang|ko|이승}} {{IPA|[isɯŋ]}} ''iseun''
|{{lang|ko|尼僧}}
|pendeta wanita
|priestess
|-
|{{lang|ko|녀자}} {{IPA|[njɔdʑa]}} ''nyŏja''
|{{lang|ko|여자}} {{IPA|[jʌdʑa]}} ''yeoja''
|{{lang|ko|女子}}
|perempuan
|woman
|}
TheseTerkadang areuntuk thusmembedakan pronouncednama as written in the North as ㄴ {{IPA|{{pipe}}n{{pipe}}}} and ㄹ {{IPA|{{pipe}}l{{pipe}}}}. However, even in the South, sometimes in order to disambiguate the surnamesmarga 유 ({{lang|ko|柳}} ''Yu'' {{IPA|[ju]}}) anddan 임 ({{lang|ko|林}} ''Im'' {{IPA|[im]}}) fromdengan 유 ({{lang|ko|兪}} ''Yu'' {{IPA|[ju]}}) anddan 임 ({{lang|ko|任}} ''Im'' {{IPA|[im]}}) di Seoul, thenama formermarga mayyang bepertama writtenditulis oratau pronounceddiucapkan assebagai 류 ''Ryu'' ({{IPA|[ɾju]}}) anddan 림 ''Rim'' {{lang|ko|林}} ({{IPA|[ɾim]}}).
==== Pengucapan Hanja pronunciation====
Whereketika asebuah Hanja is writtenditulis {{lang|ko|몌}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}mje{{pipe}}}} oratau {{lang|ko|폐}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}pʰje{{pipe}}}} indi the SouthSelatan, thisHanja istersebut writtenditulis {{lang|ko|메}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}me{{pipe}}}}, {{lang|ko|페}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}pʰe{{pipe}}}} indi the NorthUtara (buttapi evendi in the SouthSelatan, these arekeduanya pronounceddibaca {{lang|ko|메}} {{IPA|/me/}}, dan {{lang|ko|페}} {{IPA|/pʰe/}}).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Utara
!North
!Selatan
!South
!Hanja
!Arti
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ko|메별}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}mebjɔl{{pipe}}}} ''mebyŏl''
|{{lang|ko|몌별}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}mjebjʌl{{pipe}}}} ''myebyeol''
|{{lang|ko|袂別}}
|perpisahan yang menyedihkan
|sad separation
|-
|{{lang|ko|페쇄}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}pʰeːswɛ{{pipe}}}} ''p'eswae''
|{{lang|ko|폐쇄}} {{IPA|{{pipe}}pʰjeːswɛ{{pipe}}}} ''pyeswae''
|{{lang|ko|閉鎖}}
|penutupan
|closure
|}
Beberapa karakter hanja diucapkan berbeda.
Some hanja characters are pronounced differently.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Utara
!North
!Selatan
!South
!Hanja
|-
|}
AlsoDi in the NorthUtara, the hanja {{lang|ko|讐}} is usually pronouncedselalu asditulis {{lang|ko|수}} ''su'' {{IPA|[su]}}, exceptkecuali indalam the wordkata {{lang|ko|怨讐}}/원쑤 ''wŏnssu'' ("enemymusuh"), wheredi itmana iskarakter pronouncedtersebut asditulis {{lang|ko|쑤}} ''ssu'' {{IPA|[s͈u]}}. ItHal istersebut thought{{by whom|date=May 2012}} that this is to avoid thedilakukan worduntuk becomingmenghindari aterjadinya [[homonymhomonim]] withdengan {{lang|ko|元帥}} ("militaryjenderal generalmiliter"), writtenyang ditulis assebagai {{lang|ko|원수}} ''wŏnsu'' {{IPA|{{pipe}}wɔn.su{{pipe}}}}.
===Compound wordskata majemuk ===
==== Sai siot (사이 시옷, "middle ㅅ tengah") ====
Saat membentuk kata majemuk dari kata-kata yang tidak terpapar, di mana yang disebut "sai siot" disisipkan di Selatan: ini ditinggalkan di Utara, tapi pengucapannya sama seperti di Selatan.
When forming compound words from uninflected words, where the so-called "sai siot" is inserted in the South: this is left out in the North, but the pronunciation is the same as in the South.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Utara
!North
!Selatan
!South
!Pengucapan
!Pronunciation
!Arti
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ko|저가락}} {{IPA||tɕɔ.ka.lak|}}
|{{lang|ko|젓가락}} {{IPA||tɕʌs.ka.lak|}}
|{{lang|ko|젇까락}} {{IPA|[tɕʌt̚k͈aɾak̚]}} ''chŏtkkarak''/''jeotkkarak''<br />or {{lang|ko|저까락}} {{IPA|[tɕʌk͈aɾak̚]}} ''chŏkkarak''/''jeokkarak''
|sumpit
|chopsticks
|-
|{{lang|ko|나무잎}} {{IPA||na.mu.ipʰ|}}
|{{lang|ko|나뭇잎}} {{IPA||na.mus.ipʰ|}}
|{{lang|ko|나문닙}} {{IPA|[namunnip̚]}} ''namunnip''
|(treepohon) leafdaun
|}
'''Kata berasal dari kata majemuk'''
Sementara aturan umum adalah untuk menulis kata batang dari mana kata majemuk dibentuk dalam bentuk aslinya, tetapi dalam kasus-kasus di mana asal etimologis tidak lagi diingat, ini tidak lagi ditulis dalam bentuk aslinya. Ini terjadi baik di Utara maupun di Selatan. Namun, apakah suatu kata majemuk dianggap memiliki asal etimologis yang dilupakan atau tidak dilihat secara berbeda oleh orang yang berbeda:
====Word stems in compound words====
While the general rule is to write out the word stem from which the compound word is formed in its original form, but in cases where the etymological origin is no longer remembered, this is no longer written in original form. This happens both in the North and in the South. However, whether a compound word is seen to have its etymological origin forgotten or not is seen differently by different people:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Utara
!North
!Selatan
!South
!Arti
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ko|옳바르다}} {{IPA||olh.pa.lɯ.ta|}}
|{{lang|ko|올바르다}} {{IPA||ol.pa.lɯ.ta|}}
|Jujur
|upright
|-
|{{lang|ko|벗꽃}} {{IPA||pɔs.k͈otɕʰ|}}
|{{lang|ko|벚꽃}} {{IPA||pʌtɕ.k͈otɕʰ|}}
|[[bunga sakura]]
|cherry blossom
|}
InPada thecontoh first examplepertama, in thedi SouthSelatan, thebagian {{lang|ko|올}} {{IPA||ol|}} partmenunjukkan showsbahwa thatasal theetimologi etymological origin is forgottendilupakan, and the worddan iskata writtentersebut asditulis pronouncedsebagai asdiucapkan {{lang|ko|올바르다}} {{IPA|[olbaɾɯda]}} ''olbareuda,'', but intapi thedi NorthUtara, thebagian firstpertama partterlihat isberasal seen to come fromdari {{lang|ko|옳다}} ''olt'a'' {{IPA||olh.ta|}} anddan thusdengan thedemikian wholekeseluruhan wordkata is writtenditulis {{lang|ko|옳바르다}} ''olbarŭda'' (pronounceddiucapkan thesama sameseperti asdi in the SouthSelatan). ConverselySebaliknya, indalam thecontoh second examplekedua, the South spelling catchesejaan theSelatan wordmenangkap askata thesebagai combinationkombinasi ofdari {{lang|ko|벚}} ''beot'' anddan {{lang|ko|꽃}} ''kkot'', buttetapi indi the NorthUtara, this is noini longertidak recognisedlagi anddikenal thusdan theoleh wordkarena isitu writtenkata astersebut pronouncedditulis assebagai {{lang|ko|벗꽃}} ''pŏtkkot''.
==Spacing==
In the South, the rules of spacing are not very clearcut, but in the North, these are very precise. In general, compared to the North, the writing in the South tends to include more spacing. One likely explanation is that the North remains closer to the Sinitic orthographical heritage, where spacing is less of an issue than with a syllabary or alphabet such as Hangul. The main differences are indicated below.
===Bound nouns=Spasi ==
Di Selatan, aturan spasi tidak terlalu jelas, berbeda dengan Utara yang secara tegas mengatur hal tersebut. Secara umum, hangul di Selatan cenderung memiliki banyak spasi dibandingkan Utara. Satu penjelasan yang mungkin adalah bahwa Korea Utara tetap mempertahankan warisan ortografi Sinitik, dimana penulisan tak berspasi ([[scriptio continua]]) adalah ciri khas. Perbedaan utama ditunjukkan di bawah ini.
Before bound nouns (North: 불완전명사: ''purwanjŏn myŏngsa''/{{lang|ko|不完全名詞}} "incomplete nouns"; South: 의존 명사: ''uijon myeongsa''/{{lang|ko|依存名詞}} "dependent nouns"), a space is added in the South but not in the North. This applies to counter words also, but the space is sometimes allowed to be omitted in the South.
=== Kata benda terikat ===
Sebelum kata benda terikat (Utara: 불완전명사: ''purwanjŏn myŏngsa''/{{lang|ko|不完全名詞}} "kata benda tidak lengkap"; Selatan: 의존 명사: ''uijon myeongsa''/{{lang|ko|依存名詞}} "kata benda dependen"), sebuah spasi ditambahkan di Selatan tapi tidak di Utara. Ini berlaku untuk kata-kata hitung juga, tetapi terkadang spasi dihilangkan di Selatan.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Utara
!North
!Selatan
!South
!Arti
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ko|내것}} ''naegŏt''
|{{lang|ko|내 것}} ''nae geot''
|Milikku
|my thing
|-
|{{lang|ko|할수 있다}} ''halsu itta''
|{{lang|ko|할 수 있다}} ''hal su ittda''
|Aku bisa melakukannya
|to be able to do
|-
|{{lang|ko|한개}} ''hangae''
|{{lang|ko|한 개}} ''han gae''
|satu (kata hitung)
|one thing (counter word)
|}
===Auxiliaries Partikel Pembantu ===
Sebelum Partikel Pembantu, spasi disisipkan di Selatan tapi tidak di Utara. Bagaimanapun, spasi tersebut sebetulnya dapat diabaikan di Selatan.
Before auxiliaries, a space is inserted in the South but not in the North. Depending on the situation, however, the space may be omitted in the South.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Utara
!North
!Selatan
!South
!Arti
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ko|먹어보다}} ''mŏgŏboda''
|{{lang|ko|먹어 보다/먹어보다}} ''meogeo boda''/''meogeoboda''
|mencoba makan
|to try to eat
|-
|{{lang|ko|올듯하다}} ''oldŭt'ada''
|{{lang|ko|올 듯하다/올듯하다}} ''ol deutada''/''oldeutada''
|tampaknya datang
|to seem to come
|-
|{{lang|ko|읽고있다}} ''ilkkoitta''
|{{lang|ko|읽고 있다}} ''ilkko ittda''
|membaca
|to be reading
|-
|{{lang|ko|자고싶다}} ''chagosip'ta''
|{{lang|ko|자고 싶다}} ''jago sipda''
|ingin tidur
|to want to sleep
|}
Di atas, dalam peraturan di Selatan, partikel yang datang setelah -아/-어 atau formulir adnominal memungkinkan spasi sebelum mereka dihilangkan, namun ruang setelah -고 tidak dapat diabaikan.
In the above, in the rules of the South, auxiliaries coming after {{lang|ko|-아/-어}} or an adnominal form allow the space before them to be omitted, but the space after {{lang|ko|-고}} cannot be omitted.
=== Kata-kata yang menunjukkan konsep tunggal ===
===Words indicating a single concept===
Kata-kata yang terbentuk dari dua kata atau lebih yang menunjukkan satu konsep pada prinsipnya ditulis tanpa spasi di Utara seperti [[Bahasa Jepang]] dan [[Bahasa Tionghoa]]. ''(Salah satu bukti fisik ortografi Sinitik yang masih dipertahankan oleh Utara).''
Words formed from two or more words that indicate a single concept in principle are written with spaces in the South and without spaces in the North like [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Utara
!North
!Selatan
!South
!Arti
!Meaning
|-
|{{lang|ko|국어사전}} ''kugŏsajŏn''
|{{lang|ko|국어 사전}} ''gugeo sajeon''
|Kamus bahasa Korea
|Korean dictionary
|-
|{{lang|ko|경제부흥상황}} ''kyŏngjepuhŭngsanghwang''
|{{lang|ko|경제 부흥 상황}} ''gyeongje buheung sanghwang''
|keadaan pemulihan ekonomi
|state of economic recovery
|-
|{{lang|ko|서울대학교 인문대학}} ''Sŏultaehakkyo Inmuntaehak''
|{{lang|ko|서울 대학교 인문 대학／서울대학교 인문대학}} ''Seoul Daehakgyo Inmun Daehak''/''Seouldaehakgyo Inmundaehak''
|Fakultas Ilmu Budaya [[Universitas Nasional Seoul]]
|Faculty of Humanities of Seoul National University
|}
Perhatikan bahwa karena aturan spasi di Selatan tidak jelas, maka ejaan bervariasi dari satu tempat ke tempat lain. Misalnya, kita ambil contoh kata {{lang|ko|국어 사전}} ''gugeo sajeon'', orang yang melihat ini sebagai dua kata akan menambahkan spasi, dan orang yang melihat ini sebagai satu kata akan menulisnya tanpa spasi. Dengan demikian, spasi bergantung pada bagaimana seseorang melihat apakah kata-kata tersebut termasuk "satu kata" atau tidak, dan kenyataannya standardisasi spasi tidak menjadi masalah.
Note that since the spacing rules in the South are often unknown, not followed, or optional, spellings vary from place to place. For example, taking the word {{lang|ko|국어 사전}} ''gugeo sajeon'', people who see this as two words will add a space, and people who see this as one word will write it without a space. Thus, the spacing depends on how one views what "one word" consists of, and so, while spacing is standardised in the South, in reality the standard does not matter much.
==Emphasis Penekanan ==
InDi theKorea NorthUtara, namesnama of leaderspemimpin '''{{lang|ko|김일성}}''' ([[Kim Il-sung]]), '''{{lang|ko|김정일}}''' ([[Kim Jong-il]]), anddan '''{{lang|ko|김정은}}''' ([[Kim Jong-un]]) areselalu alwaysmendapat set off from surrounding textpenekanan, typicallybiasanya bydengan boldinghuruf the characterstebal, increasingmeningkatkan theukuran font size, oratau bothkeduanya.
==Vocabulary Kosakata ==
TheBahasa standardstandar languagedi in the SouthSelatan (표준어/{{lang|ko|標準語}} ''pyojuneo'') issebagian largelybesar baseddidasarkan onpada thedialek Seoul dialect, and thedan standardbahasa languagestandar (문화어/{{lang|ko|文化語}} ''munhwaŏ'') indi theUtara Northsebagian isbesar largelydidasarkan basedpada on thedialek Pyongyang dialect. HoweverNamun, both in thebaik Northdi andUtara inmaupun thedi SouthSelatan, thekosakata vocabularydan andbentuk formsbahasa ofstandarnya theberasal standard language come fromdari ''Sajeonghan Joseoneo Pyojunmal Mo-eum'' (사정한 조선어 표준말 모음) publishedyang byditerbitkan theoleh ''Korean Language Society'' inpada tahun 1936, anddan sohanya thereada issedikit veryperbedaan littledalam differencekosakata indasar theantara basicbahasa vocabularystandar betweenyang thedigunakan standarddi languagesUtara useddan inSelatan. theKendati North and the South. Neverthelessdemikian, duekarena toperbedaan thesistem differencepolitik indan politicalstruktur systems and social structuresosial, eachkedua countrynegara isterus constantlymenambahkan adding differentkata-kata wordsyang toberbeda itspada vocabularykosakatanya.
=== Perbedaan kosakata akibat perbedaan sistem politik atau struktur sosial ===
===Differences due to the difference in political system or social structure===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="center" |NorthUtara
! align="center" |SouthSelatan
! align="center" |MeaningArti
|-
|{{lang|ko|조선반도 (朝鮮半島)}} ''Chosŏnbando''
|{{lang|ko|한반도 (韓半島)}} ''Hanbando''
|[[KoreanSemenanjung PeninsulaKorea]]
|-
|{{lang|ko|조국해방전쟁 (祖國解放戰爭)}} ''Choguk'aepangjŏnjaeng''
|{{lang|ko|한국 전쟁 (韓國戰爭)}} ''Hanguk jeonjaeng''
|[[KoreanPerang WarKorea]]
|-
|{{lang|ko|소학교 (小學校)}} ''sohakkyo''
|{{lang|ko|초등학교 (初等學校)}} ''chodeunghakkyo''
|[[Sekolah Dasar]]
|elementary school
|-
|{{lang|ko|동무 (同務)}} ''tongmu''
|{{lang|ko|친구 (親舊)}} ''chingu''
|[[Persahabatan|Teman]]
|Friend
|}
The wordKata {{lang|ko|동무}} ''tongmu''/''dongmu'' thatyang isdulu used to meanberarti "friendteman" indi theUtara Northpada wasawalnya originallydigunakan useddi across the whole ofseluruh Korea, buttetapi aftersetelah the division ofpembagian Korea, North Korea beganUtara tomulai usemenggunakannya itsebagai asterjemahan adari translation of theistilah [[RussianBahasa languageRusia|RussianRusia]] term товарищ (friendteman, [[comradekamerad]]), anddan sincesejak thensaat itu, thekata wordini has come to meanberarti "comradekamerad" in the South asdi wellSelatan anddan hassudah fallentidak outdigunakan oflagi usedi theresana.
=== Perbedaan dalam perbendaharaan kosakata serapan ===
===Differences in words of foreign origin===
South Korea hasSelatan borrowedmeminjam abanyak lotkata ofdari Englishbahasa wordsInggris, but Northsedangkan Korea hasUtara borrowedbanyak akata numberdari ofbahasa Russian wordsRusia, anddan thereada arebanyak numerousperbedaan differenceskata-kata inyang wordsdigunakan usedantara betweenkeduanya theyang twoberasal comingdari frompinjaman theseyang differentberbeda borrowingsini.<ref name="BärtåsEkman2014">{{cite book|last1=Bärtås|first1=Magnus|last2=Ekman|first2=Fredrik|title=Hirviöidenkin on kuoltava: Ryhmämatka Pohjois-Koreaan|year=2014|publisher=Tammi|location=Helsinki|language=fi|isbn=978-951-31-7727-0|pages=64–65|trans-title=All Monsters Must Die: An Excursion to North Korea|translator-last=Eskelinen|translator-first=Heikki}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Strother|first1=Jason|title=Korean Is Virtually Two Languages, and that's a Big Problem for North Korean Defectors|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-19/korean-today-virtually-two-languages-and-thats-problem-north-korean-defectors|accessdate=16 August 2016|work=PRI|date=19 May 2015}}</ref> EvenBahkan whenketika thekata samebahasa EnglishInggris wordyang isdipinjam borrowedsama, howpenyerapan thiskata wordke isdalam transliteratedbahasa intoKorea Koreanmungkin mayberbeda differantara betweenUtara thedan NorthSelatan, andsehingga themenghasilkan South,kata-kata resultingyang inberbeda differentyang wordsdisesuaikan beingdengan adaptedbahasa intostandar theyang corresponding standard languagesdigunakan. ForUntuk namesnama-nama ofnegara otherlain nationsdan and their placestempat, theSelatan principlemenyerapnya isdari tobahasa baseInggris thesedangkan transliterationUtara onmenyerapnya thedari Englishbahasa wordnasional innegara the South and to base the transliteration on the word in the original language in the Northtersebut.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="center" colspan="3" |NorthUtara
! align="center" colspan="3" |SouthSelatan
! align="center" rowspan="2" |MeaningArti
|-
! KoreanBahasa Korea !! TransliterationTransliterasi !! OriginMakna asal
! KoreanBahasa Korea !! TransliterationTransliterasi !! OriginMakna asal
|-
|-
| {{lang|ko|뜨락또르}}
| ''ttŭrakttorŭ''
| [[RussianBahasa languageRusia|Rus.]] трактор (''traktor'')
| {{lang|ko|트랙터}}
| ''teuraekteo''
| [[EnglishBahasa languageInggris|EngIng.]] ''tractor''
|traktor
|tractor
|-
|{{lang|ko|스토킹}}
| ''sŭt'ok'ing''
| [[Bahasa Inggris Britania|Br. EngIng.]] ''stocking''
|{{lang|ko|스타킹}}
| ''seutaking''
| [[Bahasa Inggris Amerika|Am. EngIng.]] ''stocking''
|kaus
|stocking
|-
|깜빠니아
|''kkamppania''
|Rus. кампания (''kampaniya'')
|캠페인
|''kaempein''
|Ing. campaign
|kampanye
|-
|텔레비죤
|''t'ellebijyon''
|Ing. ''television''
|텔레비전
|''tellebijeon''
|Ing. ''television''
|TV
|-
|{{lang|ko|뽈스까}}
| ''Ppolsŭkka''
| [[PolishBahasa languagePolandia|Pol.]] ''Polska''
|{{lang|ko|폴란드}}
| ''Pollandeu''
| EngIng. ''Poland''
|Polandia
|Poland
|-
|마쟈르
|''Majyarŭ''
|[[Bahasa Hungaria|Hung.]] ''Magyar''
|헝가리
|''Heong-gali''
|Ing. ''Hungary''
|Hungaria
|-
|체스꼬슬로벤스꼬
|''Ch'esŭkkosŭllobensŭkko''
|[[Bahasa Ceska|Cek.]] ''Československo''
|체코슬로바키아
|''Chekoseullobakia''
|Ing. ''Czechoslovakia''
|Cekoslowakia
|}
=== Perbedaan kosakata lainnya ===
===Other differences in vocabulary===
Perbedaan lain antara bahasa standar di Utara dan di Selatan diperkirakan disebabkan oleh perbedaan antara dialek Seoul dan Pyongyang.
The other differences between the standard languages in the North and in the South are thought to be caused by the differences between the Seoul and Pyongyang dialects.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="center" colspan="2" |NorthUtara
! align="center" colspan="2" |SouthSelatan
! align="center" rowspan="2" |MeaningArti
|-
! Josŏn-gŭl !! Transliterasi
! Korean !! Transliteration
! KoreanHangeul !! TransliterationTransliterasi
|-
|{{lang|ko|강냉이}}
|{{lang|ko|옥수수}}
|''oksusu''
|jagung
|corn
|-
|{{lang|ko|달구지}}
|{{lang|ko|수레}}
|''sure''
|gerobak sapi
|cow cart
|-
|{{lang|ko|케사니}}
|{{lang|ko|거위}}
|''geowi''
|angsa
|goose
|-
|{{lang|ko|마치}}
|{{lang|ko|망치}}
|''mangchi''
|palu
|hammer
|-
|{{lang|ko|부루}}
|{{lang|ko|상추}}
|''sangchu''
|selada
|lettuce
|-
|얼음과자
|''ŏl'ŭmgwaja''
|아이스크림
|''aiseukeulim''
|es krim
|-
|색동다리
|''saektongdari''
|무지개
|''mujigae''
|pelangi
|-
|사자고추
|''sajagoch’u''
|피망
|''pimang''
|paprika
|-
|벌차기
|''pŏlch'agi''
|페널티킥
|''peneoltikig''
|tendangan pinalti
|-
|{{lang|ko|우}}
|''u''
|{{lang|ko|위}}
|''wi''
|di atas
|on, above
|}
WordsKosakata likeseperti {{lang|ko|강냉이}} ''gangnaeng-i'' anddan {{lang|ko|우}} ''u'' arekadang alsoterdengar sometimesdalam heardberbagai indialek variousdi dialectsKorea in South KoreaSelatan.
ThereAda arejuga alsobeberapa somekata wordsyang thathanya existada onlydi in the NorthUtara. TheKata verbkerja {{lang|ko|마스다}} ''masŭda'' (to breakmemecahkan) anddan itsbentuk passive formpasifnya {{lang|ko|마사지다}} ''masajida'' (to be brokendipecahkan) have no exactly correspondingtidak wordsmemiliki inpadanan thedi SouthSelatan.
==Problems Masalah ==
During theSelama [[2018Olimpiade WinterMusim OlympicsDingin 2018]], thekedua twonegara Koreanmemutuskan countriesuntuk decidedbermain tobersama play jointly for thesebagai [[KoreaTim women'sHoki nationalNasional iceWanita hockey teamKorea]]. ThisHal leadini tomenjadi issuesmasalah withbagi theatlet Southkedua Koreannegara athleteskarena communicatingKorea withSelatan thebanyak Northmenggunakan Koreankosakata athletesserapan sincebahasa theInggris Southdalam usesbahasa English-influenced words in their postwar vocabularymereka, especiallysedangkan for hockey, while the isolatedKorea NorthUtara usescenderung Korean-inspiredbanyak wordsmenggunakan forkosakata theirbuatan postwarmereka vocabularysendiri.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news|last1=Siles|first1=Matt|title=Koreas' unified women's hockey team has exposed a key difference between South and North — their language|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-koreas-hockey-language-2018-story.html|accessdate=5 February 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
Perbedaan bahasa juga menjadi tantangan bagi para peneliti dan bagi puluhan ribu orang yang telah membelot dari Utara ke Selatan sejak Perang Korea. Para pembelot menghadapi kesulitan karena mereka kekurangan kosakata, menggunakan aksen yang berbeda, atau belum berasimilasi secara budaya sehingga mereka mungkin tidak mengerti lelucon atau referensi untuk [[budaya pop]] dan [[K-pop]].<ref name="latimes" />
The language differences also poses challenges for researchers and for the tens of thousands of people who've defected from the North to the South since the Korean War. The defectors face difficulty because they lack vocabulary, use differing accents, or have not [[culturally assimilated]] yet so may not understand jokes or references to [[pop culture]].<ref name="latimes"/>
==See alsoLihat pula ==
* [[Institut Nasional Bahasa Korea]]
* [[National Institute of the Korean Language]] (South Korea)
* [[New Orthography for the Korean Language]]
==References Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Kategori:Bahasa Korea]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:North-South differences in the Korean language}}
[[CategoryKategori:KoreanBudaya languageKorea]]
[[CategoryKategori:KoreanDialek language in Northbahasa Korea]]
[[Category:Korean language in South Korea]]
[[Category:Language comparison between countries]]
[[Category:Korean dialects]]
[[Category:Communications in Korea]]
[[Category:North Korea–South Korea relations]]
[[bn:উত্তর কোরিয়ার ভাষা]]
[[fr:Coréen#Différence entre le nord et le sud]]
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