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{{Hatnote|Lihat:[[Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir 2]]}}'''Tidak ada di dunia nyata, ini hanya fiktif berkala. Mohon jangan oprek/sunting halaman ini. Dan mohon jangan diletakkan di templat {{Tl|Infobox stasiun}} maupun {{Tl|Infobox layanan kereta api}} (2 templat, hehe)'''
{{Hatnote|LIHAT:[[Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir/Stasiun KA fiksi]]}}
 
'''Untuk bak pasir, uji coba halaman, uji coba templat, dst.'''
'''Tidak ada di dunia nyata, ini hanya fiktif berkala. Mohon jangan oprek/sunting halaman ini. Dan mohon jangan diletakkan di templat {{Tl|Infobox stasiun}} maupun {{Tl|Infobox layanan kereta api}} (2 templat, hehe)'''
 
== Subhalaman: ==
 
* [[Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir/Uji Coba Halaman]]
* [[Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir/Stasiun KA fiksi]]
* [[Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir/Uji Coba Templat]]
 
== Sekilas Bak Pasir ==
Baris 9 ⟶ 14:
Bahasa G adalah sejenis bahasa non-baku yang digunakan oleh orang-orang kalangan remaja [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]], selain [[Bahasa gaul]], [[Bahasa Binan]], dsb.
 
<math>{s} \Box = {s} \times {s}
= Ujicoba Templat:Gerhana bulan =
= {64} \times {64} = 4096</math> gabut c:
{{Navbox
| name = Gerhana bulan
| title = [[Gerhana bulan]]
| imagestyle = padding-left: 0.5em;
| state = {{{state|<noinclude>uncollapsed</noinclude>}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| groupstyle = text-align:center;
 
=== Routemap ===
| group1 = [[Daftar gerhana bulan]]
| list1 =
* [[Daftar gerhana bulan total sentral|Gerhana total sentral]]
* [[Gerhana bulan total penumbra]]
* [[Gerhana bulan dalam sejarah|Dalam sejarah]]
* [[Gerhana bulan menurut abad|Menurut abad]]
| group2 = Gerhana bulans<br>menurut zaman
| list2 =
* Modern
** [[Daftar gerhana bulan pada abad ke-20|Abad ke-20]]
** [[Daftar gerhana bulan pada abad ke-21|Abad ke-21]]
* Mendatang
** [[Daftar gerhana bulan pada abad ke-22|Abad ke-22]]
 
| group3 = Gerhana bulan<br> menurut [[Daftar seri Saros untuk gerhana bulan|seri saros]]
| list3 = {{Lunar eclipses/saros}}
 
| group5 = [[Berkas:Lunar eclipse of 2017 August 7 Kuwait.jpg|80px|Gerhana bulan Agustus 2017]]<br/>Gerhana sebagian<br>
| list5 = {{Gerhana bulan/sebagian}}
 
| group6 = [[Berkas:Full Eclipse of the Moon as seen in from Irvine, CA, USA (52075715442) (cropped).jpg|80px|Gerhana bulan Mei 2022]]<br/>Gerhana total<br/>
| list6 = {{Gerhana bulan/total}}
 
| group7 = [[Berkas:Penumbral_lunar_eclipse_2017.02.11.jpg|80px|Gerhana bulan Februari 2017]]<br/>Gerhana penumbra<br>
| list7 =
{{navbox|subgroup
| group1 = Sebagian
| list1 = {{Gerhana bulan/penumbra sebagian}}
| group2 = [[Gerhana bulan total penumbra|Total]]
| list2 = {{Gerhana bulan/total penumbra}}
}}
| group8 = Lihat pula
| list8 =
* [[Skala Danjon]]
* [[Gama (gerhana)|Gama]]
* [[Gerhana matahari]]
 
| below =
* {{Icon|CATEGORY}} [[Kategori:Gerhana bulan|Category]]
* {{Background color|#FC6|→}} <small>simbol untuk gerhana selanjutnya pada seri ini</small>
}}
{{Hatnote|Catatan:Mohon maaf, ini hanya ujicoba saja, untuk templat tersebut, lihat:[[:En:Template:Lunar eclipses]]}}
'''Gunakan parameter untuk mengubah templat ini:'''<br>Gunakan <code><nowiki>{{Gerhana bulan|state=autocollapse}}</nowiki></code>. Templat akan otomatis terciutkan saat disunting.<br>Gunakan <code><nowiki>{{Gerhana bulan|state=collapsed}}</nowiki></code>. Templat ini akan otomatis terciutkan saat disunting ataupun dibaca.<br>Gunakan <code><nowiki>{{Gerhana bulan|state=expanded}}</nowiki></code>. Templat ini akan otomatis terkembang saat disunting ataupun dibaca.
Subhalaman:
* [[Templat:Gerhana bulan/total|/total]]
* [[Templat:Gerhana bulan/sebagian|/sebagian]]
* /penumbra
** [[Templat:Gerhana bulan/penumbra sebagian|/ps]]
** [[Templat:Gerhana bulan/total penumbra|/tp]]
 
=== Ujicoba Subhalaman Templat:Gerhana bulan ===
<!-- Saya lelah untuk membuat ini, hehe -->
==== Gerhana bulan/total ====
* [[Gerhana bulan April 1950|2 Apr 1950]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 1950|26 Sep 1950]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1953|29 Jan 1953]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1953|26 Jul 1953]]
*
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= Ujicoba Halaman ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' =
{{Taxobox|species=Heracleum mantegazzianum|image=Herkulesstaude fg01.jpg|footer=d}}
'''''Heracleum mantegazzianum''''', atau disebut dengan '''''hogweed'' raksasa''',<ref name="cabi">{{cite web |title=''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' (giant hogweed) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26911 |publisher=CABI |access-date=December 8, 2018 |date=November 6, 2018}}</ref><ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN |id=18896 | access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NPPA">{{cite web |url=http://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3664-national-pest-plant-accord-2012-manual |title=National Pest Plant Accord |page=70 |year=2012 |publisher=Ministry for Primary Industries, Government of New Zealand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204120500/http://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3664-national-pest-plant-accord-2012-manual |archive-date=February 4, 2018}}</ref><ref name="NISIC">{{cite web |url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/giant-hogweed |title=Species Profile- Giant Hogweed (''Heracleum mantegazzianum'') |publisher=National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]}}</ref> merupakan tanaman herba abadi monokarpik di famili [[Apiaceae]]. ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'' juga disebut '''bunga roda''',<ref name="GRIN" /><ref name="NPPA" /><ref name="NISIC" /> '''peterseli sapi raksasa''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oregon.gov/OISC/docs/pdf/calendar_june_assessment09.pdf |title=Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Pest Risk Assessment for Giant Hogweed ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' |date=May 27, 2009 |author1=Forney, Thomas |author2=Miller, Glenn |author3=Myers-Shenai Beth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528132130/http://www.oregon.gov/OISC/docs/pdf/calendar_june_assessment09.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2010 }}</ref> '''lobak sapi raksasa''',<ref name="WildFoodUK">{{cite web |url=http://www.wildfooduk.com/hedgerow-food-guide/giant-hogweed-1-hedgerow/ |title=Giant Hogweed |website=Wild Food UK |access-date=August 13, 2018}}</ref> atau '''''hogsbane'''''. Di Selandia Baru, terkadang dipanggil '''lobak liar''' (tidak membingungkan ''[[Pastinaca sativa]]'') atau '''rhubarb liar'''.<ref name="NPPA" />
 
Giant hogweed is native to the western [[Caucasus]] region of Eurasia. It was introduced to Britain as an [[ornamental plant]] in the 19th century, and has also spread to other areas in Western Europe, the United States, and Canada.<ref name=cabi/> Its close relatives, [[Heracleum sosnowskyi|Sosnowsky's hogweed]] and [[Persian hogweed]], have similarly spread to other parts of Europe.
 
The sap of giant hogweed is [[Phototoxicity|phototoxic]] and causes [[phytophotodermatitis]] in humans, resulting in blisters and scars. These serious reactions are due to the [[furanocoumarin]] derivatives in the leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and seeds of the plant. Consequently, it is considered to be a [[noxious weed]] in many jurisdictions.<ref name=cabi/>
 
==Etimologi==
The species name ''mantegazzianum'' refers to [[Paolo Mantegazza]] (1831–1910), Italian traveller and anthropologist.<ref name="Gledhill 2008">{{cite book |url=https://fcaib.edu.ng/books/Agriculture/%5BDavid_Gledhill%5D_The_Names_of_Plants(BookFi.org).pdf |last1=Gledhill |first1=David |title=The Names of Plants |edition=4th |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521866453 |page=250 |access-date=October 18, 2018 |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107105909/https://fcaib.edu.ng/books/Agriculture/%5BDavid_Gledhill%5D_The_Names_of_Plants(BookFi.org).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
==Description==
[[File:Heracleum mantegazzianum 03 by Line1.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|left|Green, red-spotted stem with white hairs]]
 
Giant hogweed typically grows to heights of {{convert|2|to|5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}.<ref name=cabi/> Under ideal conditions, a plant can reach a height of {{convert|5.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ON-best-practices">{{cite web |url=https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/OIPC_BMP_Hogweed.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Best Management Practices in Ontario |last1=MacDonald |first1=Francine |last2=Anderson |first2=Hayley |date=May 2012 |publisher=Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Stace>{{cite book | last=Stace | first=C. A. | author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles | url=https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac | url-access=limited | edition=Third |publisher=Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, U.K. | page=[https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac/page/n485 450] | isbn=9780521707725 }}</ref> The leaves are incised and deeply lobed. A mature plant has huge leaves, {{convert|1|-|1.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} wide,<ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID">{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72766.html |title=Giant Hogweed Identification |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 6, 2018}}</ref> and a stout, bright green [[Plant stem|stem]] with extensive dark reddish-purple splotches and prominent coarse white hairs, especially at the base of the [[leaf]] stalk. Hollow, ridged stems are {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter, occasionally up to {{convert|10|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter, and can grow to more than {{convert|4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high. Dark red spots on the stem each surround a single hair.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parnell |first1=John A. N. |last2=Curtis |first2=T. |title=Webb's An Irish Flora |date=2011 |publisher=Cork University Press |isbn=978-185918-4783 |edition=8th }}</ref> The umbrella-shaped inflorescence, called a compound [[umbel]], may be up to {{convert|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} in diameter across its flat top. The flowers are white or greenish white and may be radially symmetrical or strongly bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic).<ref name=Stace/> The fruits are [[schizocarp]]s, producing seeds in dry, flattened, oval pairs.<ref name=Stace/>{{rp|825}} Each seed is approximately {{convert|1|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}} in length, with a broadly rounded base and broad marginal ridges, tan in color with brown lines (so-called oil tubes) extending {{frac|3|4}} of the length of the seed.
 
===Life cycle===
The life cycle of giant hogweed consists of four phases:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghbrochure.pdf |title=Beware Giant Hogweed! |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref>
 
#Pre-flowering plants: In the first year, leaves sprout from seed. In subsequent years, leaves sprout from overwintering roots as well as seeds. This pre-flowering phase continues for several years.
#Flowering plants (midsummer): After several years of growth, the plant flowers.
#Seeds (late summer/early autumn): A flowering plant produces 20,000 or more seeds.
#Dead stems (late autumn/winter): After producing seeds, the plant dies, leaving dried stems and seed heads standing.
 
During the first few years of growth, the leaves and stem of a pre-flowering plant die over the winter. In the spring, the plant grows back from its root. In other words, the giant hogweed is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial]].
 
A giant hogweed plant usually produces a flowering stalk in 3–5 years,<ref name=cabi/><ref name="EU-guidelines">{{cite book |isbn=87-7903-209-5 |url=https://static-curis.ku.dk/portal/files/20497522/kaempe_bjorneklo_eng.pdf |title= The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe |last1=Booy |first1=Olaf |last2=Cock |first2=Matthew |last3=Eckstein |first3=Lutz |last4=Hansen |first4=Steen Ole |last5=Hattendorf |first5=Jan |last6=Hüls |first6=Jörg |last7=Jahodová |first7=Sárka |last8=Krinke |first8=Lucás |last9=Marovoková |first9=Lanka |last10=Müllerová |first10=Jana |last11=Nentwig |first11=Wolfgang |last12=Nielsen |first12=Charlotte |last13=Otte |first13=Annette |last14=Pergl |first14=Jan |last15=Perglová |first15=Irena |last16=Priekule |first16=Ilze |last17=Pusek |first17=Petr |last18=Ravn |first18=Hans Peter |last19=Thiele |first19=Jan |last20=Trybush |first20=Sviatlana |last21=Wittenberg |first21=Rüdiger |date=2005 |publisher=Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref> but plants may take up to eight years to flower if conditions are unfavorable. In the Czech Republic, a single plant reached twelve years old before flowering.<ref name="Gucker 2009">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/herman/all.html |title=Heracleum mantegazzianum |first1=Corey L. |last1=Gucker |website=Fire Effects Information System |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer) |date=2009 |access-date=September 11, 2018 }}</ref> In any case, when the plant finally flowers, it does so between June and July (in the northern hemisphere).
 
Seeds are typically produced in August. A single flowering plant will produce 20,000&nbsp;seeds on average<ref name="NYSDEC-GH-Bio">{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72934.html |title=Giant Hogweed Biology |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="EU-guidelines" /> with seed production varying between 10,000 and 50,000&nbsp;seeds per plant.<ref name="Gucker 2009" />
 
Giant hogweed is a [[monocarpic]] [[perennial]],<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" /><ref name=Stace /> that is, after a mature plant flowers and produces seed, the entire plant dies. During the following winter, tall dead stems mark the locations where the flowering plants once stood.
 
The seeds are dispersed short distances by wind, but can travel longer distances by water, animals, and people. Most seeds (95%) are found in the top {{convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} of the soil within a few meters of the parent plant. Seeds may stay alive in the seed bank for more than five years.<ref name="Gucker 2009" /><ref name="NYSDEC-GH-Bio" />
 
A seed deposited in the seed bank is initially dormant. Dormancy is broken by the cold and wet conditions of fall and winter, and so freshly deposited seeds lie dormant until at least the following spring, at which time approximately 90% of the previously dormant seeds will germinate.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" /> The rest remain dormant in the seed bank.
 
Seeds normally result from cross-pollination between two or more plants but self-pollination is also possible. More than half the seeds produced by self-pollination will germinate and give rise to healthy seedlings.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /> Hence a single isolated seed may give rise to a colony of new plants.
 
==Similar species==
The various species of the genus ''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'' are similar in appearance, but vary in size.<ref name="ON-best-practices" /> ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'' is among the tallest, typically reaching {{convert|4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high (and sometimes more than {{convert|5|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=on}} high), whereas ''Heracleum'' species native to Western Europe, such as ordinary Hogweed (H sphondlylium), or North America, such as the [[cow parsnip]] (''H.&nbsp;maximum''), rarely exceed {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high.<ref name="ON-best-practices" /><ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID" /><ref name="EU-guidelines" /> There are considerable differences in the size of the umbel, leaves, and stem of ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'' as well.
 
The following table compares ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' and ''[[Heracleum maximum]]'' feature by feature:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 10%" |
! style="width: 45%" | ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum''
! style="width: 45%" | ''H.&nbsp;maximum''
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Height'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Typically {{convert|3|to|4.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} tall
| style="vertical-align: top" | Up to {{convert|2.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} tall
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Leaves'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Compound, lobed leaves typically {{convert|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} wide, up to {{convert|150|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} wide; mature leaf has deep incisions and serrated edges
| style="vertical-align: top" | Compound, lobed leaves up to {{convert|60|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}; mature leaf is less incised with less jagged edges
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Stem'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Green stems from {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter, occasionally up to {{convert|10|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter, with '''dark reddish-purple splotches and coarse white hairs''' at the base of the leaf stalk
| style="vertical-align: top" | Green ridged stems up to {{convert|5|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter with fine white hairs (no purple splotches)
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Flowers'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | White umbel is typically {{convert|80|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} in diameter, up to {{convert|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} in diameter, with '''50–150 flower rays''' per umbel; flowers bloom mid-June to mid-July
| style="vertical-align: top" | White umbel up to {{convert|30|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}} in diameter with '''15–30 flower rays''' per umbel; flowers bloom late May to late June
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Fruits'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Oval-shaped fruits [[File:Heracleum_mantegazzianum_(giant_hogweed)_seeds.jpg|thumb|right|Mericarps of the giant hogweed (''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'')]]
| style="vertical-align: top" | Heart-shaped fruits [[File:Heracleum_maximum_(common_cowparsnip)_seeds.jpg|thumb|right|Mericarps of the common cow parsnip (''H.&nbsp;maximum'')]]
|}
 
Other plant species in the family [[Apiaceae]] have features somewhat similar to those of the giant hogweed (''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum''). Examples:
 
* In Ontario:<ref name="ON-best-practices" /> cow parsnip (''[[Heracleum maximum]]''), wild parsnip (''[[Pastinaca sativa]]''), various angelica species (especially ''[[Angelica atropurpurea]]'', the native purplestem angelica), and Queen Anne's lace (''[[Daucus carota]]'')
* In New York State:<ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID" /> cow parsnip (''[[Heracleum maximum]]''), wild parsnip (''[[Pastinaca sativa]]''), angelica, and [[poison hemlock]].
* In Europe:<ref name="EU-guidelines" /> hogweed (''[[Heracleum sphondylium]]'' and ''[[Heracleum sphondylium ssp sibiricum]]''), wild parsnip (''[[Pastinaca sativa]]''), garden angelica (''[[Angelica archangelica]]''), and wild angelica (''[[Angelica sylvestris]]'')
 
Many more species exist; in Europe, over 20&nbsp;species are found of the genus ''Heracleum'' alone.<ref name="EU-guidelines" />
 
None of these reach a similar size, but many are phototoxic.
 
Some other species, such as the abovementioned ''[[Heracleum sosnowskyi]]'' and ''[[Heracleum persicum]]'', do reach similar sizes, and are equally noxious as a result.
 
==Historical background==
''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' is native to the western [[Caucasus]] region of [[Eurasia]].<ref name=cabi/> Because of its impressive size, giant hogweed was brought to Europe and North America as an ornamental plant and garden curiosity.
 
The following historical information<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/h/heracleum-mantegazzianum/heracleum_mantegazzianum.pdf |title=NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Heracleum mantegazzianum |last1=Klingenstein |first1=F. |date=2007 |publisher=NOBANIS |website=Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species |access-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghfactnyseagrant.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) – Poisonous Invader of the Northeast |last1=O’Neill Jr. |first1=Charles R. |date=February 2007 |publisher=New York Sea Grant, SUNY College at Brockport |access-date=September 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Gucker 2009" /> grew out of the European Giant Alien Project, which began in 2005.
 
===Migration across Europe===
 
''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' was first described in scientific literature in 1895 but by that time more than a dozen European countries had already imported the plant as an "ornamental curiosity". The introduction of ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' was first recorded in Great Britain in 1817 when it was put on the seed list at the [[Kew Botanic Gardens]] in London. By 1828, the first natural population was recorded, growing wild in Cambridgeshire, England.
 
The spread of ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' throughout Europe continued unabated until the middle of the 20th century, at which time the dangers of giant hogweed had become more widely known. Despite the warnings, however, the plant continued to be used by gardeners, beekeepers, and farmers (for cattle fodder) for another 50 years. ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' was finally de-listed by the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain in 2002.
 
===Migration to North America===
During the 20th century, giant hogweed was transported to the United States and Canada for display in arboreta and Victorian gardens. The earliest recorded planting in North America was in 1917, in gardens near Highland Park in the city of Rochester, New York.
 
By 1950, giant hogweed had appeared in southern Ontario, and within a quarter century, the plant was firmly established in Ontario. It was first collected from Nova Scotia in 1980 and Quebec in 1990. Giant hogweed was still available for sale in Canadian nurseries as late as 2005.
 
On the west coast of North America, ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' appeared in Oregon, Washington, and southwestern Canada but it is not clear how the species found its way into this region. First reports of giant hogweed in British Columbia were published in the 1930s.
 
===Russia===
Giant hogweed is native to Russia and was further distributed during the late 1960s, later spreading extensively on its own throughout Russia and eastern Europe.<ref name=cabi/>
 
==Distribution==
[[File:Expansion of hogweed A.svg|thumb|Distribution of giant hogweed in Europe (2005)]]
 
Giant hogweed is widespread throughout western and northern Europe, especially along terrains such as coastal areas and riverbanks.<ref name=cabi/> By forming dense stands, it can displace native plants and reduce wildlife habitats.<ref name=cabi/><ref name="environment agency">{{cite web|url= http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/processes/367839/?lang=_e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223183452/http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/processes/367839/?lang=_e |archive-date=February 23, 2007 |title=Giant hogweed information |work=NetRegs |publisher=U.K. Government |url-status=dead}}</ref> It has spread in the northeastern and northwestern United States, and southern Canada and is an [[invasive species]] across western Europe;<ref name=cabi/> in sites where it has settled, it overtakes the local native species, ''[[Heracleum sphondylium]]''.<ref name="environment agency"/>
 
In Canada, the plant occurs in most provinces, except [[Canadian Prairies|in the prairies]].<ref name=cabi/> It has been seen in Quebec since the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=5 things you need to know about toxic hogweed|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/story/2013/08/04/quebec-giant-hogweed-spread-invasive-species.html | work=CBC News}}</ref> The plant's spread in Ontario began in [[Southwestern Ontario|the southwest]] and was seen in 2010 in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] and [[Renfrew County]] near Ottawa.<ref>{{cite news |first=Drew |last=Halfnight |title=Giant weed that burns and blinds spreads across Canada
|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/07/13/giant-weed-that-burns-and-blinds-spreads-across-canada/ |work=The National Post |date=July 13, 2010}}</ref>
 
In the United States, giant hogweed occurs in Maine, Wisconsin and south to Indiana, Michigan, Maryland, and New Jersey.<ref name="USDA">{{Cite web|url=https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=hema17|title=Plants Profile for Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed)|website=plants.usda.gov}}</ref><ref name="Gucker 2009" /><ref name="MSU">{{Cite web|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/giant_hogweed_not_widely_spread_in_michigan|title=Giant hogweed: Not widely spread in Michigan|website=Landscaping}}</ref> In June 2018, it was reported growing in Virginia and North Carolina.<ref name="Diebel">{{cite news |last=Diebel |first=Matthew |title=Giant Hogweed, a Plant That Can Cause Burns and Blindness, Found in Virginia |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/18/giant-hogweed-burns-blindness-found-virginia/709415002/ |work=USA Today |date=June 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Ducharme">{{cite magazine |last=Ducharme |first=Jamie |title=A Giant Plant That Can Cause Blindness Was Spotted for the First Time in a New State |url=http://time.com/5317036/giant-hogweed-virginia/ |magazine=Time |date=June 20, 2018 |location=New York}}</ref> The plant is federally listed as a [[noxious weed]] in the US.<ref name="USDA"/>
 
Giant hogweed is widespread in Russia and the Baltic states, and present in eastern Europe.<ref name=cabi/>
 
==Public health and safety==
[[File:Rbk dolde.jpg|thumb|right|Giant hogweed flower head]]
The sap of the giant hogweed plant is [[phototoxic]]. Contact with the plant sap prevents the skin from being able to protect itself from sunlight, which leads to [[phytophotodermatitis]], a serious skin inflammation.<ref name="NYSDEC-72556">{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72556.html |title=Health Hazards & Safety Instructions for Giant Hogweed (with graphic photos) |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 3, 2018}}</ref> A phototoxic reaction can begin as soon as 15&nbsp;minutes after contact with the sap. [[Photosensitivity]] peaks between 30&nbsp;minutes and two hours after contact but can last for several days.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" /> Authorities advise that all humans (especially children) should stay away from giant hogweed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/news/be-aware-giant-hogweed-and-avoid-contact|title=Be aware of Giant hogweed and avoid contact|work=www.nidirect.gov.uk|date=June 15, 2018 |publisher=NIDirect Government Services|access-date=October 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coventry.gov.uk/info/67/nature_and_conservation/181/invasive_weeds/5|work=www.coventry.gov.uk|title=Invasive weeds|publisher=Coventry City Council|access-date=October 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.im/categories/home-and-neighbourhood/control-of-plants-advisory-service/injurious-weeds/giant-hogweed-hereacleum-mantegazzianum/|title=Giant hogweed (Hereacleum mantegazzianum)|publisher=Isle of Man Government|work=www.gov.im|access-date=October 22, 2020}}</ref> Protective clothing, including eye protection, should be worn when handling the plant. Parts of the body that come into contact with the sap of giant hogweed should be immediately washed with soap and cold water, and further exposure to sunlight should be avoided for at least 48 hours.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="environment agency"/><ref name="NYSDEC-72556" /> Other ''Heracleum'' species, such as the ''cow parsnip'' (''[[Heracleum maximum]]''), are likewise phototoxic, and hence similar caution is advised. Owing to physical similarities to [[Daucus carota|Queen Anne's lace]], giant hogweed and its relatives are sometimes mistaken as harmless plants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/think-you-ve-spotted-giant-hogweed-here-s-how-to-tell-1.533030|title=How to spot giant hogweed {{!}} CTV News|website=www.ctvnews.ca|date=July 15, 2010|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref>
 
==Control measures==
Because of its phototoxicity and invasive nature, giant hogweed is often actively removed. The [[European Union]] funded the ''Giant Alien'' project to combat the plant.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Giant Alien
|institution=Giant Alien Project, project no. EVK2-CT-2001-00128, European Union
|url=https://www.giant-alien.dk/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003024552/https://www.giant-alien.dk/
|archive-date=October 3, 2016
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=Giant alien — Result In Brief
|url=https://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/85426_en.html
|access-date= July 4, 2018
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) – A pernicious invasive weed: Developing a sustainable strategy for alien invasive plant management in Europe.
|url= https://www.uni-giessen.de/faculties/f09/institutes/ilr/loek/projects/finished-projects/giant-alien |access-date= July 4, 2018
}}</ref>
On August 2, 2017, it added the species to its ''List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern'',<ref>
{{cite web
|title= List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern
|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm |access-date= July 4, 2018
}}</ref>
thus placing restrictions on keeping, importing, selling, breeding and growing it and requiring governments to detect and eradicate it throughout the EU. In the United Kingdom, the [[Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981]] makes it an offence to plant or cause giant hogweed to grow in the wild.<ref name="environment agency"/><ref>''Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981'' Section 14 and Schedule 9, Part II.</ref>
 
In the United States, hogweed is regulated as a [[Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974|federal noxious weed]] by the U.S. government, and is illegal to import into the United States or move interstate without a permit from the [[USDA|Department of Agriculture]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Invasive and Noxious Weeds: Federal Noxious Weeds | publisher= U.S. Department of Agriculture |work=Natural Resources Conservation Service | url= http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=Federal}}</ref> The USDA Forest Service states pigs and cattle can eat it without apparent harm.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/giant-hogweed.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed |date=June 20, 2005 |publisher=USDA Forest Service |access-date=August 13, 2018}}</ref> The [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation]] has had an active program to control giant hogweed since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72570.html |title=NYSDEC Giant Hogweed Control Program |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |location=New Paltz, N.Y. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506140602/http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72570.html |archive-date=May 6, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Maine state horticulturists, describing the plant as "[[Daucus carota|Queen Anne's lace]] on steroids", reported that it has been found at 21 different locations in Maine, with the number of plants ranging from one to a hundred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressherald.com/2012/05/22/dangerous-plant-setting-roots-in-maine/ |title=State confirms poisonous plant sightings |publisher= The Portland Press Herald |date=May 22, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2015 }}</ref>
 
==In popular culture==
The 1971 album ''[[Nursery Cryme]]'' by the [[progressive rock]] group [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] contains the song "The Return of the Giant Hogweed". The darkly humorous lyrics<ref>{{cite web |title=The Return of the Giant Hogweed |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=genesis+the+return+of+the+giant+hogweed+lyrics |website=Musixmatch |publisher=Stratsong Ltd., Quartet Music Ltd., Stratsong Limited}}</ref> describe an attack on the human race by ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'', long after the plant was first 'captured' and brought to England by a Victorian explorer.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OK6kDwAAQBAJ&dq=Genesis++song+%22The+Return+of+the+Giant+Hogweed%22+victorian&pg=PA72 | title=The Rock Music Imagination | isbn=9781498588539 | last1=McParland | first1=Robert | date=August 9, 2019 }}</ref>
 
In [[Ghosts (The Walking Dead)|Season 10 Episode 3 "Ghosts"]] (first aired October 20, 2019) of the AMC television series ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'', the character Aaron is attacked by "walkers" that have hogweed flowers growing from their decomposing bodies. Aaron comes into close contact with the hogweed, rendering him unable to see properly, and more susceptible to harm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/walking-dead-season-10-episode-3-recap-ghosts-2559100|title=What happened on The Walking Dead this week?|website=[[NME]]|date=October 21, 2019}}</ref>
 
In her 1985 novel ''Curse of the Giant Hogweed'', popular mystery author [[Charlotte MacLeod]] places her established character Peter Shandy and his colleagues in a fantasy version of Wales to investigate Giant Hogweed endangering Britain's hedgerows.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/118223 |title = The Curse of the Giant Hogweed by Charlotte MacLeod}}</ref>
 
==See also==
* ''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'', the genus
* Other tall invasive ''Heracleum'' species: ''[[Heracleum sosnowskyi]]'' and ''[[Heracleum persicum]]''
* Non-invasive ''Heracleum'' species: ''[[Heracleum sphondylium]]'' and ''[[Heracleum maximum]]''
* Species that can be mistaken for ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'':<ref name="ON-best-practices" /><ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID" /><ref name="EU-guidelines" /> [[Pastinaca sativa|wild parsnip]], [[Angelica archangelica|garden angelica]], [[Angelica sylvestris|wild angelica]]
* [[List of poisonous plants]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==External links==
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Heracleum mantegazzianum}}
*{{Commons-inline|Heracleum mantegazzianum}}
*[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo51804 Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): A Federal Noxious Weed] [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.invadingspecies.com/giant-hogweed/ |title=Giant Hogweed |publisher=the Ontario [Canada] Federation of Anglers & Hunters}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206054350/http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=34356&lan=fi Photo of blisters caused by the plant (Graphic)] from the [[Finnish Environment Institute]] {{in lang|fi}} (archived February 6, 2012)
*[http://www.invasive.org/proceedings/pdfs/11_149-154.pdf Surveys for natural enemies of giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) in the Caucasus region and assessment for their classical biological control potential in Europe]
*[http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghbrochure.pdf "Beware Giant Hogweed!"] brochure from New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
*[http://www.netneo.de/familie/haus-und-garten/riesenbaerenklau-gefahren/ "Giant Hogweed in Germany"]
* {{cite web |url=https://www.nobanis.org/ias-photo-bank/heracleum-mantegazzianum/ |title=Photo bank: Heracleum mantegazzianum |publisher=NOBANIS |website=Alien Species photo bank |access-date=September 20, 2018}}
*[https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/giant-hogweed Species Profile – Giant Hogweed (''Heracleum mantegazzianum'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]].
* Antonova, Maria, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/03/opinion/sunday/russia-hogweed.html A Toxic Alien Is Taking Over Russia]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 3, 2020
*[http://www.russiaknowledge.com/2020/07/14/the-day-of-the-giant-hogweed/ The Day of the Giant Hogweed! John Harrison]
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q826602}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Apioideae]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
 
= Ujicoba Halaman =
{{Routemap
| title = JalurDepo KABarang Klabangan-Pasarwilang-WonoagungRejopalang
| map =
| map = vKINTa ~~ '''KLB''' ~~ '''Klabangan'''
ENDE@G\ENDE@G\ENDE@G\ENDE@G
vSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas{{BSsplit|Kota Mojowaru|Kabupaten Kalikojong|line=1}}
numN290\STR\STR\STR\STR\
HSTSPLe ~~ SBR ~~ Sumberagung
\BS\STR+BSr\STR\STR\STR\ENDE@G\ENDE@G
HST ~~ BMJ ~~ Bumirejo
<small>Tempat bongkar-muat angkutan minyak goreng</small> ! ! \BS\STR+BSr\STR\STR\STR\BS!~tSTR\BS!~tSTR
HSTSPLa ~~ KB ~~ Kalibungur
\BS\STR+BSr\STR\STR\STR\BS!~tSTR\BS!~tSTR ~~<small> Tempat bongkar-muat angkutan semen</small>
BHFSPLe ~~ '''BJN''' ~~ '''Banjaran'''
\\STR\STR\STR\STR\BS!~tSTR\BS!~tSTR
HST ~~ GND ~~ Gondang
epHST ~~ ''KRM'' ~~ ''Karangmalang''
HST ~~ KS ~~ Kedungsari
BHFSPLa ~~ '''KKJ''' ~~ '''Kalikojong'''
vHST ~~ KDR ~~ Kedungrejo
evHST ~~ ''LWS'' ~~ ''Luwes''
vSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas {{BSsplit|Kabupaten Kalikojong|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|line=1}}
NGD-CBD! !vCONTgfaq\vABZg+r\
vINT ~~ '''NGD''' ~~ '''Ngadhiroso'''
\vSTR-eABZgl\exCONTfq ~~ NGD-''BGS''
vHST ~~ PKG ~~ Pasirklangen
vHST ~~ SDR ~~ Sadrakan
vSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas {{BSsplit|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|Kota Pasarwilang|line=1}}
vBHF ~~ '''KRG''' ~~ '''Karangasem'''
evHST ~~ ''KTR'' ~~ ''Katrungan''
PSW-KWJ! !exCONTgq\veABZg+r-STR\
vINT ~~ '''PSW''' ~~ '''Pasarwilang'''
\vABZgl\vCONTfgeq ~~ PSW-WLG-WLGK
vSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas {{BSsplit|Kota Pasarwilang|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|line=1}}
vHST ~~ TLJ ~~ Tegalrejo
vHST ~~ KDJ ~~ Kedungjambon
vSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas {{BSsplit|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|Kabupaten Wonoagung|line=1}}
vHST ~~ SKT ~~ Seketi
evHST ~~ ''BG'' ~~ ''Bagongan''
\vSTR-ABZg+l\CONTfq ~~ WNO-RSN-CJU
vBHF ~~ '''WNO''' ~~ '''Wonoagung'''
vCONTfge ~~ WNO-JGL
}}
{{Routemap
| title = Jalur KA Nonaktif Mergangsaan-Bagongsari
| map =
exCONTg ~~ ''BGS''-''KUK''
NGD-''BGS'' ! ! exCONTgq\exABZg+lr\exCONTfq ~~ ''BGS''-''KDW''
exBHF ~~ '''''BGS''''' ~~ '''''Bagongsari'''''
exHST ~~ ''KWS'' ~~ ''Kaliwaras''
exHST ~~ ''SKD'' ~~ ''Simpang Kadirejo''
exHST ~~ ''KDC'' ~~ ''Kedungceng''
xSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas {{BSsplit|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|Kota Pasarwilang|line=1}}
expHST ~~ ''PG'' ~~ ''Pogar''
expHST ~~ ''TBG'' ~~ ''Tambakgondang''
\exABZg+l\exCONTfq ~~ PSWK-P.G KDP
exHST ~~ ''PSWK'' ~~ ''Pasarwilang Kota''
expHST ~~ ''MGP'' ~~ ''Mergangsaan Pasar''
exSPLa
vCONTfgaq\xvABZg+r\ ~~ PSW-WLG-WLGK ~~ Ke Pasarwilang
vHST ~~ MGS ~~ Mergangsaan
vCONTfge ~~ Ke Wilangun
}}
{{Routemap
| title = Jalur KA Bagongsari-Kuwakan
| map =
\exKBHFa ~~ '''''P.G KUK''''' ~~ ''''' Pabrik Gula Kuwakan
BJN-''KUK'' ! ! exCONTgq\exABZg+r
\exHST ~~ ''KUK'' ~~ ''Kuwakan''
\expHST ~~ ''BPG'' ~~ ''Batupogar''
\expHST
\exHST
\xSTR+GRZq ~~ {{BSsplit|Kabupaten Kalikojong|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|line=1}}
\exHST
\
\
\
}}
= Ujicoba Halaman [[Gerhana bulan Januari 2019]] =
{{Short description|Gerhana bulan pada 21 Januari 2019}}{{Infobox lunar eclipse|type=total|image=Total lunar eclipse on January 21, 2019 (45910439045) (cropped).jpg|caption=Akhir totalitas di [[Oria]], 5:43 UTC|date=20 Januari 2019|gamma=0.3684|magnitude=1.1953|saros_ser=134|saros_no=27 of 73|totality=61 menit, 59 detik|partiality=196 menit, 45 detik|penumbral=311 menit, 30 detik|p1=2:36:30|u1=3:33:54|u2=4:41:17|greatest=5:12:16|u3=5:43:16|u4=6:50:39|p4=7:48:00|previous=[[Gerhana bulan Juli 2018|Juli 2018]]|next=[[gerhana bulan Juli 2019|Juli 2019]]}}
Gerhana bulan terjadi pada tanggal 21 Januari 2019 [[Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi|UTC]] {Waktu Universal Terkoodirnasi). Untuk pengamat dari [[Amerika (benua)|Amerika]], Gerhana ini terjadi sore, 20 Januari dan berakhir pada dini hari, 21 Januari. Untuk pengamat dari [[Eropa]] dan [[Afrika]], gerhana ini terjadi pada dini hari, 21 Januari. Bulan sempat mendekati perigeo pada 21 Januari dan juga disebut "[[superbulan]]".<ref>{{cite web|last=Rogers|first=James|date=20 January 2019|title='Super blood Moon' eclipse stuns in remarkable pictures|url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/super-blood-moon-eclipse-stuns-in-remarkable-pictures|website=Fox News}}</ref>
 
Dari superbulan tersebut juga disebut bulan serigala (bulan purnama pertama pada setahun kalender), hal ini juga menyebutnya "'''superbulan serigala darah'''"; diambil dari warna merah yang khas saat gerhana bulan tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 21, 2019|title=Super blood wolf moon: stargazers battle cold and clouds to view lunar eclipse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jan/21/super-blood-wolf-moon-lunar-eclipse-stargazers-battle-cold-and-clouds|work=The Guardian|access-date=January 21, 2019}}</ref> Gerhana ini adalah [[gerhana bulan]] total terakhir hingga [[Gerhana bulan Mei 2021|Mei 2021]]. Ini adalah Superbulan Purnama karena terjadi kurang dari sehari sebelum perigee dan Bulan ini jaraknya kurang dari 360,000 km (223,694 mi).
 
[[Observatorium Griffith]] di [[Los Angeles]] menangkap sebuah klip dimana sebuah [[meteor]] antara biji ek dan bola tenis bertabrakan saat gerhana.<ref>{{cite web|author=Meghan Bartels|date=22 January 2019|title=Watch a Meteor Smack the Blood Moon in This Lunar Eclipse Video|url=https://www.space.com/43075-blood-moon-2019-meteor-impact-video.html|publisher=Space.com|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> Tabrakan tersebut terjadi pada pukul 4:41 UTC, dari sisi kiri dari bulan.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 January 2019|title=A meteor hit the moon during the lunar eclipse. Here's what we know.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/01/meteor-hit-the-moon-during-blood-moon-eclipse-heres-what-we-know/|website=Science & Innovation}}</ref> Ini salah satu tabrakan yang terdokumentasi ketika gerhana sedang berlangsung.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Andrews|first=Robin George|date=2019-01-23|title=During the Lunar Eclipse, Something Slammed Into the Moon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/science/lunar-eclipse-meteor-moon.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=23 January 2019|title=Video: A Meteorite Hit the Moon During the Recent Eclipse!|url=https://kottke.org/19/01/video-a-meteorite-hit-the-moon-during-the-recent-eclipse|website=Jason Kottke}}</ref>
 
== Wilayah yang terlihat ==
Gerhana ini terlihat di [[Amerika Utara]] dan [[Amerika Selatan]], juga sebagian dari [[Eropa Barat]] dan [[Arab Magrib|Afrika Utara]]. Untuk beberapa tempat di Amerika Utara, gerhana mulai pada sore tanggal 20 Januari, the eclipse began during the evening hours of January 20. Observers at locations in Europe and much of Africa were able to view part of the eclipse before the Moon set in the early morning (pre-dawn) hours of January 21.
{| class="wikitable" width="320"
|[[Berkas:Lunar_eclipse_from_moon-2019Jan21.png|331x331px]]Pemandangan Bumi dari Bulan saat puncak gerhana, beserta awan inframerah
|-
|[[Berkas:Visibility_Lunar_Eclipse_2019-01-21.png|320x320px]]Peta Wilayah
|}
 
== Waktu ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Lunar eclipse contact diagram.svg
| width1 = 250
| image2 = Lunar eclipse chart close-2019Jan21.png
| width2 = 155
| footer = Titik kontak relatif dari bayangan umbra dan penumbra dari Bumi, dari sini ketika gerhana bulan dalam [[nodus menurun]] (kiri), dan gerakan per jam untuk gerhana bulan Januari 2019 (kanan)
}}
 
Fase penumbra sedikit mengubah tampilan bulan, terlihat samar dan tidak menyadarinya.<ref>{{cite web|last=Espenak|first=Fred|title=Lunar Eclipses for Beginners|url=http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/LEprimer.html|publisher=MrEclipse|access-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kontak beserta waktu lokal
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Time zone
adjustments from
[[UTC]]
! colspan="5" |Amerika
! colspan="3" |Atlantik
! colspan="4" |Eropa/Afrika
|- valign="top"
![[UTC−08:00|-8<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−07:00|-7<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−06:00|-6<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−05:00|-5<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−04:00|-4<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−03:00|-3<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−02:00|-2<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−01:00|-1<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC±00:00|0<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC+01:00|+1<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC+02:00|+2<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC+03:00|+3<sub>h</sub>]]
|- valign="top"
![[Waktu Standar Pasifik|PST]]
![[Waktu Standar Pegunungan|MST]]
![[Waktu Standar Tengah|CST]]
![[Waktu Timur|EST]]
![[Waktu Standar Atlantik|AST]]
!
!
!
![[Waktu Greenwich|GMT]]
[[Waktu Eropa Barat|WET]]
![[Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Barat|WEST]]
[[Waktu Eropa Tengah|CET]] [[Waktu Musim Panas Britania|BST]]
![[Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Tengah|CEST]]
[[Waktu Eropa Timur|EET]]
 
[[Waktu Moskwa|MSK]]
!FET
[[Waktu Moskwa|MSK]]
[[Waktu Afrika Timur|EAT]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |Kontak
| colspan="6" |Sore, 20 Januari
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |Pagi, 21 Januari
|- align="center"
!P1
!Penumbra mulai*
|6:37 pm
|7:37 pm
|8:37 pm
|9:37 pm
|10:37 pm
|11:37 pm
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |12:37 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |1:37 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |2:37 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |3:37 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |4:37 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |5:37 am
|- align="center"
!U1
!Sebagian mulai
|7:34 pm
|8:34 pm
|9:34 pm
|10:34 pm
|11:34 pm
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |12:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |1:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |2:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |3:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |4:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |5:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |6:34 am
|- align="center"
!U2
!Total mulai
|8:41 pm
|9:41 pm
|10:41 pm
|11:41 pm
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |12:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |1:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |2:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |3:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |4:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |5:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |6:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |7:41 am
|- align="center"
!
!Puncak
|9:12 pm
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== Observations ==<!-- Upload to commons, add to image: Category:Lunar eclipse of 2019 January 21-->
 
=== America ===
<gallery>
Berkas:Early_eclipse_(39857345073).jpg|[[Austin, Texas]], 3:57 UTC
Berkas:Total_lunar_eclipse_(45907515845).jpg|[[Seattle]], Washington, 4:27 UTC
Berkas:January_20,_2019_eclipse_from_Lindsborg.jpg|[[Lindsborg, Kansas]], 4:40 UTC
Berkas:Eclipse_Lunar_Total_-_21.01.2019_-_IV.jpg|[[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]], 4:40 UTC
Berkas:2019-01-20_Lunar_eclipse_from_San_Diego.jpg|[[San Diego, California]], 4:41 UTC
Berkas:Blood_Moon_(39857716053).jpg|[[Tres Piedras, New Mexico]], 4:42 UTC
Berkas:Eclipse_lunar_20_de_Enero_2019.jpg|[[Chihuahua (kota)|Chihuahua, Meksiko)]], 4:44 UTC
Berkas:Lunar_eclipse_2019_at_02.08_in_Chapel_Hill,_NC,_USA.jpg|[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]], 5:02 UTC
Berkas:2019-01-20-Total_lunar_eclipse.jpg|[[Denver, Colorado]], 5:03 UTC
Berkas:Lunar_eclispe.jpg|Totality in [[Coralville, Iowa]], 5:07 UTC (23:07 Local Time)
Berkas:Lunar_Eclipse_January_20-21,_2019_(32956601858).jpg|[[Macon, Georgia]], 5:18 UTC
Berkas:Total_lunar_eclipse_January_21_2019.jpg|[[Whitpain Township, Pennsylvania]], 5:26 UTC
Berkas:Super_Blood_Wolf_Moon_(46777972522).jpg|Kota New York, New York, 5:37 UTC
Berkas:Animation_of_the_21-01-2019_lunar_eclipse,_photographed_using_a_Smartphone.gif|Animasi dari [[Taubaté|Taubaté, Brazil]]
Berkas:The_January_20,_2019_total_lunar_eclipse_at_totality,_seen_from_Victoria,_Canada._(46098085654).jpg|Dari [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria, Kanada]] saat totalitas
</gallery>
 
=== Eropa ===
<gallery>
Berkas:Lunar_eclipse_of_2019_January_21_in_Moscow_(6.49_local_time).jpg|Sebagian dari [[Moskwa]], Rusia, 3:49 UTC
Berkas:Lunar_Eclipse_January_21,_2019_-_Лунное_затмение_21_января_2019.jpg|[[Estonia]], 4:41 UTC
Berkas:Blood_Mood_21_Jan_2019_(39864351153).jpg|Järna, [[Swedia]], 4:48 UTC
Berkas:2019.01.21_Eclipse_2_(46100418124).jpg|[[Finlandia]], 6:02 UTC
Berkas:Total_Lunar_Eclipse_2019-01-21.jpg|[[Sandl]], Austria
</gallery>
 
== Tampilan ==
Terjadi pada konstelasi [[Kanser]], tepatnya di barat [[Gugus Sarang Lebah]].
 
[[Berkas:January_2019_lunar_eclipse_animation.gif|480x480px]]
 
== Tabrakan terungkap ==<!--[[File:Impact.webp|thumb|A zoomed-in view of the impact on the moon, photographed by Brett Ashton.]]-->
[[Live streaming|Livestreams]] detected a flash of light while viewing the eclipse. It was "likely caused by the crash of a tiny, fast-moving [[meteoroid]] left behind by a [[comet]]."<ref name=":0" />
 
Originally thinking it was [[Noise (electronics)|electronic noise]] from the camera, astronomers and [[Citizen science|citizen scientists]] shared the visual phenomenon with each other to identify it.<ref name=":0" />
 
When totality was just beginning at 4:41 UT, the tiny speck of light blinked south of a nearly 55-mile-wide crater in the western part of the moon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2019-01-22|title=A meteor hit the moon during the lunar eclipse. Here's what we know.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/01/meteor-hit-the-moon-during-blood-moon-eclipse-heres-what-we-know/|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>
 
The location of the impact may be somewhere in the lunar highlands, selatan [[Kawah Brygius|kawah Byrgius]], menurut Justin Cowart, seorang mahasiswa yang lulus [[Ilmu kebumian|geosains]] dari [[Universitas Stony Brook]], [[New York (state)|New York]] yang pertama kali menangkap kedipan cahaya<ref name=":0" />
 
“A meteoroid about this size hits the moon about once a week or so,” said Cowart.<ref name=":1" />
 
This may be the first time that a collision, during a total lunar eclipse, was captured on video.<ref name=":0" />
 
“I have not heard of anyone seeing an impact like this during a lunar eclipse before,” said [[Sara Russell]], a professor of planetary sciences at the Natural History Museum in [[London]].<ref name=":0" />
 
People posted their images and video of a flicker of light as news spread quickly on social media.<ref name=":1" />
 
Working overtime, co-director of the [[Deteksi dan Analisis Tabrakan Bulan]], MIDAS, an astrophysicist at the [[Universitas Huelva]] di Spanyol, Jose Maria Madiedo, set up eight telescopes to watch for any impacts during the eclipse.<ref name=":1" />
 
“Something inside of me told me that this time would be the time,” kata Madiedo.<ref name=":1" />
 
A paper calculated a mass between 20 and 100 kilograms and diameter of 30 to 50&nbsp;cm that may have caused a 7–15 meter crater located "inside a triangle with vertices in the kawah Lagrange H, K and X".<ref>[[arxiv:1901.09573|Location, orbit and energy of a meteoroid impacting the moon during the Lunar Eclipse of January 21, 2019]]</ref> Other astronomers estimated a 10-15 meter crater from a 45&nbsp;kg asteroid moving 61,000&nbsp;km/h.<ref>[https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/research-highlights/space-rock-hit-moon-61000-kilometres-hour The space rock that hit the Moon at 61,000 kilometres an hour | The Royal Astronomical Society<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
== Gerhana terkait ==
 
=== Gerhana-gerhana 2019 ===
 
* [[Gerhana matahari 6 Januari 2019|Gerhana matahari sebagian pada 6 Januari 2019]].
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 2019|Gerhana bulan total pada 21 Januari 2019]].
* [[Gerhana Matahari 2 Juli 2019|Gerhana matahari pada 2 Juli 2019]].
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2019|Gerhana bulan sebagian pada 16 Juli 2019]].
* [[Gerhana Matahari 26 Desember 2019|Gerhana matahari cincin pada 26 Desember 2019]].
 
=== Lunar year series ===
{{Lunar eclipse set 2016-2020}}
 
=== Saros ===
Gerhana ini bagian dari [[Siklus Saros]] seri 134.
 
=== Siklus setengah-Saros ===
Sebuah gerhana bulan akan didahului dan diteruskan oleh gerhana matahari selama 9 tahun 5,5 hari (sebuah siklus setengah saros).<ref>Mathematical Astronomy Morsels, Jean Meeus, p.110, Chapter 18, ''The half-saros''</ref> Gerhana bulan ini telah terkait 2 gerhana matahari cincin yang merupakan bagian dari Saros Matahari 141.
{| class="wikitable"
![[Gerhana Matahari 15 Januari 2010|15 Januari 2010]]
![[Gerhana Matahari 26 Januari 2028|26 Januari 2028]]
|-
|[[Berkas:SE2010Jan15A.png|240x240px]]
|[[Berkas:SE2028Jan26A.png|240x240px]]
|}
 
== Detail lebih lanjut ==
Magnitudo Penumbra = 2.16972 (216.972%)
 
Magnitudo Umbra = 1.19657 (119.657%)
 
Gama = 0.36842 (36.945%)
 
Epsilon = 0.3763° (0°22’34.68”)
 
Puncak Gerhana = 2019 Jan 21 at 05:12:18.0 UTC
 
Oposisi Ekliptika = 2019 Jan 21 at 05:16:04.9 UTC
 
Oposisi Khatulistiwa = 2019 Jan 21 at 05:07:42.5 UTC
 
Kenaikan Kanan dari Khatulistiwa Matahari = 20.205h
 
Deklinasi Khatulistiwa Matahari = -19.96°
 
Diameter Matahari Tampak = 1950.4 detik busur
 
Paralaks Horisontal Khatulistiwa Matahari = 17.8 arcseconds
 
Moon’s Equatorial Right Ascension = 8.208h
 
Moon’s Equatorial Declination = +20.34°
 
Moon’s Apparent Diameter = 2004.2 arcseconds
 
Moon’s Equatorial Horizontal Parallax = 7355.8 arcseconds
 
Earth’s Shadow’s Equatorial Right Ascension = 8.205h
 
Earth’s Shadow’s Equatorial Declination = +19.96°
 
Earth’s Penumbral Shadow Diameter = 9424.8 arcseconds
 
Earth’s Umbral Shadow Diameter = 5523.84 arcseconds
 
Saros = 134 (27 dari 73)
 
Nodus Orbit = Nodus Menaik
 
Jarak Bulan = 357,718 km (222,276 mi)
 
== Lihat pula ==
 
* [[Daftar gerhana bulan]]
* [[Daftar gerhana bulan pada abad ke-21]]
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
* {{LEplot2001 link|2019|Jan|21|T}}
 
* [http://www.hermit.org/eclipse/2019-01-21/ Hermit eclipse: 2019-01-21]
* [https://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/solar-and-lunar-eclipses-in-2019/ Eclipse information from skyandtelescope.com, including timing in different time zones]
 
[[Kategori:Gerhana bulan]]
[[Kategori:2019 dalam luar angkasa]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak_pasir"