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Baris 1:
{{Hatnote|Lihat:[[Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir 2]]}}'''Tidak ada di dunia nyata, ini hanya fiktif berkala. Mohon jangan oprek/sunting halaman ini. Dan mohon jangan diletakkan di templat {{Tl|Infobox stasiun}} maupun {{Tl|Infobox layanan kereta api}} (2 templat, hehe)'''
{{Hatnote|LIHAT:[[Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir/Stasiun KA fiksi]]}}
 
'''Tidak ada di dunia nyata, ini hanya fiktif berkala. Mohon jangan oprek/sunting halaman ini. Dan mohon jangan diletakkan di templat {{Tl|Infobox stasiun}} maupun {{Tl|Infobox layanan kereta api}} (2 templat, hehe)'''
 
'''Untuk bak pasir, uji coba halaman, uji coba templat, dst.'''
 
== Subhalaman: ==
{{Daftar isi horisontal}}
 
* [[Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir/Uji Coba Halaman]]
* [[Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir/Stasiun KA fiksi]]
* [[Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak pasir/Uji Coba Templat]]
 
== Sekilas Bak Pasir ==
Baris 13 ⟶ 14:
Bahasa G adalah sejenis bahasa non-baku yang digunakan oleh orang-orang kalangan remaja [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]], selain [[Bahasa gaul]], [[Bahasa Binan]], dsb.
 
<math>{s} \Box = {s} \times {s}
= Uji Coba Halaman [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2000]] =
= {64} \times {64} = 4096</math> gabut c:
.
= Uji coba [[Templat:Gerhana bulan]] =
{{Navbox
| name = Gerhana bulan
| title = [[Gerhana bulan]]
| imagestyle = padding-left: 0.5em;
| state = {{{state|<noinclude>uncollapsed</noinclude>}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| groupstyle = text-align:center;
 
=== Routemap ===
| group1 = [[Daftar gerhana bulan]]
| list1 =
* [[Daftar gerhana bulan total sentral|Gerhana total sentral]]
* [[Gerhana bulan total penumbra]]
* [[Gerhana bulan dalam sejarah|Dalam sejarah]]
* [[Gerhana bulan menurut abad|Menurut abad]]
| group2 = Gerhana bulans<br>menurut zaman
| list2 =
* Modern
** [[Daftar gerhana bulan pada abad ke-20|Abad ke-20]]
** [[Daftar gerhana bulan pada abad ke-21|Abad ke-21]]
* Mendatang
** [[Daftar gerhana bulan pada abad ke-22|Abad ke-22]]
 
| group3 = Gerhana bulan<br> menurut [[Daftar siklus Saros untuk gerhana bulan|seri saros]]
| list3 = {{Gerhana bulan/saros}}
 
| group5 = [[Berkas:Lunar eclipse of 2017 August 7 Kuwait.jpg|80px|Gerhana bulan Agustus 2017]]<br/>Gerhana sebagian<br>
| list5 = {{Gerhana bulan/sebagian}}
 
| group6 = [[Berkas:Full Eclipse of the Moon as seen in from Irvine, CA, USA (52075715442) (cropped).jpg|80px|Gerhana bulan Mei 2022]]<br/>Gerhana total<br/>
| list6 = {{Gerhana bulan/total}}
 
| group7 = [[Berkas:Penumbral_lunar_eclipse_2017.02.11.jpg|80px|Gerhana bulan Februari 2017]]<br/>Gerhana penumbra<br>
| list7 =
{{navbox|subgroup
| group1 = Sebagian
| list1 = {{Gerhana bulan/penumbra sebagian}}
| group2 = [[Gerhana bulan total penumbra|Total]]
| list2 = {{Gerhana bulan/total penumbra}}
}}
| group8 = Lihat pula
| list8 =
* [[Skala Danjon]]
* [[Gama (gerhana)|Gama]]
* [[Gerhana matahari]]
 
| below =
* {{Icon|CATEGORY}} [[Kategori:Gerhana bulan|Category]]
* {{Background color|#FC6|→}} <small>simbol untuk gerhana selanjutnya pada seri ini</small>
}}
{{Hatnote|Catatan:Mohon maaf, ini hanya ujicoba saja, untuk templat tersebut, lihat:[[:En:Template:Lunar eclipses]]}}
'''Gunakan parameter untuk mengubah templat ini:'''<br>Gunakan <code><nowiki>{{Gerhana bulan|state=autocollapse}}</nowiki></code>. Templat akan otomatis terciutkan saat disunting.<br>Gunakan <code><nowiki>{{Gerhana bulan|state=collapsed}}</nowiki></code>. Templat ini akan otomatis terciutkan saat disunting ataupun dibaca.<br>Gunakan <code><nowiki>{{Gerhana bulan|state=expanded}}</nowiki></code>. Templat ini akan otomatis terkembang saat disunting ataupun dibaca.
Subhalaman:
* [[Templat:Gerhana bulan/total|/total]]
* [[Templat:Gerhana bulan/sebagian|/sebagian]]
* /penumbra
** [[Templat:Gerhana bulan/penumbra sebagian|/ps]]
** [[Templat:Gerhana bulan/total penumbra|/tp]]
 
=== Uji coba Sub-halaman Templat:Gerhana bulan ===
<!-- Saya lelah untuk membuat ini, hehe -->
==== Gerhana bulan/total ====<!-- Rentang tahun: 1950-2050 (100 tahun).
Tolong, harap membuat halaman gerhana bulan untuk templat ini. -->
* [[Gerhana bulan April 1950|April 1950]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 1950|September 1950]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1953|Januari 1953]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1953|Juli 1953]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1954|Januari 1954]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 1956|November 1956]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 1957|Mei 1957]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 1957|November 1957]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 1960|Maret 1960]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 1960|September 1960]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Desember 1963|Desember 1963]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 1964|Juni 1964]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Desember 1964|Desember 1964]]
* [[Gerhana bulan April 1967|April 1967]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Oktober 1967|Oktober 1967]]
* [[Gerhana bulan April 1968|April 1968]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Oktober 1968|Oktober 1968]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Februari 1971|Februari 1971]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1971|Agustus 1971]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1972|Januari 1972]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 1974|November 1974]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 1975|Mei 1975]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 1975|November 1975]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 1978|Maret 1978]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 1978|September 1978]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 1979|September 1979]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1982|Januari 1982]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1982|Juli 1982]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Desember 1982|Desember 1982]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Mei 1985|Mei 1985]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Oktober 1985|Oktober 1985]]
*[[Gerhana bulan April 1986|April 1986]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Oktober 1986|Oktober 1986]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Februari 1989|Februari 1989]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1989|Agustus 1989]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Februari 1990|Februari 1990]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Desember 1992|Desember 1992]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Juni 1993|Juni 1993]]
*[[Gerhana bulan November 1993|November 1993]]
*[[Gerhana bulan April 1996|April 1996]]
*[[Gerhana bulan September 1996|September 1996]]
*[[Gerhana bulan September 1997|September 1997]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Januari 2000|Januari 2000]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Juli 2000|Juli 2000]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Januari 2001|Januari 2001]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Mei 2003|Mei 2003]]
*[[Gerhana bulan November 2003|November 2003]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Mei 2004|Mei 2004]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Oktober 2004|Oktober 2004]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Maret 2007|Maret 2007]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Agustus 2007|Agustus 2007]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Februari 2008|Februari 2008]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Desember 2010|Desember 2010]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Juni 2011|Juni 2011]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Desember 2011|Desember 2011]]
*[[Gerhana bulan April 2014|April 2014]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Oktober 2014|Oktober 2014]]
*[[Gerhana bulan April 2015|April 2015]]
*[[Gerhana bulan September 2015|September 2015]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Januari 2018|Januari 2018]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Juli 2018|Juli 2018]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Januari 2019|Januari 2019]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Mei 2021|Mei 2021]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Mei 2022|Mei 2022]]
*[[Gerhana bulan November 2022|November 2022]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Maret 2025|Maret 2025]]{{Background color|#FC6|→}}
*[[Gerhana bulan September 2025|September 2025]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Maret 2026|Maret 2026]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Desember 2028|Desember 2028]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Juni 2029|Juni 2029]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Desember 2029|Desember 2029]]
*[[Gerhana bulan April 2032|April 2032]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Oktober 2032|Oktober 2032]]
*[[Gerhana bulan April 2033|April 2033]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Oktober 2033|Oktober 2033]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Februari 2036|Februari 2036]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Agustus 2036|Agustus 2036]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Januari 2037|Januari 2037]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Mei 2040|Mei 2040]]
*[[Gerhana bulan November 2040|November 2040]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Maret 2043|Maret 2043]]
*[[Gerhana bulan September 2043|September 2043]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Maret 2044|Maret 2044]]
*[[Gerhana bulan September 2044|September 2044]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Januari 2047|Januari 2047]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Juli 2047|Juli 2047]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Januari 2048|Januari 2048]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Mei 2050|Mei 2050]]
*[[Gerhana bulan Oktober 2050|Oktober 2050]]
 
==== Gerhana bulan/sebagian ====<!-- Rentang tahun: 1950-2050 (100 tahun).
Tolong, harap membuat halaman gerhana bulan untuk templat ini. -->
 
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1952|Agustus 1952]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1954|Juli 1954]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 1955|November 1955]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 1956|Mei 1956]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 1959|Maret 1959]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 1961|Maret 1961]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1961|Agustus 1961]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1963|Juli 1963]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 1965|Juni 1965]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Februari 1970|Februari 1970]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1970|Agustus 1970]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1972|Juli 1972]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Desember 1973|Desember 1973]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 1974|Juni 1974]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 1976|Mei 1976]]
* [[Gerhana bulan April 1977|April 1977]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 1979|Maret 1979]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1981|Juli 1981]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 1983|Juni 1983]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1988|Agustus 1988]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1990|Agustus 1990]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 1992|Juni 1992]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 1994|Mei 1994]]
* [[Gerhana bulan April 1995|April 1995]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 1997|Maret 1997]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1999|Juli 1999]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2001|Juli 2001]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Oktober 2005|Oktober 2005]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 2006|September 2006]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 2008|Agustus 2008]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Desember 2009|Desember 2009]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 2010|Juni 2010]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 2012|Juni 2012]]
* [[Gerhana bulan April 2013|April 2013]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 2017|Agustus 2017]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2019|Juli 2019]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 2021|November 2021]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Oktober 2023|Oktober 2023]]{{Background color|#FC6|→}}
* [[Gerhana bulan September 2024|September 2024]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 2026|Agustus 2026]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2028|Juli 2028]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 2030|Juni 2030]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 2034|September 2034]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 2035|Agustus 2035]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2037|Juli 2037]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 2039|Juni 2039]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 2039|November 2039]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 2041|Mei 2041]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 2041|November 2041]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 2046|Januari 2046]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2046|Juli 2046]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 2048|Juni 2048]]
 
==== Templat:Gerhana bulan/Penumbra ====
 
===== Penumbra sebagian =====<!-- Rentang tahun: 1950-2050 (100 tahun).
Tolong, harap membuat halaman gerhana bulan untuk templat ini. -->
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 1951|Maret 1951]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1951|Agustus 1951]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 1951|September 1951]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1955|Januari 1955]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 1955|Juni 1955]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Oktober 1958|Oktober 1958]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Februari 1962|Februari 1962]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1962|Juli 1962]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1962|Agustus 1962]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Desember 1965|Desember 1965]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 1966|Mei 1966]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Oktober 1966|Oktober 1966]]
* [[Gerhana bulan April 1969|April 1969]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1969|Agustus 1969]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 1969|September 1969]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1973|Januari 1973]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 1973|Juni 1973]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1973|Juli 1973]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 1976|November 1976]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 1977|September 1977]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 1980|Maret 1980]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1980|Juli 1980]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1980|Agustus 1980]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Desember 1983|Desember 1983]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 1984|November 1984]]
* [[Gerhana bulan April 1987|April 1987]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1991|Januari 1991]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 1991|Juni 1991]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 1991|Juli 1991]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 1994|November 1994]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Oktober 1995|Oktober 1995]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 1998|Maret 1998]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 1998|Agustus 1998]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 1998|September 1998]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Desember 2001|Desember 2001]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 2002|Mei 2002]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 2002|Juni 2002]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 2002|November 2002]]
* [[Gerhana bulan April 2005|April 2005]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Februari 2009|Februari 2009]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2009|Juli 2009]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 2009|Agustus 2009]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 2012|November 2012]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 2013|Mei 2013]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Oktober 2013|Oktober 2013]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 2016|Maret 2016]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 2016|Agustus 2016]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 2016|September 2016]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Februari 2017|Februari 2017]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 2020|Januari 2020]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 2020|Juni 2020]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2020|Juli 2020]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 2020|November 2020]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 2023|Mei 2023]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 2024|Maret 2024{{Background color|#FC6|→}}]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Februari 2027|Februari 2027]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Desember 2030|Desember 2030]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 2031|Mei 2031]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 2031|Juni 2031]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Oktober 2031|Oktober 2031]]
* [[Gerhana bulan April 2034|April 2034]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Februari 2035|Februari 2035]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 2038|Januari 2038]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 2038|Juni 2038]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2038|Juli 2038]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Desember 2038|Desember 2038]]
* [[Gerhana bulan April 2042|April 2042]]
* [[Gerhana bulan September 2042|September 2042]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 2045|Maret 2045]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Agustus 2045|Agustus 2045]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Desember 2048|Desember 2048]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Mei 2049|Mei 2049]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Juni 2049|Juni 2049]]
* [[Gerhana bulan November 2049|November 2049]]
 
===== Penumbra total =====<!-- Rentang tahun: 1950-2050 (100 tahun).
Tolong, harap membuat halaman gerhana bulan untuk templat ini. -->
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1963|Januari 1963]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1981|Januari 1981]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Oktober 1987|Oktober 1987]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 1988|Maret 1988]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 1999|Januari 1999]]
* [[Gerhana bulan Maret 2006|Maret 2006]]
 
 
= Uji coba Halaman ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' =
{{Taxobox|species='''''H. mantegazzianum'''''|image=Herkulesstaude fg01.jpg|genus=''[[Heracleum]]''|status=LC|status_system=IUCN|regnum=[[Plantae]]|unranked_phylum=''[[Tracheophyta]]''|binomial=Heracleum mantegazzianum|name=''Heracleum mantegazzianum''|unranked_classis=[[Angiosperma]]|unranked_subclassis=[[Eudikotil]]|ordo=[[Apiales]]|familia=[[Apiaceae]]}}
'''''Heracleum mantegazzianum''''', atau disebut dengan '''hogweed raksasa''',<ref name="cabi">{{cite web |title=''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' (giant hogweed) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26911 |publisher=CABI |access-date=December 8, 2018 |date=November 6, 2018}}</ref><ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN |id=18896 | access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NPPA">{{cite web |url=http://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3664-national-pest-plant-accord-2012-manual |title=National Pest Plant Accord |page=70 |year=2012 |publisher=Ministry for Primary Industries, Government of New Zealand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204120500/http://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3664-national-pest-plant-accord-2012-manual |archive-date=February 4, 2018}}</ref><ref name="NISIC">{{cite web |url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/giant-hogweed |title=Species Profile- Giant Hogweed (''Heracleum mantegazzianum'') |publisher=National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]}}</ref> merupakan tanaman herba abadi monokarpik di famili [[Apiaceae]]. ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'' juga disebut '''bunga roda''',<ref name="GRIN" /><ref name="NPPA" /><ref name="NISIC" /> '''peterseli sapi raksasa''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oregon.gov/OISC/docs/pdf/calendar_june_assessment09.pdf |title=Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Pest Risk Assessment for Giant Hogweed ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' |date=May 27, 2009 |author1=Forney, Thomas |author2=Miller, Glenn |author3=Myers-Shenai Beth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528132130/http://www.oregon.gov/OISC/docs/pdf/calendar_june_assessment09.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2010 }}</ref> '''lobak sapi raksasa''',<ref name="WildFoodUK">{{cite web |url=http://www.wildfooduk.com/hedgerow-food-guide/giant-hogweed-1-hedgerow/ |title=Giant Hogweed |website=Wild Food UK |access-date=August 13, 2018}}</ref> atau '''''hogsbane'''''. Di Selandia Baru, terkadang dipanggil '''lobak liar''' (tidak membingungkan ''[[Pastinaca sativa]]'') atau '''rhubarb liar'''.<ref name="NPPA" />
 
''Hogweed'' raksasa adalah tanaman asli dari daerah [[Kaukasus]] di Eurasia. Ini telah di introduksi Britania sebagai [[tanaman ornamental]] di [[Abad ke-11 hingga 20|Abad ke-19]], Dan tersebar ke daerah [[Eropa Barat]], [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Kanada]].<ref name=cabi/> Dari relativitas dekat, [[Heracleum sosnowskyi|hogweed Sosnowsky]] and [[Heracleum persicum|hogweed Persia]], mempunyai penyebaran serupa dari beberapa bagian dari [[Eropa]].
 
Getah dari ''hogweed'' raksasa adalah [[Fototoksinitas|fototoksik]] dan menyebabkan [[fitofotodermatitis]] di manusia, menyebabkan lepuh dan luka. Reaksi serius ini disebabkan [[furanokumarin]] turunan dari daun, akar, batang, bunga, dan biji tanaman ini. Akibatnya, dijadikan [[tanaman liar beracun]] di berbagai yuridiksi.<ref name=cabi/>
 
==Etimologi==
Nama spesies ''mantegazzianum'' berasal dari [[Paolo Mantegazza]] (1831–1910), Penjelajah Italia dan [[Antropologi|antropologiawan]].<ref name="Gledhill 2008">{{cite book |url=https://fcaib.edu.ng/books/Agriculture/%5BDavid_Gledhill%5D_The_Names_of_Plants(BookFi.org).pdf |last1=Gledhill |first1=David |title=The Names of Plants |edition=4th |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521866453 |page=250 |access-date=October 18, 2018 |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107105909/https://fcaib.edu.ng/books/Agriculture/%5BDavid_Gledhill%5D_The_Names_of_Plants(BookFi.org).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
==Deskripsi==
[[File:Heracleum mantegazzianum 03 by Line1.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|left|Tangkai hijau dengan bintik-bintik merah dan rambut putih]]
 
Hogweed raksasa biasanya tumbuh setinggi {{convert|2|to|5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}.<ref name=cabi/> Di bawah kondisi ideal, Sebuah tanaman bisa mencapai tinggi {{convert|5.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ON-best-practices">{{cite web |url=https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/OIPC_BMP_Hogweed.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Best Management Practices in Ontario |last1=MacDonald |first1=Francine |last2=Anderson |first2=Hayley |date=May 2012 |publisher=Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Stace>{{cite book | last=Stace | first=C. A. | author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles | url=https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac | url-access=limited | edition=Third |publisher=Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, U.K. | page=[https://archive.org/details/newflorabritishi00stac/page/n485 450] | isbn=9780521707725 }}</ref> Daunnya tertakuk dan berlubang dalam. Sebuah tanaman dewasa mempunyai daun besar, dengan lebar {{convert|1|-|1.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID">{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72766.html |title=Giant Hogweed Identification |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 6, 2018}}</ref> dan sebuah bayak, [[Tangkai daun|tangkai]] berwarna hijau dengan bercak ungu kemerahan tua yang luas dan bulu putih kasar yang menonjol, terutama di pangkal tangkai daun. Batang berongga dan bergerigi berdiameter {{Convert|3-8|cm|in|abbr=on}}, terkadang mencapai diameter {{Convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}, dan dapat tumbuh setinggi lebih dari {{Convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}}, dan bisa tumbuh lebih dari tinggi . Bintik merah tua di tangkai dan setiapnya dipenuhi rambut tunggal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parnell |first1=John A. N. |last2=Curtis |first2=T. |title=Webb's An Irish Flora |date=2011 |publisher=Cork University Press |isbn=978-185918-4783 |edition=8th }}</ref> Perbungaan payung, disebut gabungan umbel, kemungkinan {{convert|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} dengan diameter di bagian atasnya yang rata. Bunga berwarna putih atau putih kehijauan dan mungkin secara radial simetrikal atau sangat simetri bilateral (zigomorfik).<ref name=Stace/> Buahnya [[Skizokarp (buah)|skizokarp]], memproduksi biji dalam keadaan kering, teratakan, pasangan oval.<ref name=Stace/>{{rp|825}} Setiap biji berpanjang {{convert|1|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}, dengan dasar yang membulat lebar dan punggung tepi yang lebar, berwarna cokelat dengan garis-garis cokelat (disebut tabung minyak) memanjang {{frac|3|4}} dari panjang biji.
 
===Siklus Hidup===
Siklus hidup tanaman ini terbagi menjadi empat:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghbrochure.pdf |title=Beware Giant Hogweed! |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref>
 
#Tanaman pra-berbunga: Di tahun pertama, daun tumbuh dari biji. Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, daun-daun bertunas dari akar dan biji yang melewati musim dingin. Fase pra-berbunga berlanjut selama beberapa tahun.
#Tanaman berbunga (tengah musim panas): Setelah berkembang biak beberapa tahun, tanaman telah berbunga.
#Berbiji (Akhir musim panas/Awal gugur): Tanaman berbunga menghasilkan 20.000 atau lebih biji.
#Tangkai mati (Akhir gugur/musim dingin): Setelah menghasilkan biji, tanaman ini mati, meninggalkan tangkai kering dan kepala biji berdiri.
 
During the first few years of growth, the leaves and stem of a pre-flowering plant die over the winter. In the spring, the plant grows back from its root. In other words, the giant hogweed is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial]].
 
A giant hogweed plant usually produces a flowering stalk in 3–5 years,<ref name=cabi/><ref name="EU-guidelines">{{cite book |isbn=87-7903-209-5 |url=https://static-curis.ku.dk/portal/files/20497522/kaempe_bjorneklo_eng.pdf |title= The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe |last1=Booy |first1=Olaf |last2=Cock |first2=Matthew |last3=Eckstein |first3=Lutz |last4=Hansen |first4=Steen Ole |last5=Hattendorf |first5=Jan |last6=Hüls |first6=Jörg |last7=Jahodová |first7=Sárka |last8=Krinke |first8=Lucás |last9=Marovoková |first9=Lanka |last10=Müllerová |first10=Jana |last11=Nentwig |first11=Wolfgang |last12=Nielsen |first12=Charlotte |last13=Otte |first13=Annette |last14=Pergl |first14=Jan |last15=Perglová |first15=Irena |last16=Priekule |first16=Ilze |last17=Pusek |first17=Petr |last18=Ravn |first18=Hans Peter |last19=Thiele |first19=Jan |last20=Trybush |first20=Sviatlana |last21=Wittenberg |first21=Rüdiger |date=2005 |publisher=Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref> but plants may take up to eight years to flower if conditions are unfavorable. In the Czech Republic, a single plant reached twelve years old before flowering.<ref name="Gucker 2009">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/herman/all.html |title=Heracleum mantegazzianum |first1=Corey L. |last1=Gucker |website=Fire Effects Information System |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer) |date=2009 |access-date=September 11, 2018 }}</ref> In any case, when the plant finally flowers, it does so between June and July (in the northern hemisphere).
 
Seeds are typically produced in August. A single flowering plant will produce 20,000&nbsp;seeds on average<ref name="NYSDEC-GH-Bio">{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72934.html |title=Giant Hogweed Biology |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="EU-guidelines" /> with seed production varying between 10,000 and 50,000&nbsp;seeds per plant.<ref name="Gucker 2009" />
 
Giant hogweed is a [[monocarpic]] [[perennial]],<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" /><ref name=Stace /> that is, after a mature plant flowers and produces seed, the entire plant dies. During the following winter, tall dead stems mark the locations where the flowering plants once stood.
 
The seeds are dispersed short distances by wind, but can travel longer distances by water, animals, and people. Most seeds (95%) are found in the top {{convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} of the soil within a few meters of the parent plant. Seeds may stay alive in the seed bank for more than five years.<ref name="Gucker 2009" /><ref name="NYSDEC-GH-Bio" />
 
A seed deposited in the seed bank is initially dormant. Dormancy is broken by the cold and wet conditions of fall and winter, and so freshly deposited seeds lie dormant until at least the following spring, at which time approximately 90% of the previously dormant seeds will germinate.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" /> The rest remain dormant in the seed bank.
 
Seeds normally result from cross-pollination between two or more plants but self-pollination is also possible. More than half the seeds produced by self-pollination will germinate and give rise to healthy seedlings.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /> Hence a single isolated seed may give rise to a colony of new plants.
 
==Spesies serupa==
The various species of the genus ''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'' are similar in appearance, but vary in size.<ref name="ON-best-practices" /> ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'' is among the tallest, typically reaching {{convert|4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high (atau terkadang lebih dari {{convert|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}), whereas ''Heracleum'' species native to Western Europe, such as ordinary Hogweed (''[[Heracleum sphondlylium|H sphondlylium]]''), or North America, such as the [[cow parsnip]] (''H.&nbsp;maximum''), rarely exceed {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} high.<ref name="ON-best-practices" /><ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID" /><ref name="EU-guidelines" /> There are considerable differences in the size of the umbel, leaves, and stem of ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'' as well.
 
The following table compares ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' and ''[[Heracleum maximum]]'' feature by feature:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 10%" |
! style="width: 45%" | ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum''
! style="width: 45%" | ''H.&nbsp;maximum''
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Tinggi'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Biasanya tinggi {{convert|3|to|4.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| style="vertical-align: top" | Sampai tinggi {{convert|2.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Daun'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Daun majemuk berlubang, biasanya memiliki lebar 100 cm (3 kaki 3 inci), hingga lebar {{Convert|150|cm|ft}}; daun dewasa memiliki sayatan yang dalam dan tepi bergerigi
| style="vertical-align: top" | Majemuk, daun berlubang berlebar {{convert|60|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}; daun dewasa tidak terlalu tertakuk dan tepi tidak terlalu bergerigi
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Tangkai'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Tangkai hijau {{convert|3|–|8|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} dari diameter, occasionally up to {{convert|10|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter, with '''dark reddish-purple splotches and coarse white hairs''' at the base of the leaf stalk
| style="vertical-align: top" | Green ridged stems up to {{convert|5|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} in diameter with fine white hairs (no purple splotches)
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Bunga'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | White umbel is typically {{convert|80|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} in diameter, up to {{convert|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} in diameter, with '''50–150 flower rays''' per umbel; flowers bloom mid-June to mid-July
| style="vertical-align: top" | White umbel up to {{convert|30|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}} in diameter with '''15–30 flower rays''' per umbel; flowers bloom late May to late June
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Buah'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Buah berbentuk oval [[File:Heracleum_mantegazzianum_(giant_hogweed)_seeds.jpg|thumb|right|Merikarp dari hogweed raksasa (''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'')]]
| style="vertical-align: top" | Heart-shaped fruits [[File:Heracleum_maximum_(common_cowparsnip)_seeds.jpg|thumb|right|Merikarp dari lobak sapi umum (''H.&nbsp;maximum'')]]
|}
 
Spesies tanaman lain dari famili [[Apiaceae]] mempunyai fitur dimana serupa dari hogweed raksasa (''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum''). Contoh:
 
* Di Ontario:<ref name="ON-best-practices" /> lobak sapi (''[[Heracleum maximum]]''), lobak liar (''[[Pastinaca sativa]]''), berbagai spesies ''angelica'' (especially ''[[Angelica atropurpurea]]'', angelica bertangkai ungu asli), dan renda Ratu Anne (''[[Daucus carota]]'')
* Di Negara Bagian New York:<ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID" /> lobak sapi (''[[Heracleum maximum]]''), lobak liar (''[[Pastinaca sativa]]''), angelica, and [[poison hemlock]].
* Di [[Eropa]]:<ref name="EU-guidelines" /> hogweed (''[[Heracleum sphondylium]]'' dan ''[[Heracleum sphondylium ssp sibiricum]]''), lobak liar (''[[Pastinaca sativa]]''), angelica kebun (''[[Angelica archangelica]]''), dan angelica liar (''[[Angelica sylvestris]]'')
 
Many more species exist; in Europe, over 20&nbsp;spesies are found of the genus ''Heracleum'' alone.<ref name="EU-guidelines" />
 
Tidak ada spesies yang mencapai ukuran serupa, tetapi banyak mempunyai fototoksin.
 
Some other species, such as the abovementioned ''[[Heracleum sosnowskyi]]'' and ''[[Heracleum persicum]]'', do reach similar sizes, and are equally noxious as a result.
 
==Latar belakang dalam sejarah==
''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' is native to the western [[Caucasus]] region of [[Eurasia]].<ref name=cabi/> Because of its impressive size, giant hogweed was brought to Europe and North America as an ornamental plant and garden curiosity.
 
The following historical information<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/h/heracleum-mantegazzianum/heracleum_mantegazzianum.pdf |title=NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Heracleum mantegazzianum |last1=Klingenstein |first1=F. |date=2007 |publisher=NOBANIS |website=Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species |access-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghfactnyseagrant.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) – Poisonous Invader of the Northeast |last1=O’Neill Jr. |first1=Charles R. |date=February 2007 |publisher=New York Sea Grant, SUNY College at Brockport |access-date=September 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Gucker 2009" /> grew out of the European Giant Alien Project, which began in 2005.
 
===Migrasi di Eropa===
 
''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' was first described in scientific literature in 1895 but by that time more than a dozen European countries had already imported the plant as an "ornamental curiosity". The introduction of ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' was first recorded in Great Britain in 1817 when it was put on the seed list at the [[Kew Botanic Gardens]] in London. By 1828, the first natural population was recorded, growing wild in Cambridgeshire, England.
 
The spread of ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' throughout Europe continued unabated until the middle of the 20th century, at which time the dangers of giant hogweed had become more widely known. Despite the warnings, however, the plant continued to be used by gardeners, beekeepers, and farmers (for cattle fodder) for another 50 years. ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' was finally de-listed by the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain in 2002.
 
===Migrasi ke Amerika Utara===
During the 20th century, giant hogweed was transported to the United States and Canada for display in arboreta and Victorian gardens. The earliest recorded planting in North America was in 1917, in gardens near Highland Park in the city of Rochester, New York.
 
By 1950, giant hogweed had appeared in southern Ontario, and within a quarter century, the plant was firmly established in Ontario. It was first collected from Nova Scotia in 1980 and Quebec in 1990. Giant hogweed was still available for sale in Canadian nurseries as late as 2005.
 
On the west coast of North America, ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' appeared in Oregon, Washington, and southwestern Canada but it is not clear how the species found its way into this region. First reports of giant hogweed in British Columbia were published in the 1930s.
 
===Rusia===
Giant hogweed is native to Russia and was further distributed during the late 1960s, later spreading extensively on its own throughout Russia and eastern Europe.<ref name=cabi/>
 
==Distribusi==
[[File:Expansion of hogweed A.svg|thumb|Distribution of giant hogweed in Europe (2005)]]
 
Hogweed raksasa tersebar luas di seluruh Eropa barat dan utara, terutama di sepanjang daerah seperti pesisir dan tepi sungai.<ref name=cabi/> Dengan terbentuknya kepadatan, ini akan menggantikan tanaman aslinya dan mengurangi habitat alam liar.<ref name=cabi/><ref name="environment agency">{{cite web|url= http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/processes/367839/?lang=_e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223183452/http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/processes/367839/?lang=_e |archive-date=February 23, 2007 |title=Giant hogweed information |work=NetRegs |publisher=U.K. Government |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ini juga tersebar di barat laut dan timur laut Amerika Serikat, dan Kanada Selatan dan ini termasuk [[spesies invasif]] sepanjang Eropa Barat;<ref name=cabi/> di lokasi di mana telah berada, ini melampaui spesies asli setempat, ''[[Heracleum sphondylium]]''.<ref name="environment agency"/>
 
Di Kanada, tanaman ini ada di hampir seluruh provinsinya, kecuali di [[Padang rumput di Kanada|padang rumput]].<ref name=cabi/> Ini terakhir terlihat di Quebec semenjak awal 1990-an.<ref>{{cite news|title=5 things you need to know about toxic hogweed|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/story/2013/08/04/quebec-giant-hogweed-spread-invasive-species.html | work=CBC News}}</ref> Tanaman ini telah tersebar di Ontario dari barat daya dan terlihat pada 2010 di Area Pusat Toronto dan County Renfrew di dekat Ottawa.<ref>{{cite news |first=Drew |last=Halfnight |title=Giant weed that burns and blinds spreads across Canada
|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/07/13/giant-weed-that-burns-and-blinds-spreads-across-canada/ |work=The National Post |date=July 13, 2010}}</ref>
 
In the United States, giant hogweed occurs in Maine, Wisconsin and south to Indiana, Michigan, Maryland, and New Jersey.<ref name="USDA">{{Cite web|url=https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=hema17|title=Plants Profile for Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed)|website=plants.usda.gov}}</ref><ref name="Gucker 2009" /><ref name="MSU">{{Cite web|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/giant_hogweed_not_widely_spread_in_michigan|title=Giant hogweed: Not widely spread in Michigan|website=Landscaping}}</ref> In June 2018, it was reported growing in Virginia and North Carolina.<ref name="Diebel">{{cite news |last=Diebel |first=Matthew |title=Giant Hogweed, a Plant That Can Cause Burns and Blindness, Found in Virginia |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/18/giant-hogweed-burns-blindness-found-virginia/709415002/ |work=USA Today |date=June 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Ducharme">{{cite magazine |last=Ducharme |first=Jamie |title=A Giant Plant That Can Cause Blindness Was Spotted for the First Time in a New State |url=http://time.com/5317036/giant-hogweed-virginia/ |magazine=Time |date=June 20, 2018 |location=New York}}</ref> The plant is federally listed as a [[noxious weed]] in the US.<ref name="USDA"/>
 
Giant hogweed is widespread in Russia and the Baltic states, and present in eastern Europe.<ref name=cabi/>
 
==Keselamatan dan kesehatan umum==
[[File:Rbk dolde.jpg|thumb|right|Kepala bunga hogweed raksasa]]
Getah dari hogweed raksasa adalah [[fototoksik]]. Kontak dengan getah tanaman ini bisa mencegah pelindungan kulit dari sinar matahari, yang mengarah ke [[fitofotodermatitis]], peradangan kulit serius.<ref name="NYSDEC-72556">{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72556.html |title=Health Hazards & Safety Instructions for Giant Hogweed (with graphic photos) |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 3, 2018}}</ref> Reaksi fototoksin bisa terjadi pada 15&nbsp;menit pertama setelah kontak dengan getahnya. [[Fotosentisifitas]] berlangsung antara 30&nbsp;menit dan 2 jam setelah kontak dan juga bisa dalam beberapa hari.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" /> Otoritas mengingatkan manusia (tidak terkecuali anak-anak) harus menjauhi tanaman hogweed raksasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/news/be-aware-giant-hogweed-and-avoid-contact|title=Be aware of Giant hogweed and avoid contact|work=www.nidirect.gov.uk|date=June 15, 2018 |publisher=NIDirect Government Services|access-date=October 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coventry.gov.uk/info/67/nature_and_conservation/181/invasive_weeds/5|work=www.coventry.gov.uk|title=Invasive weeds|publisher=Coventry City Council|access-date=October 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.im/categories/home-and-neighbourhood/control-of-plants-advisory-service/injurious-weeds/giant-hogweed-hereacleum-mantegazzianum/|title=Giant hogweed (Hereacleum mantegazzianum)|publisher=Isle of Man Government|work=www.gov.im|access-date=October 22, 2020}}</ref> Baju dengan pelindungan berlapis, juga pelindungan mata, harus dipakai saat mendekati tanaman. Bagian-bagian badan yang bersentuhan dengan getah dari hogweed raksasa harus langsung mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air dingin, dan paparan sinar matahari lebih lanjut harus dihindari setidaknya 48 jam.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="environment agency"/><ref name="NYSDEC-72556" /> spesies ''Heracleum'' lain, misalnya lobak sapi (''[[Heracleum maximum]]''), juga bersifat fototoksik, dan karenanya peringatan serupa disarankan. Karena kemiripan secara fisik dengan [[Daucus carota|renda ratu Anne]], hogweed raksasa dan relativitasnya terkadang disalahkan sebagai tanaman tidak berbahaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/think-you-ve-spotted-giant-hogweed-here-s-how-to-tell-1.533030|title=How to spot giant hogweed {{!}} CTV News|website=www.ctvnews.ca|date=July 15, 2010|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref>
 
==Langkah pengendalian==
Because of its phototoxicity and invasive nature, giant hogweed is often actively removed. The [[Uni Eropa|European Union]] funded the ''Giant Alien'' project to combat the plant.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Giant Alien
|institution=Giant Alien Project, project no. EVK2-CT-2001-00128, European Union
|url=https://www.giant-alien.dk/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003024552/https://www.giant-alien.dk/
|archive-date=October 3, 2016
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=Giant alien — Result In Brief
|url=https://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/85426_en.html
|access-date= July 4, 2018
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) – A pernicious invasive weed: Developing a sustainable strategy for alien invasive plant management in Europe.
|url= https://www.uni-giessen.de/faculties/f09/institutes/ilr/loek/projects/finished-projects/giant-alien |access-date= July 4, 2018
}}</ref>
On August 2, 2017, it added the species to its ''List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern'',<ref>
{{cite web
|title= List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern
|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm |access-date= July 4, 2018
}}</ref>
thus placing restrictions on keeping, importing, selling, breeding and growing it and requiring governments to detect and eradicate it throughout the EU. In the United Kingdom, the [[Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981]] makes it an offence to plant or cause giant hogweed to grow in the wild.<ref name="environment agency"/><ref>''Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981'' Section 14 and Schedule 9, Part II.</ref>
 
In the United States, hogweed is regulated as a [[Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974|federal noxious weed]] by the U.S. government, and is illegal to import into the United States or move interstate without a permit from the [[Departemen Pertanian Amerika Serikat|Department of Agriculture]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Invasive and Noxious Weeds: Federal Noxious Weeds | publisher= U.S. Department of Agriculture |work=Natural Resources Conservation Service | url= http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=Federal}}</ref> The USDA Forest Service states pigs and cattle can eat it without apparent harm.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/giant-hogweed.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed |date=June 20, 2005 |publisher=USDA Forest Service |access-date=August 13, 2018}}</ref> The [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation]] has had an active program to control giant hogweed since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72570.html |title=NYSDEC Giant Hogweed Control Program |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |location=New Paltz, N.Y. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506140602/http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72570.html |archive-date=May 6, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Maine state horticulturists, describing the plant as "[[Daucus carota|renda Ratu Anne]] di steroid", reported that it has been found at 21 different locations in Maine, with the number of plants ranging from one to a hundred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressherald.com/2012/05/22/dangerous-plant-setting-roots-in-maine/ |title=State confirms poisonous plant sightings |publisher= The Portland Press Herald |date=May 22, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2015 }}</ref>
 
==Di budaya populer==
Album 1971 ''[[Nursery Cryme]]'' dari grup [[Musik rok progresif|rok progresif]] [[Genesis (grup musik)|Genesis]] mengandung musik "The Return of the Giant Hogweed". Dengan lirik yang sangat lucu<ref>{{cite web |title=The Return of the Giant Hogweed |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=genesis+the+return+of+the+giant+hogweed+lyrics |website=Musixmatch |publisher=Stratsong Ltd., Quartet Music Ltd., Stratsong Limited}}</ref> Menceritakan serangan lomba manusia dengan ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'', lama setelah tanaman 'ditangkap' dan dibawa ke Inggris oleh seorang penjelajah Victoria.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OK6kDwAAQBAJ&dq=Genesis++song+%22The+Return+of+the+Giant+Hogweed%22+victorian&pg=PA72 | title=The Rock Music Imagination | isbn=9781498588539 | last1=McParland | first1=Robert | date=August 9, 2019 }}</ref>
 
Dalam [[Ghosts (The Walking Dead)|Musim 10 Episode 3 "Ghosts"]] (yang tayang perdana pada 20 Oktober 2019) dari seri televisi AMC ''[[The Walking Dead (seri televisi)|The Walking Dead]]'', karakter Aaron diserang "pejalan" yang ada bunga hogweed berkembang dari mayat yang membusuk. Aaron berjalan ke kontak jarak dekat hogweed, membuatnya tidak dapat melihat dengan baik, dan lebih rentan terhadap bahaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/walking-dead-season-10-episode-3-recap-ghosts-2559100|title=What happened on The Walking Dead this week?|website=[[NME]]|date=October 21, 2019}}</ref>
 
Di novel 1985, ''Curse of the Giant Hogweed'', pencipta misteri populer [[Charlotte MacLeod]] menempatkan karakter mapannya Peter Shandy dan rekan-rekannya dalam versi fantasi Wales untuk menyelidiki hogweed raksasa yang membahayakan pagar tanaman Inggris.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/118223 |title = The Curse of the Giant Hogweed by Charlotte MacLeod}}</ref>
 
==Lihat pula==
* ''[[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]]'', genus induk
* Spesies ''Heracleum'' tinggi-invasif: ''[[Heracleum sosnowskyi]]'' dan ''[[Heracleum persicum]]''
* Spesies ''Heracleum'' non-invasif: ''[[Heracleum sphondylium]]'' dan ''[[Heracleum maximum]]''
* Spesies yang disalahkan sebagai ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'':<ref name="ON-best-practices" /><ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID" /><ref name="EU-guidelines" /> [[Pastinaca sativa|lobak liar]], [[Angelica archangelica|angelika kebun]], [[Angelica sylvestris|angelika liar]]
* [[Daftar tanaman beracun]]
 
==Referensi==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==Pranala luar==
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Heracleum mantegazzianum}}
*{{Commons-inline|Heracleum mantegazzianum}}
*[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo51804 Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): A Federal Noxious Weed] [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.invadingspecies.com/giant-hogweed/ |title=Giant Hogweed |publisher=the Ontario [Canada] Federation of Anglers & Hunters}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206054350/http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=34356&lan=fi Photo of blisters caused by the plant (Graphic)] from the [[Finnish Environment Institute]] {{in lang|fi}} (archived February 6, 2012)
*[http://www.invasive.org/proceedings/pdfs/11_149-154.pdf Surveys for natural enemies of giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) in the Caucasus region and assessment for their classical biological control potential in Europe]
*[http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghbrochure.pdf "Beware Giant Hogweed!"] brosur dari Departemen Konservasi Lingkungan Negara Bagian New York
*[http://www.netneo.de/familie/haus-und-garten/riesenbaerenklau-gefahren/ "Giant Hogweed in Germany"]
* {{cite web |url=https://www.nobanis.org/ias-photo-bank/heracleum-mantegazzianum/ |title=Photo bank: Heracleum mantegazzianum |publisher=NOBANIS |website=Alien Species photo bank |access-date=September 20, 2018}}
*[https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/giant-hogweed Species Profile – Giant Hogweed (''Heracleum mantegazzianum'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]].
* Antonova, Maria, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/03/opinion/sunday/russia-hogweed.html A Toxic Alien Is Taking Over Russia]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 3, 2020
*[http://www.russiaknowledge.com/2020/07/14/the-day-of-the-giant-hogweed/ The Day of the Giant Hogweed! John Harrison]
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q826602}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Apioideae]]
{{Routemap
| title = JalurDepo KABarang Klabangan-Pasarwilang-WonoagungRejopalang
| map =
| map = vKINTa ~~ '''KLB''' ~~ '''Klabangan'''
ENDE@G\ENDE@G\ENDE@G\ENDE@G
vSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas{{BSsplit|Kota Mojowaru|Kabupaten Kalikojong|line=1}}
numN290\STR\STR\STR\STR\
HSTSPLe ~~ SBR ~~ Sumberagung
\BS\STR+BSr\STR\STR\STR\ENDE@G\ENDE@G
HST ~~ BMJ ~~ Bumirejo
<small>Tempat bongkar-muat angkutan minyak goreng</small> ! ! \BS\STR+BSr\STR\STR\STR\BS!~tSTR\BS!~tSTR
HSTSPLa ~~ KB ~~ Kalibungur
\BS\STR+BSr\STR\STR\STR\BS!~tSTR\BS!~tSTR ~~<small> Tempat bongkar-muat angkutan semen</small>
BHFSPLe ~~ '''BJN''' ~~ '''Banjaran'''
\\STR\STR\STR\STR\BS!~tSTR\BS!~tSTR
HST ~~ GND ~~ Gondang
epHST ~~ ''KRM'' ~~ ''Karangmalang''
HST ~~ KS ~~ Kedungsari
BHFSPLa ~~ '''KKJ''' ~~ '''Kalikojong'''
vHST ~~ KDR ~~ Kedungrejo
evHST ~~ ''LWS'' ~~ ''Luwes''
vSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas {{BSsplit|Kabupaten Kalikojong|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|line=1}}
NGD-CBD! !vCONTgfaq\vABZg+r\
vINT ~~ '''NGD''' ~~ '''Ngadhiroso'''
\vSTR-eABZgl\exCONTfq ~~ NGD-''BGS''
vHST ~~ PKG ~~ Pasirklangen
vHST ~~ SDR ~~ Sadrakan
vSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas {{BSsplit|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|Kota Pasarwilang|line=1}}
vBHF ~~ '''KRG''' ~~ '''Karangasem'''
evHST ~~ ''KTR'' ~~ ''Katrungan''
PSW-KWJ! !exCONTgq\veABZg+r-STR\
vINT ~~ '''PSW''' ~~ '''Pasarwilang'''
\vABZgl\vCONTfgeq ~~ PSW-WLG-WLGK
vSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas {{BSsplit|Kota Pasarwilang|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|line=1}}
vHST ~~ TLJ ~~ Tegalrejo
vHST ~~ KDJ ~~ Kedungjambon
vSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas {{BSsplit|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|Kabupaten Wonoagung|line=1}}
vHST ~~ SKT ~~ Seketi
evHST ~~ ''BG'' ~~ ''Bagongan''
\vSTR-ABZg+l\CONTfq ~~ WNO-RSN-CJU
vBHF ~~ '''WNO''' ~~ '''Wonoagung'''
vCONTfge ~~ WNO-JGL
}}
{{Routemap
| title = Jalur KA Nonaktif Mergangsaan-Bagongsari
| map =
exCONTg ~~ ''BGS''-''KUK''
NGD-''BGS'' ! ! exCONTgq\exABZg+lr\exCONTfq ~~ ''BGS''-''KDW''
exBHF ~~ '''''BGS''''' ~~ '''''Bagongsari'''''
exHST ~~ ''KWS'' ~~ ''Kaliwaras''
exHST ~~ ''SKD'' ~~ ''Simpang Kadirejo''
exHST ~~ ''KDC'' ~~ ''Kedungceng''
xSTR+GRZq ~~ Batas {{BSsplit|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|Kota Pasarwilang|line=1}}
expHST ~~ ''PG'' ~~ ''Pogar''
expHST ~~ ''TBG'' ~~ ''Tambakgondang''
\exABZg+l\exCONTfq ~~ PSWK-P.G KDP
exHST ~~ ''PSWK'' ~~ ''Pasarwilang Kota''
expHST ~~ ''MGP'' ~~ ''Mergangsaan Pasar''
exSPLa
vCONTfgaq\xvABZg+r\ ~~ PSW-WLG-WLGK ~~ Ke Pasarwilang
vHST ~~ MGS ~~ Mergangsaan
vCONTfge ~~ Ke Wilangun
}}
{{Routemap
| title = Jalur KA Bagongsari-Kuwakan
| map =
\exKBHFa ~~ '''''P.G KUK''''' ~~ ''''' Pabrik Gula Kuwakan
BJN-''KUK'' ! ! exCONTgq\exABZg+r
\exHST ~~ ''KUK'' ~~ ''Kuwakan''
\expHST ~~ ''BPG'' ~~ ''Batupogar''
\expHST
\exHST
\xSTR+GRZq ~~ {{BSsplit|Kabupaten Kalikojong|Kabupaten Pasarwilang|line=1}}
\exHST
\
\
\
}}
= Uji coba Halaman [[Gerhana bulan Januari 2019]] =
{{Short description|Gerhana bulan pada 21 Januari 2019}}{{Infobox lunar eclipse|type=total|image=Total lunar eclipse on January 21, 2019 (45910439045) (cropped).jpg|caption=Akhir totalitas di [[Oria]], 5:43 UTC|date=20 Januari 2019|gamma=0.3684|magnitude=1.1953|saros_ser=134|saros_no=27 of 73|totality=61 menit, 59 detik|partiality=196 menit, 45 detik|penumbral=311 menit, 30 detik|p1=2:36:30|u1=3:33:54|u2=4:41:17|greatest=5:12:16|u3=5:43:16|u4=6:50:39|p4=7:48:00|previous=[[Gerhana bulan Juli 2018|Juli 2018]]|next=[[gerhana bulan Juli 2019|Juli 2019]]}}
Gerhana bulan terjadi pada tanggal 21 Januari 2019 [[Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi|UTC]] {Waktu Universal Terkoodirnasi). Untuk pengamat dari [[Amerika (benua)|Amerika]], Gerhana ini terjadi sore, 20 Januari dan berakhir pada dini hari, 21 Januari. Untuk pengamat dari [[Eropa]] dan [[Afrika]], gerhana ini terjadi pada dini hari, 21 Januari. Bulan sempat mendekati perigeo pada 21 Januari dan juga disebut "[[superbulan]]".<ref>{{cite web|last=Rogers|first=James|date=20 January 2019|title='Super blood Moon' eclipse stuns in remarkable pictures|url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/super-blood-moon-eclipse-stuns-in-remarkable-pictures|website=Fox News}}</ref>
 
Dari superbulan tersebut juga disebut bulan serigala (bulan purnama pertama pada setahun kalender), hal ini juga menyebutnya "'''superbulan serigala darah'''"; diambil dari warna merah yang khas saat gerhana bulan tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|date=January 21, 2019|title=Super blood wolf moon: stargazers battle cold and clouds to view lunar eclipse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jan/21/super-blood-wolf-moon-lunar-eclipse-stargazers-battle-cold-and-clouds|work=The Guardian|access-date=January 21, 2019}}</ref> Gerhana ini adalah [[gerhana bulan]] total terakhir hingga [[Gerhana bulan Mei 2021|Mei 2021]]. Ini adalah Superbulan Purnama karena terjadi kurang dari sehari sebelum perigee dan Bulan ini jaraknya kurang dari 360,000 km (223,694 mi).
 
[[Observatorium Griffith]] di [[Los Angeles]] menangkap sebuah klip dimana sebuah [[meteor]] antara biji ek dan bola tenis bertabrakan saat gerhana.<ref>{{cite web|author=Meghan Bartels|date=22 January 2019|title=Watch a Meteor Smack the Blood Moon in This Lunar Eclipse Video|url=https://www.space.com/43075-blood-moon-2019-meteor-impact-video.html|publisher=Space.com|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> Tabrakan tersebut terjadi pada pukul 4:41 UTC, dari sisi kiri dari bulan.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 January 2019|title=A meteor hit the moon during the lunar eclipse. Here's what we know.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/01/meteor-hit-the-moon-during-blood-moon-eclipse-heres-what-we-know/|website=Science & Innovation}}</ref> Ini salah satu tabrakan yang terdokumentasi ketika gerhana sedang berlangsung.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Andrews|first=Robin George|date=2019-01-23|title=During the Lunar Eclipse, Something Slammed Into the Moon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/science/lunar-eclipse-meteor-moon.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=23 January 2019|title=Video: A Meteorite Hit the Moon During the Recent Eclipse!|url=https://kottke.org/19/01/video-a-meteorite-hit-the-moon-during-the-recent-eclipse|website=Jason Kottke}}</ref>
 
== Wilayah yang terlihat ==
Gerhana ini terlihat di [[Amerika Utara]] dan [[Amerika Selatan]], juga sebagian dari [[Eropa Barat]] dan [[Arab Magrib|Afrika Utara]]. Untuk beberapa tempat di Amerika Utara, gerhana mulai pada sore tanggal 20 Januari, the eclipse began during the evening hours of January 20. Observers at locations in Europe and much of Africa were able to view part of the eclipse before the Moon set in the early morning (pre-dawn) hours of January 21.
{| class="wikitable" width="320"
|[[Berkas:Lunar_eclipse_from_moon-2019Jan21.png|331x331px]]Pemandangan Bumi dari Bulan saat puncak gerhana, beserta awan inframerah
|-
|[[Berkas:Visibility_Lunar_Eclipse_2019-01-21.png|320x320px]]Peta Wilayah
|}
 
== Waktu ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Lunar eclipse contact diagram.svg
| width1 = 250
| image2 = Lunar eclipse chart close-2019Jan21.png
| width2 = 155
| footer = Titik kontak relatif dari bayangan umbra dan penumbra dari Bumi, dari sini ketika gerhana bulan dalam [[nodus menurun]] (kiri), dan gerakan per jam untuk gerhana bulan Januari 2019 (kanan)
}}
 
Fase penumbra sedikit mengubah tampilan bulan, terlihat samar dan tidak menyadarinya.<ref>{{cite web|last=Espenak|first=Fred|title=Lunar Eclipses for Beginners|url=http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/LEprimer.html|publisher=MrEclipse|access-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kontak beserta waktu lokal
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Time zone
adjustments from
[[UTC]]
! colspan="5" |Amerika
! colspan="3" |Atlantik
! colspan="4" |Eropa/Afrika
|- valign="top"
![[UTC−08:00|-8<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−07:00|-7<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−06:00|-6<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−05:00|-5<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−04:00|-4<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−03:00|-3<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−02:00|-2<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC−01:00|-1<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC±00:00|0<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC+01:00|+1<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC+02:00|+2<sub>h</sub>]]
![[UTC+03:00|+3<sub>h</sub>]]
|- valign="top"
![[Waktu Standar Pasifik|PST]]
![[Waktu Standar Pegunungan|MST]]
![[Waktu Standar Tengah|CST]]
![[Waktu Timur|EST]]
![[Waktu Standar Atlantik|AST]]
!
!
!
![[Waktu Greenwich|GMT]]
[[Waktu Eropa Barat|WET]]
![[Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Barat|WEST]]
[[Waktu Eropa Tengah|CET]] [[Waktu Musim Panas Britania|BST]]
![[Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Tengah|CEST]]
[[Waktu Eropa Timur|EET]]
 
[[Waktu Moskwa|MSK]]
!FET
[[Waktu Moskwa|MSK]]
[[Waktu Afrika Timur|EAT]]
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |Kontak
| colspan="6" |Sore, 20 Januari
| colspan="6" bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |Pagi, 21 Januari
|- align="center"
!P1
!Penumbra mulai*
|6:37 pm
|7:37 pm
|8:37 pm
|9:37 pm
|10:37 pm
|11:37 pm
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |12:37 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |1:37 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |2:37 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |3:37 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |4:37 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |5:37 am
|- align="center"
!U1
!Sebagian mulai
|7:34 pm
|8:34 pm
|9:34 pm
|10:34 pm
|11:34 pm
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |12:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |1:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |2:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |3:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |4:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |5:34 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |6:34 am
|- align="center"
!U2
!Total mulai
|8:41 pm
|9:41 pm
|10:41 pm
|11:41 pm
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |12:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |1:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |2:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |3:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |4:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |5:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |6:41 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |7:41 am
|- align="center"
!
!Puncak
|9:12 pm
|10:12 pm
|11:12 pm
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |12:12 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |1:12 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |2:12 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |3:12 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |4:12 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |5:12 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |6:12 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |7:12 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |8:12 am
|- align="center"
!U3
!Total berakhir
|9:43 pm
|10:43 pm
|11:43 pm
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |12:43 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |1:43 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |2:43 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |3:43 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |4:43 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |5:43 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |6:43 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |7:43 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |8:43 am
|- align="center"
!U4
!Sebagian berakhir
|10:51 pm
|11:51 pm
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |12:51 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |1:51 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |2:51 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |3:51 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |4:51 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |5:51 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |6:51 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |7:51 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |8:51 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |9:51 am
|- align="center"
!P4
!Penumbra berakhir*
|11:48 pm
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |12:48 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |1:48 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |2:48 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |3:48 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |4:48 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |5:48 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |6:48 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |7:48 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |8:48 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |9:48 am
| bgcolor="#e0e0f0" |10:48 am
|}
== Observations ==<!-- Upload to commons, add to image: Category:Lunar eclipse of 2019 January 21-->
 
=== America ===
<gallery>
Berkas:Early_eclipse_(39857345073).jpg|[[Austin, Texas]], 3:57 UTC
Berkas:Total_lunar_eclipse_(45907515845).jpg|[[Seattle]], Washington, 4:27 UTC
Berkas:January_20,_2019_eclipse_from_Lindsborg.jpg|[[Lindsborg, Kansas]], 4:40 UTC
Berkas:Eclipse_Lunar_Total_-_21.01.2019_-_IV.jpg|[[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]], 4:40 UTC
Berkas:2019-01-20_Lunar_eclipse_from_San_Diego.jpg|[[San Diego, California]], 4:41 UTC
Berkas:Blood_Moon_(39857716053).jpg|[[Tres Piedras, New Mexico]], 4:42 UTC
Berkas:Eclipse_lunar_20_de_Enero_2019.jpg|[[Chihuahua (kota)|Chihuahua, Meksiko)]], 4:44 UTC
Berkas:Lunar_eclipse_2019_at_02.08_in_Chapel_Hill,_NC,_USA.jpg|[[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]], 5:02 UTC
Berkas:2019-01-20-Total_lunar_eclipse.jpg|[[Denver, Colorado]], 5:03 UTC
Berkas:Lunar eclipse 2019.jpg|Totality in [[Coralville, Iowa]], 5:07 UTC (23:07 Local Time)
Berkas:Lunar_Eclipse_January_20-21,_2019_(32956601858).jpg|[[Macon, Georgia]], 5:18 UTC
Berkas:Total_lunar_eclipse_January_21_2019.jpg|[[Whitpain Township, Pennsylvania]], 5:26 UTC
Berkas:Super_Blood_Wolf_Moon_(46777972522).jpg|Kota New York, New York, 5:37 UTC
Berkas:Animation_of_the_21-01-2019_lunar_eclipse,_photographed_using_a_Smartphone.gif|Animasi dari [[Taubaté|Taubaté, Brazil]]
Berkas:The_January_20,_2019_total_lunar_eclipse_at_totality,_seen_from_Victoria,_Canada._(46098085654).jpg|Dari [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria, Kanada]] saat totalitas
</gallery>
 
=== Eropa ===
<gallery>
Berkas:Lunar_eclipse_of_2019_January_21_in_Moscow_(6.49_local_time).jpg|Sebagian dari [[Moskwa]], Rusia, 3:49 UTC
Berkas:Lunar_Eclipse_January_21,_2019_-_Лунное_затмение_21_января_2019.jpg|[[Estonia]], 4:41 UTC
Berkas:Blood_Mood_21_Jan_2019_(39864351153).jpg|Järna, [[Swedia]], 4:48 UTC
Berkas:2019.01.21_Eclipse_2_(46100418124).jpg|[[Finlandia]], 6:02 UTC
Berkas:Total_Lunar_Eclipse_2019-01-21.jpg|[[Sandl]], Austria
</gallery>
 
== Tampilan ==
Terjadi pada konstelasi [[Kanser]], tepatnya di barat [[Gugus Sarang Lebah]].
 
[[Berkas:January_2019_lunar_eclipse_animation.gif|480x480px]]
 
== Tabrakan terungkap ==<!--[[File:Impact.webp|thumb|A zoomed-in view of the impact on the moon, photographed by Brett Ashton.]]-->
[[Live streaming|Livestreams]] detected a flash of light while viewing the eclipse. It was "likely caused by the crash of a tiny, fast-moving [[meteoroid]] left behind by a [[comet]]."<ref name=":0" />
 
Originally thinking it was [[Noise (electronics)|electronic noise]] from the camera, astronomers and [[Citizen science|citizen scientists]] shared the visual phenomenon with each other to identify it.<ref name=":0" />
 
When totality was just beginning at 4:41 UT, the tiny speck of light blinked south of a nearly 55-mile-wide crater in the western part of the moon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2019-01-22|title=A meteor hit the moon during the lunar eclipse. Here's what we know.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/01/meteor-hit-the-moon-during-blood-moon-eclipse-heres-what-we-know/|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>
 
The location of the impact may be somewhere in the lunar highlands, selatan [[Kawah Brygius|kawah Byrgius]], menurut Justin Cowart, seorang mahasiswa yang lulus [[Ilmu kebumian|geosains]] dari [[Universitas Stony Brook]], [[New York (state)|New York]] yang pertama kali menangkap kedipan cahaya<ref name=":0" />
 
“A meteoroid about this size hits the moon about once a week or so,” said Cowart.<ref name=":1" />
 
This may be the first time that a collision, during a total lunar eclipse, was captured on video.<ref name=":0" />
 
“I have not heard of anyone seeing an impact like this during a lunar eclipse before,” said [[Sara Russell]], a professor of planetary sciences at the Natural History Museum in [[London]].<ref name=":0" />
 
People posted their images and video of a flicker of light as news spread quickly on social media.<ref name=":1" />
 
Working overtime, co-director of the [[Deteksi dan Analisis Tabrakan Bulan]], MIDAS, an astrophysicist at the [[Universitas Huelva]] di Spanyol, Jose Maria Madiedo, set up eight telescopes to watch for any impacts during the eclipse.<ref name=":1" />
 
“Something inside of me told me that this time would be the time,” kata Madiedo.<ref name=":1" />
 
A paper calculated a mass between 20 and 100 kilograms and diameter of 30 to 50&nbsp;cm that may have caused a 7–15 meter crater located "inside a triangle with vertices in the kawah Lagrange H, K and X".<ref>[[arxiv:1901.09573|Location, orbit and energy of a meteoroid impacting the moon during the Lunar Eclipse of January 21, 2019]]</ref> Other astronomers estimated a 10-15 meter crater from a 45&nbsp;kg asteroid moving 61,000&nbsp;km/h.<ref>[https://ras.ac.uk/news-and-press/research-highlights/space-rock-hit-moon-61000-kilometres-hour The space rock that hit the Moon at 61,000 kilometres an hour | The Royal Astronomical Society<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
== Gerhana terkait ==
 
=== Gerhana-gerhana 2019 ===
 
* [[Gerhana matahari 6 Januari 2019|Gerhana matahari sebagian pada 6 Januari 2019]].
* [[Gerhana bulan Januari 2019|Gerhana bulan total pada 21 Januari 2019]].
* [[Gerhana Matahari 2 Juli 2019|Gerhana matahari pada 2 Juli 2019]].
* [[Gerhana bulan Juli 2019|Gerhana bulan sebagian pada 16 Juli 2019]].
* [[Gerhana Matahari 26 Desember 2019|Gerhana matahari cincin pada 26 Desember 2019]].
 
=== Lunar year series ===
{{Lunar eclipse set 2016-2020}}
 
=== Saros ===
Gerhana ini bagian dari [[Siklus Saros]] seri 134.
 
=== Siklus setengah-Saros ===
Sebuah gerhana bulan akan didahului dan diteruskan oleh gerhana matahari selama 9 tahun 5,5 hari (sebuah siklus setengah saros).<ref>Mathematical Astronomy Morsels, Jean Meeus, p.110, Chapter 18, ''The half-saros''</ref> Gerhana bulan ini telah terkait 2 gerhana matahari cincin yang merupakan bagian dari Saros Matahari 141.
{| class="wikitable"
![[Gerhana Matahari 15 Januari 2010|15 Januari 2010]]
![[Gerhana Matahari 26 Januari 2028|26 Januari 2028]]
|-
|[[Berkas:SE2010Jan15A.png|240x240px]]
|[[Berkas:SE2028Jan26A.png|240x240px]]
|}
 
== Detail lebih lanjut ==
Magnitudo Penumbra = 2.16972 (216.972%)
 
Magnitudo Umbra = 1.19657 (119.657%)
 
Gama = 0.36842 (36.945%)
 
Epsilon = 0.3763° (0°22’34.68”)
 
Puncak Gerhana = 2019 Jan 21 at 05:12:18.0 UTC
 
Oposisi Ekliptika = 2019 Jan 21 at 05:16:04.9 UTC
 
Oposisi Khatulistiwa = 2019 Jan 21 at 05:07:42.5 UTC
 
Kenaikan Kanan dari Khatulistiwa Matahari = 20.205h
 
Deklinasi Khatulistiwa Matahari = -19.96°
 
Diameter Matahari Tampak = 1950.4 detik busur
 
Paralaks Horisontal Khatulistiwa Matahari = 17.8 arcseconds
 
Moon’s Equatorial Right Ascension = 8.208h
 
Moon’s Equatorial Declination = +20.34°
 
Moon’s Apparent Diameter = 2004.2 arcseconds
 
Moon’s Equatorial Horizontal Parallax = 7355.8 arcseconds
 
Earth’s Shadow’s Equatorial Right Ascension = 8.205h
 
Earth’s Shadow’s Equatorial Declination = +19.96°
 
Earth’s Penumbral Shadow Diameter = 9424.8 arcseconds
 
Earth’s Umbral Shadow Diameter = 5523.84 arcseconds
 
Saros = 134 (27 dari 73)
 
Nodus Orbit = Nodus Menaik
 
Jarak Bulan = 357,718 km (222,276 mi)
 
== Lihat pula ==
 
* [[Daftar gerhana bulan]]
* [[Daftar gerhana bulan pada abad ke-21]]
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
* {{LEplot2001 link|2019|Jan|21|T}}
 
* [http://www.hermit.org/eclipse/2019-01-21/ Hermit eclipse: 2019-01-21]
* [https://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/solar-and-lunar-eclipses-in-2019/ Eclipse information from skyandtelescope.com, including timing in different time zones]
 
[[Kategori:Gerhana bulan]]
[[Kategori:2019 dalam luar angkasa]]
[[Kategori:Flora Asia]]
[[Kategori:2000 dalam sains|Gerhana bulan Juli 2000]]
[[Kategori:Peristiwa Juli 2000|16 Juli 2000]]
[[Kategori:Gerhana bulan total sentral|Gerhana bulan Juli 2000]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Pengguna:SafaDhirgham2004/Bak_pasir"