Qatar: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Rang Djambak (bicara | kontrib)
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Rang Djambak (bicara | kontrib)
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(5 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 30:
 
[[Berkas:Donald Trump meets with the Emir of Qatar (Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani), May 2017.jpg|jmpl|Emir [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]] dengan Presiden A.S. [[Donald Trump]] bulan Mei 2017]]
Qatar dapat dianggap sebagai negara [[monarki konstitusional]]<ref name=BBC9Sep05/><ref name=USState2011/> maupun [[monarki absolut]]<ref name=ftManage/><ref name=cangov/> yang dipimpin oleh [[keluarga Al Thani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Middle East - How democratic is the Middle East?|website=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2021-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2017-06-07 |archive-date=2017-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520205158/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> Dinasti Al Thani telah memimpin Qatar sejak 1825.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web | title = Qatar | url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/ | publisher = [[Central Intelligence Agency]] | work = [[CIA World Factbook]] | date = 8 February 2012 | access-date = 4 March 2012 | archive-date = 9 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210709105408/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Tahun 2003, Qatar mengadopsi [[Konstitusi Qatar|konstitusi]] yang memilih langsung 30 dari 45 anggota Dewan Legislatif.<ref name="CIA"/><ref name="Lambert2011a">{{cite journal|first = Jennifer|last = Lambert|year = 2011|title = Political Reform in Qatar: Participation, Legitimacy and Security|url = http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/political-reform-qatar-participation-legitimacy-and-security?print|publisher = Middle East Policy Council|volume = 19|issue = 1|access-date = 2017-06-07|archive-date = 2013-01-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235840/http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/political-reform-qatar-participation-legitimacy-and-security?print|dead-url = no}}</ref><ref name="Reut20111101">{{cite news | title = Qatar to hold advisory council elections in 2013 | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/11/01/uk-qatar-election-idUKTRE7A01US20111101 | date = 1 November 2011 | publisher = Reuters | work = Reuters (UK edition) | accessdate = 4 March 2012 | archive-date = 2015-11-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151120233112/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/11/01/uk-qatar-election-idUKTRE7A01US20111101 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Konstitusi ini disetujui mutlak dalam referendum dengan angka 98%.<ref name="electionguide.org"/><ref name="princeton.edu"/>
 
Emir kedelapan Qatar adalah [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]], ayahnya adalah [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]] yang menyerahkan kekuasaan padanya 25 Juni 2013.<ref name="New Emir BBC">{{cite news|title=Qatari emir Sheikh Hamad hands power to son Tamim|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23026870|accessdate=25 June 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=25 June 2013|archive-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224191628/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23026870|dead-url=no}}</ref> Kanselir tertinggi memiliki kekuasaan eksklusif untuk memilih dan mencopot perdana menteri dan menteri kabinet yang semuanya membentuk Dewan Menteri. Dewan Menteri adalah otoritas eksekutif tertinggi di negara ini.<ref name="embassycouncil">{{cite web|title=Council of Ministers |url=http://www.qatarembassy.net/council.asp |publisher=Embassy of the State of Qatar in Washington DC |accessdate=4 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612090451/http://qatarembassy.net/council.asp |archivedate=12 June 2010 }}</ref> Dewan Menteri juga memulai legislasi. Hukum dan dekrit yang diusulkan Dewan Menteri akan dirujuk ke Dewan Penasihat (Majilis Al Shura) untuk didiskusikan kemudian diberikan ke Emir untuk diratifikasi.<ref name="embassycouncil"/> [[Majelis Konsultatif Qatar|Majelis Konsultatif]] memiliki otoritas legislatif terbatas untuk menyusun dan menyetujui hukum, tapi Emir yang menentukan semuanya di akhir.<ref name="CIA"/> Anggota dewan saat ini terdiri dari anggota yang ditunjuk oleh Emir,<ref name="CIA"/> karena tidak ada pemilihan legislatif sejak 1970.<ref name="CIA"/> Pemilihan legislatif ditunda sampai paling tidak tahun 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dohanews.co/legislative-elections-in-qatar-postponed-until-at-least-2019/|title=Legislative elections in Qatar postponed until at least 2019|date=2016-06-17|work=Doha News|access-date=2017-05-26|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231332/https://dohanews.co/legislative-elections-in-qatar-postponed-until-at-least-2019/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
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=== Hukum syariat ===
{{See also|Hak asasi manusia di Qatar}}
Menurut konstitusi Qatar, [[hukum Syariat]] adalah sumber semua kebijakan Qatar.<ref name="con">{{cite web|title=The Permanent Constitution of the State of Qatar|url=http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en|publisher=Government of Qatar|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075128/http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=qat1>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Qatar|url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626|quote=Menurut Article 1: Qatar adalah negara Arab independen. Islam adalah agamanya dan hukum Syariat adalah sumber hukumnya.|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153437/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dalam praktiknya, sistem hukum Qatar merupakan campuran antara [[hukum sipil (sistem hukum)|hukum sipil]] dan hukum Syariat.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency|url=http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/qa.html|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2013-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123052127/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/qa.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/171743.pdf|title=Qatar|publisher=[[US Department of State]]|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120336/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/171743.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Hukum Syariat diberlakukan ke [[hukum keluarga]], [[keturunan]], dan beberapa [[hukum kriminal|tindakan kriminal]] (termasuk zina, perampokan, dan pembunuhan). Dalam beberapa kasus, sidang pengadilan keluarga memperlakukan testimoni wanita berharga setengah dari testimoni pria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar Gender Equality Profile|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629121154/http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Poligini dalam Islam|Poligini Islam]] diperbolehkan.<ref name=nobs>[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/l-enquete-de-l-obs/20130405.OBS6953/qatar-s-ils-pouvaient-ils-acheteraient-la-tour-eiffel.html nouvelobs.com: "Qatar : "S'ils pouvaient, ils achèteraient la Tour Eiffel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091751/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/l-enquete-de-l-obs/20130405.OBS6953/qatar-s-ils-pouvaient-ils-acheteraient-la-tour-eiffel.html |date=10 October 2017 }}, 7 April 2013</ref>
 
''[[Judicial corporal punishment]]'' adalah sesuatu yang umum di Qatar akibat [[Hanbali|interpretasi Hanbali]] hukum Syariat. [[Cambukan]] diberlakukan sebagai hukuman untuk pengonsumsi alkohol atau hubungan seksual terlarang.<ref name="amne" /> Kitab Pidana Qatar Artikel 88 menuliskan bahwa hukuman bagi pelaku zina adalah 100 cambukan,<ref name="flog" /> dan pada tahun 2006, seorang wanita Filipina mendapat hukuman ini.<ref name="flog">{{cite web|title=Filipino woman gets 100 lashes for giving birth in Qatar|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/9758/news/nation/filipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073504/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/9758/news/nation/filipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada tahun 2010, paling tidak 18 orang (sebagian besar warga asing) dihukum antara 40-100 cambuk akibat hubungan seksual terlarang atau konsumsi alkohol.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2010|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020022548/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2010|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tahun 2011, paling tidak 21 orang dihukum,<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2011#section-117-9|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103135911/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2011#section-117-9|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan tahun 2012, ada 6 ekspatriat dihukum.<ref name="amne">{{cite web|title=Amnesty International Annual Report 2012 – Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=19 March 2014|archive-date=2014-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102826/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6|dead-url=no}}</ref> Hanya Muslim yang sehat yang akan menjalani hukuman. Tidak diketahui pasti apakah hukuman benar dijalankan.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6 | work=Amnesty International | title=Annual Report | date=23 October 2014 | access-date=2017-06-07 | archive-date=2014-07-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102826/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6 | dead-url=no }}</ref> Pada bulan April 2013, seorang ekspatriat Muslim dihukum 40 cambukan karena ketahuan mengonsumsi alkohol,<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar sentences man to 40 lashes for drinking alcohol|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-sentences-man-40-lashes-for-drinking-alcohol-498986.html|publisher=Arabian Business|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120716/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-sentences-man-40-lashes-for-drinking-alcohol-498986.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar sentences man to lashes for drinking alcohol|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15593|publisher=Al Akhbar|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006143325/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15593|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar court orders lashing of Muslim barber over drinking alcohol|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/22/Qatar-to-lash-Muslim-barber-over-drinking-alcohol-.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029020349/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/22/Qatar-to-lash-Muslim-barber-over-drinking-alcohol-.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan bulan Juni 2014, seorang ekspatriat Muslim juga dihukum 40 cambukan karena mengonsumsi alkohol dan mengendarai mobil di bawah pengaruh alkohol.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian expat sentenced to 40 lashes in Qatar for drink-driving|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-expat-sentenced-40-lashes-in-qatar-for-drink-driving-552601.html|publisher=Arabian Business|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115210/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-expat-sentenced-40-lashes-in-qatar-for-drink-driving-552601.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
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Untuk beberapa tahun ke depan, Qatar diperkirakan akan tetap fokus pada minyak dan gas bumi, namun sudah mulai mengembangkan sektor swasta. Pada [[2004]], [[Qatar Science & Technology Park]] dibuka untuk menarik dan melayani berbagai usaha berbasis teknologi, baik dari dalam maupun luar Qatar.
 
Per 2016, [[Produk domestik bruto|PDB]] per kapita Qatar menempati posisi nomor 4 tertinggi di dunia, menurut Dana Moneter Internasional. (IMF) .<ref name="imfoct">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=13&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)|publisher=IMF|date=October 2016|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110023135/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=13&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref> Negara ini sangat mengandalkan tenaga asing untuk pertumbuhan ekonominya, sampai pada taraf [[pekerja migran]] mencapai 86% populasi penduduk dan 94% angkatan kerja.<ref>Bill Crane (20 April 2015). [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/04/gulf-states-slave-labor-migrant-workers/ Gravediggers of the Gulf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092113/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/04/gulf-states-slave-labor-migrant-workers/|date=2017-10-10}}. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]''. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar: Migrant Construction Workers Face Abuse|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/12/qatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2017-06-08|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016072824/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/12/qatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse|dead-url=no}}</ref> Qatar juga sering dikritik oleh [[Konfederasi Serikat Dagang Internasional]].<ref>Robert Tuttle (22 May 2014). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-22/world-cup-host-qatar-ranked-among-worst-places-to-work-by-unions.html World Cup Host Qatar Ranked Among Worst Places to Work by Unions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108082643/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-22/world-cup-host-qatar-ranked-among-worst-places-to-work-by-unions.html |date=2015-01-08 }}. [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]. Retrieved 29 July 2014.</ref> Pertumbuhan ekonomi Qatar hampir selalu ditopang oleh minyak bumi dan gas alam sejak ditemukan tahun 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineqatar.com/info/tourist-info.aspx |title=Qatar tourist guide |accessdate=14 February 2012 |archive-date=2018-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153325/https://www.onlineqatar.com/info/tourist-info.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
Negara ini hampir tidak menerapkan pajak, namun otoritas negara berencana untuk menerapkannya pada makanan siap saji dan barang mewah. Pajak ini akan diimplementasikan pada barang yang membahayakan tubuh - seperti makanan siap saji, rokok, dan minuman ringan. Awal mula rencana kebijakan ini diperkirakan akibat jatuhnya harga minyak dan menyebabkan negara ini defisit tahun 2016. Selain itu, jumlah pemotongan kerja juga meningkat dari perusahaan minyak dan sektor lembaga negara lainnya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dohanews.co/taxes-on-junk-food-luxury-items-to-be-rolled-out-in-qatar-soon/|title=Taxes on junk food, luxury items to be rolled out in Qatar soon|date=16 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519042210/https://dohanews.co/taxes-on-junk-food-luxury-items-to-be-rolled-out-in-qatar-soon/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dohanews.co/tag/layoffs/|title=layoffs Archives - Doha News|website=Doha News|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519071058/https://dohanews.co/tag/layoffs/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Baris 86:
Jumlah penduduk di Qatar berfluktuasi tergantung musim, karena negara ini sangat bergantung dari migran asing. Pada tahun 2017, total populasi Qatar mencapai 2,6 juta, di mana warga negara Qatar hanya 313.000 orang (12%) dan 2,3 juta lainnya adalah ekspatriat.<ref name="pop" /> Warga asing non-Arab menyumbang mayoritas populasi Qatar; [[Orang India di Qatar|Orang India]] merupakan yang terbesar, mencapai 650.000 orang (2017),<ref name="pop" /> diikuti 350.000 [[Orang Nepal di Qatar|orang Nepal]], 280.000 [[orang Bangladesh]], 260.000 [[orang Filipina di Qatar|orang Filipina]], 200.000 orang [[Mesir]], 145.000 orang [[Sri Lanka]] dan 125.000 [[orang Pakistan di Qatar|orang Pakistan]].<ref name="pop" /><ref>[http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ many other nationalities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122162153/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |date=2018-11-22 }}.</ref>
 
Catatan demografi pertama Qatar dilakukan tahun 1892, dan dilakukan oleh gubernur Ottoman di provinsi ini. Menurut sensus itu, yang hanya memasukkan penduduk di kota, total populasi tahun 1892 adalah 9.830.<ref name="Fromhertz2012">{{cite book |title = Katar'da Osmanlilar 1871–1916 |last1= Kursun|first1= Zekeriya|publisher=Turk Tarih Kurumu|year= 2004}}</ref>

{{Historical populations |align=right |width=150px
|title = Populasi
|source = Otoritas Statistik Qatar (1904–2004);<ref name=qsahist/> 2010 Census;<ref name=census10 /> 2013 est.<ref name=qsa-jan13>{{cite web|title=Population structure|url=http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/population_census/2013/PopulationStructure_jan.htm|publisher=Qatar Statistics Authority|date=31 January 2013|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095212/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/population_census/2013/PopulationStructure_jan.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="balancing"/> 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/people/Qatar-population-hits-25-million-on-worker-influx-263189/ |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2017-06-07 |archive-date=2018-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070536/https://en.tengrinews.kz/people/Qatar-population-hits-25-million-on-worker-influx-263189/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Baris 137 ⟶ 139:
[[Berkas:Qatar university main area.jpg|jmpl|Kawasan utama [[Universitas Qatar]]]]
[[Berkas:QatarUniversityEastView.jpg|jmpl|ka|Tampak timur [[Universitas Qatar]]]]
Qatar mempekerjakan [[RAND Corporation]] untuk mereformasi sistem pendidikan K–12-nya.<ref name="strangepow">{{cite magazine|title=The Strange Power of Qatar by Hugh Eakin|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/oct/27/strange-power-qatar/?pagination=false|magazine=The New York Review of Books|access-date=16 June 2013|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071533/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/oct/27/strange-power-qatar/?pagination=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Melalui [[Yayasan Qatar]], negara ini membangun [[Kota Pendidikan]], sebuah kampus yang di dalamnya terdapat cabang lokal dari [[Sekolah Ilmu Komputer Carnegie Mellon]], [[Sekolah Layanan Asing Universitas Georgetown di Qatar|Sekolah Layanan Asing Universitas Georgetown]], [[Universitas Texas A&M]], Virginia Commonwealth University, dan [[Sekolah Kedokteran Weill Cornell di Qatar|Sekolah Kedokteran Weill Cornell]].<ref name=strangepow />
[[Berkas:UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics_Literacy_Rate_Qatar_population_plus_15_1985-2015.png|jmpl|UNESCO Institute for Statistics Literacy Rate Qatar population plus 15 1985-2015]] Emir Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani telah membentuk Dewan Pendidikan Tertinggi pada tahun 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Qatar.pdf|title=World Data on Education – Qatar|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=21 July 2015|archive-date=2016-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804015605/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf-versions/Qatar.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dewan ini mengarahkan dan mengontrol pendidikan mulai dari balita sampai universitas.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1365480210390083|title=National student research fairs as evidence for progress in Qatar’s Education for a New Era|first1=Margery K.|last1=Anderson|first2=|last2=Tarfa Nasser Alnaimi|first3=|last3=Shaikha Hamad Alhajri|date=1 November 2010|publisher=|journal=Improving Schools|volume=13|issue=3|pages=235–248|accessdate=5 June 2017|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1365480210390083}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.english.education.gov.qa |title=Education for a New Era |accessdate=25 March 2008 |publisher=Supreme Education Council |archive-date=2005-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050913005112/http://www.english.education.gov.qa/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
Baris 172 ⟶ 174:
[[File:Qatar national football team.jpg|thumb|[[Tim nasional sepak bola Qatar]] pada [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2014]]]]
 
[[Sepak bola]] merupakan olahraga paling populer di Qatar, baik dari segi pemain dan penonton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/topics/Healthcare+and+Well-being/qatarasportingnation|title=Qatar – a Sporting Nation|publisher=Qatar e-Government|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020024944/https://portal.www.gov.qa/wps/portal/topics/Healthcare+and+Well-being/qatarasportingnation|url-status=live}}</ref> Tak lama setelah [[Asosiasi Sepak Bola Qatar]] berafiliasi dengan [[FIFA]] pada tahun 1970, salah satu penghargaan internasional paling awal di negara itu datang pada tahun 1981 ketika tim nasional U-20 Qatar muncul sebagai runner-uppemenang kedua di bawah [[Tim nasional sepak bola Jerman Barat|Jerman Barat]] pada [[Piala Dunia U-20 FIFA|Kejuaraan Pemuda Dunia FIFA]] [[Kejuaraan Dunia Remaja FIFA 1981|edisi tahun]] itu setelah dikalahkan 4-0 di final. Di level senior, Qatar telah menjadi tuan rumah tiga edisi [[Piala Asia AFC]]; yakni tahun [[Piala Asia AFC 1988|1988]], [[Piala Asia AFC 2011|2011]] dan [[Piala Asia AFC 2023|2023]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/asian-cup/fox-sports-brings-you-everything-you-need-to-know-and-a-few-things-you-dont-about-the-2011-afc-asian-cup/story-e6frf4fu-1225979619978|title=Fox Sports brings you everything you need to know – and a few things you don't – about the Asian Cup|work=Fox Sports|last1=Gibbes|first1=Martin|last2=Schiller|first2=Emma|date=4 January 2011|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-date=15 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015181305/http://www.foxsports.com.au/football/asian-cup/fox-sports-brings-you-everything-you-need-to-know-and-a-few-things-you-dont-about-the-2011-afc-asian-cup/story-e6frf4fu-1225979619978|url-status=live}}</ref> Untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah negara tersebut, [[tim nasional sepak bola Qatar]] memenangkan Piala Asia AFC pada edisi [[Piala Asia AFC 2019|2019]] yang diselenggarakan di [[Uni Emirat Arab]], mengalahkan [[Tim nasional sepak bola Jepang|Jepang]] 3-1 di final. Mereka memenangkan semua tujuh pertandingan mereka, dengan hanya kebobolan satu gol sepanjang turnamen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/feb/01/qatar-stun-japan-with-3-1-win-to-be-crowned-asian-cup-champions|title=Qatar stun Japan with 3–1 win to be crowned Asian Cup champions|date=1 February 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121184539/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/feb/01/qatar-stun-japan-with-3-1-win-to-be-crowned-asian-cup-champions|url-status=live}}</ref> Sebagai tuan rumah sekaligus juara bertahan edisi 2023 berikutnya, Qatar sukses mempertahankan gelarnya dengan mengalahkan [[Tim nasional sepak bola Yordania|Yordania]] di final.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/afif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html |title=Afif stars as Qatar defeat Jordan to retain title |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024 |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219062450/https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_asian_cup/news/afif_stars_as_qatar_defeat_jordan_to_retain_title.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Pada tanggal 2 Desember 2010, Qatar memenangkan tawaran mereka untuk menjadi tuan rumah [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2022]], meskipun sebelumnya tidak pernah lolos ke Final Piala Dunia FIFA.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia, Qatar win 2018 and 2022 World Cups|author=Paul Radford|newspaper=Reuters|date=2 December 2010|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idAFJOE6B10FA20101202|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205014106/http://af.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idAFJOE6B10FA20101202|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2010|access-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> Penyelenggara lokal membangun tujuh stadion baru dan memperluas satu stadion yang sudah ada untuk acara ini.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/59868204 "World Cup 2022: A guide to the eight World Cup stadiums in Qatar"] (1 April 2022). ''[[BBC]]''. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2018 |title=Stadiums |url=https://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114015238/http://www.sc.qa/en/stadiums |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=8 January 2018 |website=Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy}}</ref> Kemenangan Qatar sebagai tuan rumah Piala Dunia 2022 disambut antusias di kawasan Teluk Persia karena ini merupakan pertama kalinya sebuah negara di Timur Tengah terpilih menjadi tuan rumah turnamen tersebut. Pada saat yang sama, tawaran tersebut menimbulkan banyak kontroversi, termasuk tuduhan suap dan campur tangan dalam penyelidikan dugaan suap. [[Uni Sepak Bola Eropa|Asosiasi sepak bola Eropa]] juga keberatan dengan diadakannya Piala Dunia 2022 di Qatar karena berbagai alasan, mulai dari dampak suhu panas terhadap kebugaran pemain, hingga gangguan yang mungkin timbul pada kalender liga domestik Eropa jika acara tersebut dijadwal ulang selama musim dingin.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/35752/europes-top-leagues-protest-against-2022-winter-world-cup-in-qatar/ |title= Europe's Top Leagues protest against 2022 winter World Cup in Qatar |work= Qatar Chronicle |date= 12 August 2013 |access-date= 21 August 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130817110819/http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/35752/europes-top-leagues-protest-against-2022-winter-world-cup-in-qatar/ |archive-date= 17 August 2013 |url-status=dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/34172/fifa-wants-qatar-2022-postponed-to-winter/|title = Fifa wants Qatar 2022 postponed to Winter|publisher = Qatar Chronicle|date = 20 July 2013|access-date = 21 August 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141110211907/http://www.qatarchronicle.com/sports/34172/fifa-wants-qatar-2022-postponed-to-winter/|archive-date = 10 November 2014|url-status=dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Pada bulan Mei 2014, pejabat sepak bola Qatar [[Mohammed bin Hammam]] dituduh melakukan pembayaran sebesar £3 juta kepada para pejabat sebagai imbalan atas dukungan mereka terhadap pencalonan Qatar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27652181 |title=BBC Sport – Qatar World Cup: '£3m payments to officials' corruption claim |work=BBC Sport |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ronay|first=Barney|date=8 October 2022 |title=Blatter to Beckham: who was in the room when Qatar got the World Cup |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/oct/08/blatter-to-beckham-who-was-in-the-room-when-qatar-got-the-world-cup |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> Penyelidikan FIFA terhadap proses penawaran pada bulan November 2014 membebaskan Qatar dari segala tuduhan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30031405|title=World Cup inquiry clears Qatar but criticises English FA|publisher=BBC|date=13 November 2014|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ronay|first=Barney|date=8 October 2022 |title=Football corruption and the remarkable road to Qatar's World Cup |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/oct/08/football-corruption-and-the-remarkable-road-to-qatar-world-cup |access-date=29 November 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>