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'''Limbah radioaktif''' adalah jenis limbah yang mengandung atau terkontaminasi radionuklida pada konsentrasi atau aktivitaswyang melebihi batas yang diijinkan (Clearance level) yang ditetapkan oleh Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir. Definisi tersebut digunakan di dalam peraturan perundang-undangan.▼
[[Berkas:TINT Radioactive wastes' Barrel.jpg|jmpl|Barel limbah]]
▲'''Limbah radioaktif''' adalah jenis [[limbah]] yang mengandung atau terkontaminasi radionuklida pada [[konsentrasi]] atau
Pengertian limbah radioaktif yang lain mendefinisikan sebagai zat [[radioaktif]] yang sudah tidak dapat digunakan lagi, dan/atau bahan serta peralatan yang terkena zat radioaktif atau menjadi radioaktif dan sudah tidak dapat difungsikan/dimanfaatkan. Bahan atau peralatan tersebut terkena atau menjadi radioaktif kemungkinan karena pengoperasian instalasi [[nuklir]] atau instalasi yang memanfaatkan radiasi pengion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gdrw|title=The Geological Society of London - Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste|website=www.geolsoc.org.uk|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0UJSlKIy8g|title=Recycling used nuclear fuel - Orano la Hague|last=|first=|date=2019|website=YouTube|publisher=Orano la Hague|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|quote=Recycling used nuclear fuel - The Orano la Hague site has been recycling 96% of nuclear materials in used nuclear fuel into new fuel for decades. The remaining 4% nuclear waste is vitrified in canisters, which then require storage for about 300 years, significantly less than the storage time required for unprocessed used nuclear fuel.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-ns.iaea.org/conventions/waste-jointconvention.htm|title=The Joint Convention|publisher=IAEA|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328035249/http://www-ns.iaea.org/conventions/waste-jointconvention.htm|archivedate=2010-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =What about Iodine-129 – Half-Life is 15 Million Years| work =Berkeley Radiological Air and Water Monitoring Forum| publisher =University of California| date =28 March 2011| url =http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/node/2115| accessdate =1 December 2012| url-status =dead| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20130513121013/http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/node/2115| archivedate =13 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry |last=Attix |first=Frank |year=1986 |publisher=Wiley-VCH |location=New York |isbn=978-0-471-01146-0 |pages=2–15,468,474 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PL8971RdEfoC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Applied Groundwater Modeling |url=https://archive.org/details/appliedgroundwat0000ande |last=Anderson |first=Mary |author2=Woessner, William |year=1992 |publisher=Academic Press Inc. |location=San Diego, CA |isbn=0-12-059485-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/appliedgroundwat0000ande/page/325 325]–327}}</ref>
== Jenis limbah radioaktif ==
Baris 8 ⟶ 10:
== Sumber-sumber limbah radioaktif ==
Limbah radioaktif umumnya berasal dari setiap pemanfaatan tenaga nuklir, baik pemanfaatan untuk pembangkitan daya listrik menggunakan reaktor nuklir, maupun pemanfaatan
== Pengelolaan limbah radioaktif di Indonesia ==
Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 10 tahun 1997 tentang Ketenaganukliran, Bab VI Pengelolaan Limbah Radioaktif Pasal 23, Pengelolaan limbah radioaktif dilaksanakan oleh Badan Pelaksana. Sesuai dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 18 tahun 1999 tentang Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, Pasal 5 dan penjelasannya ditentukan bahwa [[Badan Tenaga
Dengan demikian, BATAN merupakan satu-satunya institusi resmi di Indonesia yang melaksanakan pengelolaan limbah radioaktif. BATAN memiliki satu Pusat yang khusus bertugas dalam pengelolaan limbah radioaktif yaitu Pusat Teknologi Limbah Radioaktif (PTLR). Bagi industri atau rumah sakit yang menghasilkan limbah radioaktif dapat mengirim limbahnya ke PTLR. Pengelolaan limbah radioaktif di Indonesia diawasi pelaksanaannya oleh [[Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir]] (BAPETEN). Penghasil limbah radioaktif dari luar BATAN wajib membayar tarif pengelolaan ke PTLR sesuai [https://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/175781/PP_Nomor_8_Tahun_2019.pdf Peraturan Pemerintah No 8 tahun 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017040043/https://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/175781/PP_Nomor_8_Tahun_2019.pdf |date=2019-10-17 }} tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak yang berlaku pada Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional. Sumber radioaktif bekas yang disimpan sebagai limbah radioaktif di PTLR punya potensi untuk dimanfaatkan kembali (reuse) oleh pihak swasta, lembaga pendidikan, maupun lembaga penelitian melalui beberapa persyaratan keselamatan. Tujuan reuse adalah mengurangi impor sumber radioaktif dan mengurangi jumlah limbah radioaktif yang tersimpan di Indonesia.<ref name="ICRP103">{{cite journal |title=The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection |journal=Annals of the ICRP |year=2007 |volume=37 |series=ICRP publication 103 |issue=2–4 |url=http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103 |isbn=978-0-7020-3048-2 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116084754/http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP+Publication+103 |archivedate=2012-11-16 }}</ref><ref>Gofman, John W. ''Radiation and human health''. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1981, 787.</ref><ref>Sancar, A. et al ''Molecular mechanisms of mammalian DNA repair and the DNA damage checkpoints''. Washington D.C.: NIH PubMed.gov, 2004.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Analysis and Management |last=Cochran |first=Robert |year=1999 |publisher=American Nuclear Society |location=La Grange Park, IL |isbn=0-89448-451-6 |pages=52–57 |url=http://www.new.ans.org/store/i_350015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016144333/http://www.new.ans.org/store/i_350015 |archivedate=2011-10-16 |access-date=2011-09-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/operations-maintenance/recycling-spent-nuclear-fuel-ultimate-solution-us |title=Recycling spent nuclear fuel: the ultimate solution for the US? |accessdate=2015-07-29 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128101318/http://analysis.nuclearenergyinsider.com/operations-maintenance/recycling-spent-nuclear-fuel-ultimate-solution-us |archivedate=28 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name="reprocess">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/6/13/742039/-Continuous-Plutonium-Recycling-In-India:Improvements-in-Reprocessing-Technology.|title=Continuous Plutonium Recycling In India: Improvements in Reprocessing Technology|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130212/http://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/6/13/742039/-Continuous-Plutonium-Recycling-In-India:Improvements-in-Reprocessing-Technology.|archivedate=2011-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/defence/news/jdw/jdw010108_1_n.shtml|title=Global Defence News and Defence Headlines – IHS Jane's 360|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725032900/http://www.janes.com/defence/news/jdw/jdw010108_1_n.shtml|archivedate=2008-07-25}}</ref>
== NORM (naturally occurring radioactive material) ==
Ada material-material yang secara alami bersifat radioaktif. Mengolah material-material ini dapat menghasilkan limbah radioaktif dan biasanya dikategorikan dalam NORM. Kebanyakan limbah ini adalah material pemancar [[partikel alpha]] yang berasal dari rantai peluruhan [[uranium]] dan [[
==Lihat pula==
* [[Bahan bakar nuklir bekas]]
* [[Kecelakaan dan insiden nuklir]]
* [[Pencemaran radioaktif]]
* [[Pemrosesan ulang nuklir]]
* [[Radiasi alam]]
* [[Peluruhan radioaktif]]
* [[Produk peluruhan]]
* [[Rantai peluruhan]]
* [[Deret radioaktif]]
* [[Tangkapan neutron]]
* [[Tangkapan elektron]]
* [[Radiasi pengion]]
* [[Racun neutron]]
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* {{id}} [http://www.batan.go.id/ptlr/ Pusat Teknologi Limbah Radioaktif BATAN] ''(pranala)''
* {{en}} [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science/Nuclear+Waste Alsos Digital Library - Radioactive Waste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214081133/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FNuclear+Waste |date=2005-12-14 }} ''(bibliografi beranotasi)''
* {{en}} [http://www.euridice.be/ Euridice European Interest Group in charge of Hades URL operation] ''(pranala)''
* {{en}} [http://www.nirond.be/ Ondraf/Niras, the waste management authority in Belgium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207165717/http://www.nirond.be/ |date=2008-12-07 }} ''(pranala)''
* {{en}} [http://www.earthhealing.info/CH.pdf Critical Hour: Three Mile Island, The Nuclear Legacy, And National Security] ''(PDF)''
* {{en}} [http://www.epa.gov/radiation/yucca/index.html Environmental Protection Agency - Yucca Mountain] ''(dokumen)''
* {{en}} [http://www.grist.org/news/maindish/2006/08/08/stang/ Grist.org - How to tell future generations about nuclear waste] ''(artikel)''
* {{en}} [http://www.smartplanet.com/business/blog/smart-takes/ticking-time-bombs-what-should-we-do-with-nuclear-waste/7950 SmartPlanet.com - Ticking Time Bombs: What Should We Do With Nuclear Waste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326103520/http://www.smartplanet.com/business/blog/smart-takes/ticking-time-bombs-what-should-we-do-with-nuclear-waste/7950/ |date=2011-03-26 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.iaea.org/inis/ws/subjects/nuclear_facilities.html International Atomic Energy Agency - Internet Directory of Nuclear Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515112707/http://www.iaea.org/inis/ws/subjects/nuclear_facilities.html |date=2008-05-15 }} ''(pranala)''
* {{en}} [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/yucca-mountain/index.htm Nuclear Files.org - Yucca Mountain] ''(dokumen)''
* {{en}} [http://www.nrc.gov/waste.html Nuclear Regulatory Commission - Radioactive Waste] ''(dokumen)''
* {{en}} [http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/reg-guides/fuels-materials/active/03–054/ Nuclear Regulatory Commission - Spent Fuel Heat Generation Calculation] ''(panduan)''
* {{en}} [http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/rs/ Radwaste Solutions] ''(majalah)''
* {{en}} [http://earthwatch.unep.net/radioactivewaste/index.php UNEP Earthwatch - Radioactive Waste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223210642/http://earthwatch.unep.net/radioactivewaste/index.php |date=2008-12-23 }} ''(dokumen dan pranala)''
* {{en}} [http://world-nuclear.org/info/info.htm#radioactivewastes World Nuclear Association - Radioactive Waste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229223034/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/info.htm#radioactivewastes |date=2008-12-29 }} ''(makalah pengarahan)''
* {{en}} [http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jan/21/business/ft-nuclearwaste21 Worries can’t be buried as nuclear waste piles up, Los Angeles Times, January 21, 2008]
* {{en}} [http://www.radwaste.org/ RadWaste.org]
{{Limbah}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Nuklir]]
[[Kategori:Radioaktivitas]]
[[Kategori:Limbah radioaktif]]
[[Kategori:Jenis limbah|radioaktif]]
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