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Rang Djambak (bicara | kontrib)
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(1 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 38:
=== Hukum syariat ===
{{See also|Hak asasi manusia di Qatar}}
Menurut konstitusi Qatar, [[hukum Syariat]] adalah sumber semua kebijakan Qatar.<ref name="con">{{cite web|title=The Permanent Constitution of the State of Qatar|url=http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en|publisher=Government of Qatar|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075128/http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=qat1>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Qatar|url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626|quote=Menurut Article 1: Qatar adalah negara Arab independen. Islam adalah agamanya dan hukum Syariat adalah sumber hukumnya.|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153437/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626|dead-url=no}}</ref> Dalam praktiknya, sistem hukum Qatar merupakan campuran antara [[hukum sipil (sistem hukum)|hukum sipil]] dan hukum Syariat.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency|url=http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/qa.html|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2013-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123052127/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/qa.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/171743.pdf|title=Qatar|publisher=[[US Department of State]]|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120336/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/171743.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> Hukum Syariat diberlakukan ke [[hukum keluarga]], [[keturunan]], dan beberapa [[hukum kriminal|tindakan kriminal]] (termasuk zina, perampokan, dan pembunuhan). Dalam beberapa kasus, sidang pengadilan keluarga memperlakukan testimoni wanita berharga setengah dari testimoni pria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar Gender Equality Profile|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629121154/http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Poligini dalam Islam|Poligini Islam]] diperbolehkan.<ref name=nobs>[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/l-enquete-de-l-obs/20130405.OBS6953/qatar-s-ils-pouvaient-ils-acheteraient-la-tour-eiffel.html nouvelobs.com: "Qatar : "S'ils pouvaient, ils achèteraient la Tour Eiffel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091751/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/l-enquete-de-l-obs/20130405.OBS6953/qatar-s-ils-pouvaient-ils-acheteraient-la-tour-eiffel.html |date=10 October 2017 }}, 7 April 2013</ref>
 
''[[Judicial corporal punishment]]'' adalah sesuatu yang umum di Qatar akibat [[Hanbali|interpretasi Hanbali]] hukum Syariat. [[Cambukan]] diberlakukan sebagai hukuman untuk pengonsumsi alkohol atau hubungan seksual terlarang.<ref name="amne" /> Kitab Pidana Qatar Artikel 88 menuliskan bahwa hukuman bagi pelaku zina adalah 100 cambukan,<ref name="flog" /> dan pada tahun 2006, seorang wanita Filipina mendapat hukuman ini.<ref name="flog">{{cite web|title=Filipino woman gets 100 lashes for giving birth in Qatar|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/9758/news/nation/filipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073504/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/9758/news/nation/filipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada tahun 2010, paling tidak 18 orang (sebagian besar warga asing) dihukum antara 40-100 cambuk akibat hubungan seksual terlarang atau konsumsi alkohol.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2010|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020022548/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2010|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tahun 2011, paling tidak 21 orang dihukum,<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2011#section-117-9|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103135911/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2011#section-117-9|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan tahun 2012, ada 6 ekspatriat dihukum.<ref name="amne">{{cite web|title=Amnesty International Annual Report 2012 – Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=19 March 2014|archive-date=2014-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102826/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6|dead-url=no}}</ref> Hanya Muslim yang sehat yang akan menjalani hukuman. Tidak diketahui pasti apakah hukuman benar dijalankan.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6 | work=Amnesty International | title=Annual Report | date=23 October 2014 | access-date=2017-06-07 | archive-date=2014-07-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102826/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6 | dead-url=no }}</ref> Pada bulan April 2013, seorang ekspatriat Muslim dihukum 40 cambukan karena ketahuan mengonsumsi alkohol,<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar sentences man to 40 lashes for drinking alcohol|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-sentences-man-40-lashes-for-drinking-alcohol-498986.html|publisher=Arabian Business|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120716/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-sentences-man-40-lashes-for-drinking-alcohol-498986.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar sentences man to lashes for drinking alcohol|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15593|publisher=Al Akhbar|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006143325/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15593|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar court orders lashing of Muslim barber over drinking alcohol|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/22/Qatar-to-lash-Muslim-barber-over-drinking-alcohol-.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029020349/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/22/Qatar-to-lash-Muslim-barber-over-drinking-alcohol-.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan bulan Juni 2014, seorang ekspatriat Muslim juga dihukum 40 cambukan karena mengonsumsi alkohol dan mengendarai mobil di bawah pengaruh alkohol.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian expat sentenced to 40 lashes in Qatar for drink-driving|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-expat-sentenced-40-lashes-in-qatar-for-drink-driving-552601.html|publisher=Arabian Business|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115210/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-expat-sentenced-40-lashes-in-qatar-for-drink-driving-552601.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Baris 74:
Untuk beberapa tahun ke depan, Qatar diperkirakan akan tetap fokus pada minyak dan gas bumi, namun sudah mulai mengembangkan sektor swasta. Pada [[2004]], [[Qatar Science & Technology Park]] dibuka untuk menarik dan melayani berbagai usaha berbasis teknologi, baik dari dalam maupun luar Qatar.
 
Per 2016, [[Produk domestik bruto|PDB]] per kapita Qatar menempati posisi nomor 4 tertinggi di dunia, menurut Dana Moneter Internasional. (IMF) .<ref name="imfoct">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=13&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)|publisher=IMF|date=October 2016|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110023135/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=13&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref> Negara ini sangat mengandalkan tenaga asing untuk pertumbuhan ekonominya, sampai pada taraf [[pekerja migran]] mencapai 86% populasi penduduk dan 94% angkatan kerja.<ref>Bill Crane (20 April 2015). [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/04/gulf-states-slave-labor-migrant-workers/ Gravediggers of the Gulf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092113/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/04/gulf-states-slave-labor-migrant-workers/|date=2017-10-10}}. ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]''. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar: Migrant Construction Workers Face Abuse|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/12/qatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2017-06-08|archive-date=2015-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016072824/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/12/qatar-migrant-construction-workers-face-abuse|dead-url=no}}</ref> Qatar juga sering dikritik oleh [[Konfederasi Serikat Dagang Internasional]].<ref>Robert Tuttle (22 May 2014). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-22/world-cup-host-qatar-ranked-among-worst-places-to-work-by-unions.html World Cup Host Qatar Ranked Among Worst Places to Work by Unions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108082643/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-22/world-cup-host-qatar-ranked-among-worst-places-to-work-by-unions.html |date=2015-01-08 }}. [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]. Retrieved 29 July 2014.</ref> Pertumbuhan ekonomi Qatar hampir selalu ditopang oleh minyak bumi dan gas alam sejak ditemukan tahun 1940.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onlineqatar.com/info/tourist-info.aspx |title=Qatar tourist guide |accessdate=14 February 2012 |archive-date=2018-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153325/https://www.onlineqatar.com/info/tourist-info.aspx |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
Negara ini hampir tidak menerapkan pajak, namun otoritas negara berencana untuk menerapkannya pada makanan siap saji dan barang mewah. Pajak ini akan diimplementasikan pada barang yang membahayakan tubuh - seperti makanan siap saji, rokok, dan minuman ringan. Awal mula rencana kebijakan ini diperkirakan akibat jatuhnya harga minyak dan menyebabkan negara ini defisit tahun 2016. Selain itu, jumlah pemotongan kerja juga meningkat dari perusahaan minyak dan sektor lembaga negara lainnya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dohanews.co/taxes-on-junk-food-luxury-items-to-be-rolled-out-in-qatar-soon/|title=Taxes on junk food, luxury items to be rolled out in Qatar soon|date=16 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519042210/https://dohanews.co/taxes-on-junk-food-luxury-items-to-be-rolled-out-in-qatar-soon/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dohanews.co/tag/layoffs/|title=layoffs Archives - Doha News|website=Doha News|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519071058/https://dohanews.co/tag/layoffs/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
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