Perang Han–Xiongnu: Perbedaan antara revisi

|image = [[FileBerkas:ZhangQianTravels.jpg|300px]]

|commander1 = [[Chanyu Junchen]] <br/> [[Chanyu Yizhixie]] <br/> Raja Hunye{{SurrenderSurrendered}} <br/> [[Raja Xiutu]]{{KIA}} <br/> [[Chanyu Zhizhi]]{{KIA}} <br/> <small>...''dan lainnya''</small>

== Bibliografi ==

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* {{cite book | last=Baumer | first=Christoph | title=Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin | year=2003 | publisher=Orchid Press | isbn=978-974-8304-38-0 | edition=2nd | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Beckwith | first=Christopher I. | title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present | url=https://archive.org/details/empiresofsilkroa0000beck|year=2009 | publisher=Princeton University Press | location=Princeton | isbn=9780691150345 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Bielenstein | first=Hans | title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 | year=1986 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-24327-0 | chapter=Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Boulnois | first=Luce| title=Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants on the Silk Road |year=2004| publisher=Odyssey| location=Hong Kong |isbn=978-962-217-720-8| edition=Translated | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Bowman | first=John S. | title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture | url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john|year=2000 | publisher=Columbia University Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-231-11004-4 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Chang | first=Chun-shu | title=The Rise of the Chinese Empire, Volume 1: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C. - A.D. 8 | year=2007a | publisher=University of Michigan Press | location=Ann Arbor | isbn=978-0-472-11533-4 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Chang | first=Chun-shu | title=The Rise of the Chinese Empire, Volume 2: Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157 | year=2007b | publisher=University of Michigan Press | location=Ann Arbor | isbn=0-472-11534-0 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Cheng | first=Dalin | title=Borders and Border Politics in a Globalizing World | year=2005 | publisher=SR Books | location=Lanham | chapter=The Great Wall of China | isbn=0-8420-5103-1 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Christian | first=David | title=A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia | year=1998 | publisher=Blackwell Publishers | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-631-20814-3 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Cosmo | first=Nicola Di | title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China | year=1999 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | chapter=The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China | isbn=0-521-47030-7 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Cosmo | first=Nicola Di | title=Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History | year=2002 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-77064-5 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Crespigny | first=Rafe de | title=A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23 - 220 AD) | year=2007 | publisher=Brill Publishers | location=Leiden | isbn=90-04-15605-4 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Crespigny | first=Rafe de | title=The Military Culture of Later Han | url=https://archive.org/details/militaryculturei0000unse|year=2009 | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-674-03109-8 | chapter=The Western Han Army | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Deng | first=Yinke | title=History of China | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchina0000deng|year=2007 | publisher=China Intercontinental Press | location=Beijing | isbn=978-7-5085-1098-9 | edition=Translated | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Gernet | first=Jacques | title=A History of Chinese Civilization | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern_0|year=1996 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-49781-7 | edition=2nd | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Golden | first=Peter B. | title=Central Asia in World History | url=https://archive.org/details/centralasiainwor0000gold|year=2011 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-515947-9 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Grousset | first=René | title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia | year=2002 | publisher=Rutgers University Press | location=New Brunswick | isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 | edition=8th print | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Guo | first=Xuezhi | title=The Ideal Chinese Political Leader: A Historical and Cultural Perspective | year=2002 | publisher=Praeger Publishers | location=Westport | isbn=978-0-275-97259-2 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Haar | first=Barend J. ter | title=Het Hemels Mandaat: De Geschiedenis van het Chinese Keizerrijk | year=2009 | publisher=Amsterdam University Press | location=Amsterdam | isbn=978-90-8964-120-5 | language=Dutch | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last=Higham|first=Charles F.W.|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000high|year=2004|publisher=Facts On File|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-4640-9 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book |last=Hulsewé | first=Anthony François Paulus | title=China in Central Asia: The Early Stage, 125 B.C.-A.D. 23 | year=1979 | publisher=Brill | location=Leiden | isbn=978-90-04-05884-2 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Mark Edward | title=Warfare in Chinese History | year=2000 | publisher=Brill Publishers | location=Leiden | isbn=978-90-04-11774-7 | chapter=The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Mark Edward | title=The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofimperia00broo|year=2007 | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-674-02477-9 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Loewe | first=Michael | title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220 | year=1986 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-24327-0 | chapter=The Former Han Dynasty | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Loewe | first=Michael | title=The Government of the Qin and Han Empires: 221 BCE - 220 CE | url=https://archive.org/details/governmentofqinh0000loew|year=2006 | publisher=Hackett Publishing Company | location=Indianapolis | isbn=978-0-87220-818-6 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Loewe | first=Michael | title=Military Culture in Imperial China | url=https://archive.org/details/militaryculturei0000unse|year=2009 | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-674-03109-8 | chapter=The Western Han Army | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Lovell | first=Julia | title=The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC-AD 2000 | url=https://archive.org/details/greatwallchinaag00love|year=2006 | publisher=Grove Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-8021-4297-9 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Millward | first=James A. | title=Beyond the pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 | year=1998 | publisher=Stanford University Press | location=Stanford | isbn=978-0-8047-2933-8 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Millward | first=James | title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang | year=2006 | publisher=Columbia University Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-231-13924-3 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Morton | first=William Scott | last2=Lewis | first2=Charlton M. | title=China: Its History and Culture | year=2005 | publisher=McGraw-Hill | location=New York | isbn=0-07-141279-4 | edition=4th | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Spakowski | first=Nicola | title=Helden, Monumente, Traditionen: Nationale Identität und historisches Bewußtsein in der VR China|year=1999 | publisher=Lit | location=Hamburg | isbn=978-3-8258-4117-1 | language=German | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Tanner | first=Harold Miles | title=China: A History | year=2009 | publisher=Hackett | location=Indianapolis | isbn=978-0-87220-915-2 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Torday | first=Laszlo | title=Mounted Archers: The Beginning of Central Asian History | year=1997 | publisher=Durham Academic Press | location=Edinburgh | isbn=1-900838-03-6 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East | year=2010 | publisher=ABC-CLIO | location=Santa Barbara | isbn=978-1-85109-667-1 | author=Tucker, Spencer C.| ref={{harvid|Tucker et al.|2010}}|display-authors=etal}}

* {{cite book | last=Whiting | first=Marvin C. | title=Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000BC-1912AD | year=2002 | publisher=iUniverse | location=Lincoln | isbn=978-0-595-22134-9 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Wintle | first=Justin | title=The Rough Guide: History of China | url=https://archive.org/details/china0000wint|year=2002 | publisher=Rough Guides | location=London | isbn=978-1-85828-764-5 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Wu | first=Shu-hui | title=Debating War in Chinese History | year=2013 | publisher=Brill | location=Leiden | isbn=978-90-04-22372-1 | chapter=Debates and Decision-Making: The Battle of the Altai Mountains (Jinweishan 金微山) in AD 91 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Yamashita | first=Michael | last2=Lindesay | first2=William | title=The Great Wall: From Beginning to End | year=2007 | publisher=Sterling Publishing | location=New York | isbn=978-1-4027-3160-0 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Yü | first=Ying-shih |title=Trade and Expansion in Han China: Study in the Structure of Sino-barbarian Economic Relations | year=1967 | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley | isbn=9780520013742 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Yü | first=Ying-shih | chapter=Han Foreign Relations | title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. - A.D. 220 | year=1986 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-24327-0 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Yü | first=Ying-shih | title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia | year=1994 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-521-24304-9 | chapter=The Hsiung-nu | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Yü | first=Ying-shih | chapter=Nomads and Han China | title=Expanding Empires: Cultural Interaction and Exchange in World Societies from Ancient to Early Modern Times | year=2002 | publisher=Scholarly Resources | location=Wilmington | isbn=978-0-8420-2731-1 | ref=harv}}

* {{cite book | last=Zadneprovskiy | first=Y.A. | title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 2 | year=1999 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing | location=Delhi | isbn=81-208-1408-8 | edition=1st Indian | chapter=The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After the Invasion of Alexander | ref=harv}}