Invasi Cekoslowakia oleh Pakta Warsawa: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia<br>{{small|Operasi Danube}}
| partof = [[Perang Dingin]], [[perpecahan Tiongkok-Soviet]], [[perpecahan Albania-Soviet]], perpecahan Romania-Soviet, [[perpecahan Tito-Stalin]], dan [[Unjuk rasa 1968]]
| image = František Dostál Srpen 1968 4 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Foto Soviet [[T-54]] di Praha selama pendudukan Pakta Warsawa di Cekoslowakia.
| date = 20–21 Agustus 1968
| place = [[Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia|Czechoslovakia]]
| territory =
| result = Kemenangan Pakta Warsawa
* Kekalahan Cekoslowakia
* Penindasan proses reformasi di [[Partai Komunis Cekoslowakia]] (KSČ)
* [[Protokol Moskow]]
* Pengunduran diri [[Alexander Dubček]] sebagai Sekretaris Pertama [[Partai Komunis Cekoslowakia|KSČ]]
* Terpilihnya [[Gustáv Husák]] sebagai Sekretaris Pertama [[Partai Komunis Cekoslowakia|KSČ]] dan awal era Normalisasi
* Kehadiran militer Soviet di Cekoslowakia hingga 1991
* Penarikan [[Republik Sosialis Rakyat Albania|Albania]] dari Pakta Warsawa pada September 1968
| combatant1 = {{nowrap|[[File:Warsaw Pact Logo.svg|15px]] '''[[Pakta Warsawa]]''':}}<br>'''{{Flag|Uni Soviet}}'''<br>{{flagcountry|Polish People's Republic|name=Republik Rakyat Polandia}}<br>{{flagcountry|People's Republic of Bulgaria|1967|name=Republik Rakyat Bulgaria}}<br>{{flagcountry|Hungarian People's Republic|name=Republik Rakyat Hogaria}}<br>'''Dukungan logistik''':<br>{{flag|Jerman Timur}}{{efn|group=infobox|Invasi dibatalkan, pasukan disiapkan, bagian dari staf eksekutif}}
<hr>'''Dukungan diplomatik:'''<br>{{flag|Kuba}}<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Kurlansky|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Kurlansky |date=2004|title=1968: The Year that Rocked the World|url=https://archive.org/details/1968yearthatrock0000kurl}}</ref><br>{{flag|Korea Utara|1948}}<ref name="auto"/><br>{{flag|Vietnam Utara}}<ref name="auto"/><br>{{flagicon|Mongolian People's Republic}} [[Republik Rakyat Mongolia]]<ref>[https://dokumen.pub/soviet-foreign-policy-since-world-war-ii.html "Among the Asian parties, China condemned the action; North Korea, North Vietnam, and Mongolia supported it."]</ref>
| combatant2 = '''{{flagcountry|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}'''<hr>{{nowrap|'''Dukungan diplomatik:'''}}<br>{{flagcountry|Socialist Republic of Romania}}<ref>Conflicted Memories: Europeanizing Contemporary Histories, edited by Konrad H. Jarausch, Thomas Lindenberger, p. 43</ref><br>{{flag|Yugoslavia}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838544,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015155721/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838544,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2007 |title=Back to the Business of Reform|work=Time Magazine|date=16 August 1968|access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref><br>{{flagcountry|Albania}}<br>{{flag|Tiongkok}}<ref name="Rea 1975 p. 22">Rea, Kenneth "Peking and the Brezhnev Doctrine". ''Asian Affairs''. 3 (1975) p. 22.</ref>
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} '''[[Leonid Brezhnev]]'''<br>{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Nikolai Podgorny]]<br>{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Alexei Kosygin]]<br>{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Andrei Grechko]]<br>{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Ivan Yakubovsky]] <br>{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Konstantin Provalov]]<br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Polish People's Republic}} [[Władysław Gomułka]]}}<br> {{flagicon|Polish People's Republic}} [[Marian Spychalski]]<br>{{flagicon|Polish People's Republic}} [[Józef Cyrankiewicz]]<br>{{flagicon|Polish People's Republic}} [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]]<br>{{flagicon|Polish People's Republic}} {{ill|Bolesław Chocha|pl|Bolesław Chocha}}<br>{{flagicon|Polish People's Republic}} [[Florian Siwicki]]<br>{{flagicon|People's Republic of Bulgaria|1967}} [[Todor Zhivkov]]<br>{{flagicon|People's Republic of Bulgaria|1967}} [[Dobri Dzhurov]]<br>{{flagicon|Hungarian People's Republic}} [[János Kádár]]<br>{{flagicon|Hungarian People's Republic}} [[Lajos Czinege]]<br>{{flagicon|East Germany}} [[Walter Ulbricht]]<hr>{{nowrap|'''Diplomatic support:'''}}<br>{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Fidel Castro]]<br>{{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Kim Il-sung]]<br>{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2008/08/the-prague-spring-broke-world-communism-s-main-spring.html|title=The Prague Spring broke world communism's main spring.|first=Christopher|last=Hitchens|date=25 August 2008|website=Slate Magazine}}</ref><br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Mongolian People's Republic}} [[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]]}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}} '''[[Alexander Dubček]]'''<br>{{flagicon|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}} [[Ludvík Svoboda]]<br>{{flagicon|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}} [[Oldřich Černík]]<br>{{flagicon|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}} [[Martin Dzúr]]<hr>{{nowrap|'''Dukungan Diplomatik:'''}}<br>{{flagicon|Socialist Republic of Romania}} [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]<br>{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Josip Broz Tito]]<br>{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Enver Hoxha]]<br>{{flagicon|China}} [[Mao Zedong]]<br>{{flagicon|China}} [[Zhou Enlai]]
| strength1 = '''Invasi awal:'''<br>250.000 (20 divisi)<ref name="cia">[https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2008-featured-story-archive/a-look-back-the-prague-spring-the-soviet.html A Look Back … The Prague Spring & the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429182612/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2008-featured-story-archive/a-look-back-the-prague-spring-the-soviet.html |date=29 April 2017 }}. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 11 June 2016.</ref><br>2,000 tank<ref name="washpost" /><br>800 pesawat<br>'''Kekuatan puncak:'''<ref name="globalsec" /><br />350.000–400.000 tentara Soviet, 70.000–80.000 dari Polandia, Bulgaria, dan Hungaria<ref name="ency"/><br>6,300 tank<ref>[http://www.armyweb.cz/clanek/invaze-vojsk-varsavske-smlouvy-do-ceskoslovenska Invaze vojsk Varšavské smlouvy do Československa 21. srpna 1968]. armyweb.cz. Retrieved on 11 June 2016.</ref>
| strength2 = 235,000 (18 divisi)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Šatraj|first1=Jaroslav|title=Operace Dunaj a oběti na straně okupantů|url=http://www.ruskerealie.zcu.cz/texts/text2-12-5.php|website=Cтрановедение России (Reálie Ruska)|publisher=Západočeská univerzita v Plzni|access-date=17 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108194910/http://ruskerealie.zcu.cz/texts/text2-12-5.php|archive-date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Minařík|first1=Pavel|last2=Šrámek|first2=Pavel|title=Čs. armáda po roce 1945|url=http://armada.vojenstvi.cz/povalecna/|website=Vojenstvi.cz|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><br>2,500–3,000 tank
| casualties1 = {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} 96 tewas (84 dalam kecelakaan)<br>87 terluka<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ciaonet.org/cbr/cbr00/video/cbr_ctd/cbr_ctd_52.html |title=The Soviet War in Afghanistan: History and Harbinger of Future War |publisher=Ciaonet.org |date=27 April 1978 |access-date=13 February 2014 |archive-date=2012-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521113614/http://www.ciaonet.org/cbr/cbr00/video/cbr_ctd/cbr_ctd_52.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br>5 tentara bunuh diri<ref>[http://domaci.ihned.cz/c1-45807750-jak-zemreli-vojaci-armad-pri-invazi-68-bulhara-zastrelili-cesi-soveti-umirali-na-silnicich Jak zemřeli vojáci armád při invazi '68: Bulhara zastřelili Češi, Sověti umírali na silnicích]. Hospodářské noviny IHNED.cz. Retrieved on 11 June 2016.</ref><br>{{flagicon|Polish People's Republic}} 10 tewas (dalam kecelakaan dan bunuh diri)<ref>{{cite web|last=Skomra|first=Sławomir|title=Brali udział w inwazji na Czechosłowację. Kombatanci?|url=http://lublin.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,14642535,Brali_udzial_w_inwazji_na_Czechoslowacje__Kombatanci_.html#LokKrajTxt|publisher=Agora SA|access-date=21 September 2013|language=pl|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927204242/http://lublin.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,14642535,Brali_udzial_w_inwazji_na_Czechoslowacje__Kombatanci_.html#LokKrajTxt|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|Hungarian People's Republic}} 4 tewas (dalam kecelakaan)<br>{{flagicon|People's Republic of Bulgaria|1967}} 2 tewas
| casualties2 = 137 warga sipil dan tentara tewas,<ref name="victims"/>500 terluka parah<ref name="victims2"/>
| casualties3 = 70.000 warga Cekoslowakia melarikan diri ke [[blok Barat|Barat]] segera setelah invasi. Jumlah total emigran sebelum [[Revolusi Beludru]] mencapai 300.000.<ref>[http://www.enrs.eu/en/news/1255-invasion-of-czechoslovakia Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731024148/http://www.enrs.eu/en/news/1255-invasion-of-czechoslovakia |date=31 July 2017 }}. European Network Remembrance and Solidarity. Retrieved on 11 June 2016.</ref>
| campaign =
| casus =
}}
Pada malam tanggal [[20 Agustus]] - [[21 Agustus]] [[1968]], [[Uni Soviet]] dan empat sekutu [[Pakta Warsawa]] nya menginvasi [[Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia]] untuk menahan reformasi politik [[Alexander Dubček]].<ref name="Global">{{cite web
Baris 7 ⟶ 35:
| publisher = GlobalSecurity.org
| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/czechoslovakia2.htm
| accessdate = 2007-01-19 }}</ref>
Dalam operasi ''Danube'', 175.000 hingga 500.000 tentara<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/czechoslovakia2.htm</ref> menyerbu Cekoslowakia; 108 orang Cekoslowakia tewas dan 500 terluka sebagai akibat langsung invasi.<ref>http://aktualne.centrum.cz/czechnews/clanek.phtml?id=608876</ref><ref>http://www.ustrcr.cz/en/august-1968-victims-of-the-occupation</ref> Invasi ini berhasil menghentikan reformasi liberalisasi dan memperkuat kekuasaan [[Partai Komunis Cekoslowakia]].
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