Hooliganisme sepak bola: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0414-009, FDGB-Pokal, 1. FC Lok Leipzig - Dynamo Schwerin, Ausschreitungen.jpg|jmpl|300px|Suporter [[1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig|Lokomotive Leipzig]] sebelum pertandingan melawan [[Dynamo Schwerin]] dalam
'''Hooliganisme sepak bola''' merujuk pada apa yang secara luas dianggap sebagai perilaku nakal dan merusak oleh penggemar sepak bola yang terlalu fanatik. Tindakan seperti berkelahi, [[vandalisme]] dan [[intimidasi]] yang ditetapkan oleh asosiasi suporter sepak bola yang berpartisipasi dalam [[hooliganisme]] sepak bola.<ref name="independent38673">{{Cite news|title=Another sorry outbreak of the English disease|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2004-06-17|url=http://comment.independent.co.uk/leading_articles/article38673.ece|accessdate=2007-07-25|location=London|archive-date=2007-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155241/http://comment.independent.co.uk/leading_articles/article38673.ece|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Perilaku ini sering didasarkan pada persaingan antara tim yang berbeda dan konflik dapat terjadi sebelum atau setelah pertandingan sepak bola. Peserta sering memilih lokasi jauh dari [[stadion]] untuk menghindari penangkapan oleh polisi, tetapi konflik juga bisa meletus secara spontan di dalam stadion atau di jalan-jalan sekitarnya.
Hooliganisme sepak bola dapat berkisar dari teriakan dan perkelahian kecil, kepada kerusuhan besar di mana firma-firma saling serang dengan senjata mematikan (termasuk, namun tidak terbatas pada, botol kaca, batu, pisau, parang dan [[pistol]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwworld.de/dw/article/0,2144,1701053,00.html |title=German Hooligans Make Mark in Bratislava | World Cup 2006 | Deutsche Welle | 05.09.2005 |publisher=Dwworld.de |date= |accessdate=2010-03-24}}</ref> Dalam beberapa kasus, perkelahian stadion telah menyebabkan penggemar melarikan diri dengan panik dan luka-luka telah disebabkan ketika pagar atau dinding runtuh dari tekanan kerumunan untuk keluar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1094303.stm|title=Fence collapse hits soccer final|publisher=BBC News|date=2000-12-30|accessdate=2010-03-24}}</ref> Dalam kasus yang paling ekstrem, hooligan, polisi, dan warga lain telah tewas, dan polisi anti huru-hara telah turun tangan dengan [[gas air mata]], [[kendaraan lapis baja]] dan meriam air.<ref>{{Cite
== Sejarah ==
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| align="left" |[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
| align="left" |Steamers, Aston Villa Hardcore (Villa Hardcore atau Villa Youth),{{efn|Menurut Brown dan Brittle, Aston Villa Hardcore dikenal juga dengan Villa Hardcore atau Villa Youth. Firma tersebut aktif sejak tahun 1993 sebagai lanjutan dari firma hooligan sebelumnya, yaitu Steamers. Penyebutan Villa Hardcore berasal dari pihak kepolisian setempat yang mengamankan suporter garis keras tersebut pada pertandingan tandang ke West Ham United ({{harvnb|Brown|Brittle|2006|pp=20–28}}).}} dan Villa's Corner Crew<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kendrick|first=Mat|date=9 Januari 2017|title=Aston Villa Fan Danny Brown Features in a Collection of Portraits Called Great Britain's Hooligans|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-fan-danny-brown-12425423|website=Birmingham Mail|access-date=16 Juni 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite
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| align="left" |[[Barnsley F.C.|Barnsley]]
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| align="left" |[[Blackpool F.C.|Blackpool]]
| align="left" |Bison Riot Squad, Seaside Mafia, Blackpool Tangerine Service, The Muckers, dan Benny's Mob<ref name="Blackpool Gazette News">{{cite news|last=Blackpool Gazette|date=15 November 2007|title=Derby Warning to Soccer Thugs|url=http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/news/local-news/latest-news/derby-warning-to-soccer-thugs-1-422241|dead-url=yes|website=Blackpool Gazette|archive-url=https://archive.
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| align="left" |[[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]]
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| align="left" |Manchester United
| align="left" |Inter
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| align="left" |Middlesbrough
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| align="left" |Millwall
| align="left" |Bushwackers, Berseckers dan The Treatment
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| align="left" |Newcastle United
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== Penggambaran di media ==
Hooliganisme sepak bola telah digambarkan dalam film seperti ''
== Lihat pula ==
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* {{Cite book|title=The Undesirables: The Inside Story of the Inter City Jibbers|last=Blaney|first=Colin|publisher=John Blake|year=2014|isbn=978-178-4181-05-5|location=London|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Blaney|2014}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Danny|last2=Brittle|first2=Paul|title=Villains: The Inside Story of Aston Villa's Hooligan Gangs|publisher=Milo Books|location=Preston|year=2006|isbn=978-190-3854-59-4|ref={{sfnref|Brown|Brittle|2006}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Naughty: The Story of a Football Hooligan Gang|url=https://archive.org/details/naughty0000ches|last=Chester|first=Mark|publisher=Milo Books|year=2011|isbn=978-190-3854-26-6|location=Preston|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Chester|2011}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Memahami Dunia Lewat Sepak Bola: Kajian Tak Lazim tentang Sosial-Politik Globalisasi|last=Foer|first=Franklin|publisher=Marjin Kiri|year=2006|isbn=978-979-9998-06-4|location=Banten|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Foer|2006}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Service Crew: The Inside Story of Leeds United's Hooligan Gangs|last=Gall|first=Caroline|publisher=Milo Books|year=2009|isbn=978-190-3854-84-6|location=Preston|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Gall|2009}}|url-status=live|last2=|first2=}}
* {{Cite book|title=Zulus: The Story of the Zulu Warriors Football Firm|last=Gall|first=Caroline|publisher=Milo Books|year=2007|isbn=978-190-3854-53-2|location=Preston|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Gall|2007}}|url-status=live|last2=|first2=}}
* {{Cite book|title=Hunting The Hooligans: How a Covert Police Team Brought Down One of Britain's Most Violent Gangs|url=https://archive.org/details/huntinghooligans0000layt|last=Layton|first=Michael|publisher=Milo Books|year=2015|isbn=978-190-8479-83-9|location=Preston|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Layton|2015}}|url-status=live|last2=|first2=}}
* {{Cite book|title=Hooligans: The Real History of Soccer Violence Loaded from the Aberdeen Soccer Casuals to Luton's Men in Gear the A–L of Britain's Football Hooligans Gangs|url=https://archive.org/details/alofbritishfootb0000nick|last=Lowles|first=Nick|publisher=Milo Books|year=2007|isbn=978-190-3854-63-1|location=Preston|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Lowles|Nicholls|2007}}|url-status=live|last2=Nicholls|first2=Andy}}
* {{Cite book|title=Walking Down the Manny Road: Inside Bolton's Football Hooligan Gangs|last=Mitchell|first=Doug|publisher=Fort Publishing Limited|year=2011|isbn=978-190-5769-24-7|location=Glasgow|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Mitchell|2011}}|url-status=live|last2=|first2=}}
* {{Cite book|title=Football and Accelerated Culture: This Modern Sporting Life|last=Redhead|first=Steve|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2015|isbn=978-131-7411-55-0|location=London|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Redhead|2015}}|url-status=live|last2=|first2=}}
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* {{Cite book|title=The Diary of the Real Soul Crew|url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofrealsoulc0000abra|last=Abraham|first=Annis|publisher=Pennant Books|year=2010|isbn=978-190-6015-53-4|location=Oxford|pages=|ref=|url-status=live|last2=|first2=}}
* {{Cite book|title=Bloody Casuals: Diary of a Football Hooligan|last=Allan|first=Jay|publisher=Famedram Publishers|year=2014|isbn=978-190-9270-91-6|location=Aberdeenshire|pages=|ref=|url-status=live|last2=|first2=}}
* {{Cite book|title=Boys from the Mersey: The Story of Liverpool's Annie Road End Crew Football's First Clobbered-Up Mob|url=https://archive.org/details/boysfrommersey0000allt|last=Allt|first=Nicky|publisher=Milo Books|year=2004|isbn=978-190-3854-24-2|location=Preston|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Allt|2004}}|url-status=live|last2=|first2=}}
* {{Cite book|title=Cockney Reds: The Story of Manchester United's Southern Army|last=Cleur|first=Robert|publisher=Milo Books|year=2019|isbn=978-190-8479-93-8|location=Preston|pages=|ref=|url-status=live|last2=Little|first2=Steve}}
* {{Cite book|title=Guvnors|url=https://archive.org/details/guvnors0000fran|last=Francis|first=Mickey|publisher=Milo Books|year=1997|isbn=978-095-3084-71-5|location=Preston|pages=|ref=|url-status=live|last2=Walsh|first2=Peter}}
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