Manjanik: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Manjanik''' (dari [[bahasa Arab]]: منجنيق; ''manjiniq'') adalah suatu alat atau senjata pelontar berpengimbang berat yang banyak digunakan dalam pertempuran pada [[Abad Pertengahan]] untuk menghancurkan [[dinding]] atau [[benteng|bangunan yang difortifikasi]]. Manjanik bekerja berdasarkan pada konsep keseimbangan benda dan mekanisme [[umban|umban tongkat]]. Diduga manjanik pertama kali digunakan di [[Eropa]] oleh [[Bizantium]].
Manjanik dipercayai pertama kali dibuat di [[Cina]] antara [[abad ke-5 SM|abad ke-5]] dan [[abad ke-3 SM]]. Senjata ini diperkenalkan di [[Eropa]] sekitar tahun 500 [[Masehi|M]]. Manjanik mampu melontarkan [[batu]] seberat 150
Kadang senjata ini digunakan untuk melontarkan [[mayat]] dan [[bangkai]] [[binatang]] yang terjangkit penyakit, termasuk [[Black Death]], agar membuat musuh tertular.
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==Modern recreational use==
Trebuchets are very popular in modern times in a number of contexts. In particular, traditional models are constructed by [[historical re-enactment]] and [[living history]] enthusiasts, and others use the trebuchet as an engineering challenge,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelep.org.uk/teachers/events/view/54 |title=Thelep.org.uk |publisher=Thelep.org.uk |date=2008-11-20 |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engineering.wright.edu/trebuchet/ |title=Wright.edu |publisher=Engineering.wright.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> or for recreational purposes.
The largest currently-functioning trebuchet in the world is the 22-tonne machine at Warwick Castle, England. Based on historical designs, it stands 18 metres tall (59 ft) and throws missiles typically 80lbs up to 300 metres.
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Trebuchets are used to throw pumpkins at the annual [[pumpkin chunking]] contest held in [[Sussex County, Delaware]], USA. The record-holder in that contest for trebuchets is the Yankee Siege, which at the 2009 Championship tossed a pumpkin {{convert|2034|ft}}. The {{convert|51|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}}, {{convert|55000|lb|adj=on}} trebuchet fires {{convert|8|-|10|lb|adj=on}} pumpkins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yankeesiege.com/AboutYankeeSiege.html |title=Yankeesiege.com |publisher=Yankeesiege.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref>
Modern engineering thought and materials have come up with several non-traditional designs, in particular, several with "floating arms" to increase efficiency. A floating-arm trebuchet is an efficient modern variant. Rather than having an axle fixed to the frame, it is mounted on wheels that roll on a track parallel to the ground, and the counterweight is constrained to fall in a direct path downwards upon the release. This increases the proportion of energy transferred to the projectile.<ref name=FAT />
Even more radical designs the ancients would not even recognize as trebuchets. For example, "Merlin"<ref>[http://www.supertrebs.com/Merlin.html Merlin Trebuchet Website]</ref> uses no counterweight whatsoever - the weight of the machine itself is what powers this trebuchet.
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* [http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2457/3615373610_c4279efb27_b.jpg Caerphilly Castle trebuchet shooting* [http://www.howtobuildcatapults.com/trebuchetblueprint.html Trebuchet animation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625181226/http://www.howtobuildcatapults.com/trebuchetblueprint.html |date=2012-06-25 }}
* {{YouTube|iir0d8WQMCE|Trebuchet de l'AMQ a St-Marcellin}}
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