Istana Dolmabahçe: Perbedaan antara revisi

| style = [[Arsitektur Barok | Barok]], Rococo, Neoklasik

[[FileBerkas:Sultan Abdülmecid I.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|[[Abd-ul-Mejid I|Abdülmecid I]]]]

[[FileBerkas:Dolmabahce, Istanbul, Turchia.JPG|thumbjmpl|rightka|Fasad ''Selamlık'']]

Istana Dolmabahçe diperintahkan oleh Sultan ke-31 Kekaisaran, [[Abd-ul-Mejid I|Abdülmecid I]], dan dibangun antara tahun 1843 dan 1856. Sebelumnya, Sultan dan keluarganya tinggal di [[Istana Topkapı|Istana Topkapi]], tetapi karena Topkapi kurang dalam hal gaya kontemporer, kemewahan, dan kenyamanan, dibandingkan dengan istana raja-raja Eropa, Abdülmecid memutuskan untuk membangun sebuah istana modern baru di dekat lokasi bekas Istana Beşiktaş Sahil yang dihancurkan. [[Hacı Said Ağa]] bertanggung jawab atas pekerjaan konstruksi, sementara proyek tersebut direalisasikan oleh arsitek [[Garabet Balyan]], putranya, [[Nigoğayos Balyan]] dan [[Evanis Kalfa]] (dari [[Keluarga Balyan|Keluarga arsitek berkebangsaan Armenia, Balyan]]).

Biaya konstruksi sebesar lima juta [[lira emas Ottoman]] atau 35 [[ton]] [[emas]], setara dengan $1,62 miliar hari ini (''per Februari 2019'').<ref>[http://www.dolmabahcepalace.com/listingview.php?listingID=3&name=Dolmabahce+Palace Dolmabahce Palace]</ref><ref>[http://www.goldgrambars.com/ Goldgrambars.com]</ref> ThisJumlah sumini correspondedsesuai todengan approximatelysekitar aseperempat quarterdari ofpendapatan thepajak yearly tax revenuetahunan. ActuallySebenarnya, the construction waskonstruksi financeddibiayai throughmelalui ''[[debasement]],'' bymata massiveuang issue(dengan ofcara paperpencetakan money,uang astanpa wellhenti) asdan bypinjaman foreignluar loansnegeri. TheBiaya hugebesar expensesmenempatkan placedbeban anbesar enormouspada burdendompet onnegara thedan stateberkontribusi purseterhadap andmemburuknya contributedsituasi tokeuangan the deteriorating financial situation of theKekaisaran Ottoman Empire, whichyang eventuallyakhirnya [[sovereigngagal default|defaultedbayar]] onpada itshutang [[Ottoman public debt|public debt]] in [[Greatpublik Easternpada Crisis#Background|OctoberOktober 1875]], withdengan thepembentukan subsequentberikutnya establishmentpada intahun 1881 ofkontrol [[Ottomankeuangan Public Debt Administration|financial control]] over theatas "[[sickpesakitan man of EuropeEropa]]" by theoleh Europeankekuatan powersEropa.

TheIstana palaceini wasadalah homerumah tobagi sixenam SultansSultan fromsejak 1856, whenketika itpertama waskali first inhabiteddihuni, up until the abolitionsampai ofpenghapusan thekekhalifahan Caliphatepada intahun 1924: TheKerajaan lastterakhir royalyang totinggal livedi heresini wasadalah CaliphKhalifah [[AbdülmecidAbdul Mejid II|Abdülmecid Efendi]]. AUndang-undang lawyang thatmulai wentberlaku intopada effect3 on March 3,Maret 1924 transferred the ownership of the palace to themengalihkan nationalkepemilikan heritageistana ofkepada theRepublik newTurki Turkishyang Republicbaru. [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], thependiri founderdan andPresiden firstpertama PresidentRepublik of the Republic of TurkeyTurki, usedmenggunakan theistana palacesebagai astempat atinggal presidentialpresiden residenceselama duringmusim thepanas summersdan andmeletakkan enactedbeberapa somekarya ofterpentingnya hisdi most important works heresini. Atatürk spentmenghabiskan thehari-hari lastterakhir daysperawatan ofmedisnya hisdi medicalistana treatmentini, indi thismana palace,ia wheremeninggal hepada died on10 November 10, 1938.

TodayHari ini, theistana palacedikelola is managed byoleh ''Milli Saraylar Daire Başkanlığı'' (DirectorateDirektorat ofIstana National PalacesNasional) responsiblebertanggung tojawab thekepada [[Grand NationalMajelis AssemblyAgung ofNasional TurkeyTurki]].{{clear}}

== LocationLokasi ==

[[FileBerkas:Dolmabahce Palacemm.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|Close-up view of the palace from the Bosphorus]]

The site of Dolmabahçe wasawalnya originallyadalah asebuah bayteluk on thedi [[Bosporus|Bosphorus]] whichyang wasdigunakan useduntuk forberlabuh the anchorage of thearmada Ottoman fleet. TheDaerah areaitu wassecara reclaimedbertahap graduallydireklamasi duringselama theabad 18thke-18 centuryuntuk todijadikan becometaman an imperial gardenkekaisaran, muchyang appreciatedsangat bydihargai theoleh Ottomanpara [[sultan]]s Ottoman; it is from this gardendari thatkebun theinilah namenama ''Dolmabahçe'' (Filled-inTaman GardenTerisi) comesberasal fromdari thebahasa TurkishTurki ''dolma'' meaningberarti "filledterisi" anddan ''bahçe'' meaningberarti "gardentaman." VariousBerbagai smallistana summermusim palacespanas andkecil woodendan pavilionspaviliun werekayu builtdibangun heredi duringsini theselama 18thabad andke-18 19thdan centuries19 ultimatelyyang formingakhirnya amembentuk palacekompleks complexistana namedbernama Beşiktaş Waterfront Palace. The area ofLuas 110,.000&nbsp; m² isdibatasi confined byoleh Bosphorus on thedi eastsisi sidetimur, whilesementara atebing steepcuram precipicemengikatnya boundsdi itsisi on the west sidebarat, suchsehingga thatsetelah aftermembangun themonoblok buildingbaru ofIstana theDolmabahçe newseluas 45,.000&nbsp; m², monoblock Dolmabahçe Palace a relativelyruang limitedyang spacerelatif hasterbatas remainedtetap forada auntuk gardenkompleks complextaman whichyang wouldakan normallybiasanya surroundmengelilingi suchistana aseperti palaceitu.<ref name=IstanbulNet>[http://www.istanbul.net.tr/istanbul_muzeler_detay.asp?id=103 Dolmabahçe Palace Museum] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717084800/http://www.istanbul.net.tr/istanbul_muzeler_detay.asp?id=103 |date=July 17, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=CultureTourism>[http://www.turizm.gov.tr/EN,113763/dolmabahce-palace.html Turkish Ministry of Tourism site about Dolmabahçe Palace]</ref>{{clear}}

== DesignDesain anddan layouttata letak ==

[[FileBerkas:Dolmabahce Sarayi.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|FountainAir inmancur thedi gardentaman]]

[[FileBerkas:Dolmabahce Palace plan.svg|thumbjmpl|FloorDenah plan of the palaceistana]]

Dolmabahçe isadalah theistana largestterbesar palacedi inTurki Turkey. It has andengan areamemiliki ofluas {{Convert|45,.000|m2|acresare|1|abbr = on}}, anddan containsberisi 285 roomskamar, 46 hallsaula, 6 bathskamar mandi (''[[TurkishBathup bathTurki|hamam]]''), anddan 68 toiletstoilet.<ref name=IstanbulNet/><ref name=CultureTourism/>

FunctionallySecara fungsional, ondi thesisi other handlain, theistana palacemempertahankan retainsunsur-unsur elementskehidupan oftradisional traditionalistana Ottoman palace life, and alsodan featuresjuga offitur traditionalrumah Turkishtradisional homesTurki. ItSecara isketat strictlydipisahkan separatedsecara structurallystruktural indi asayap southern wingselatan (''Mabeyn-i Hümâyûn'', oratau ''Selamlık'', thetempat quartersyang reserveddisediakan foruntuk thepara menpria) whichyang containsberisi theruang publicrepresentasi representation roomspublik, anddan adi northernsayap wingutara (''Harem-i Hümâyûn'', the [[Imperial Harem Kekaisaran|Harem]]) servingberfungsi assebagai thearea privateperumahan residentialpribadi area for theuntuk Sultan anddan his familykeluarganya. TheDua two functional areas arearea separatedfungsional bydipisahkan theoleh bigAula CeremonialUpacara Hallbesar (''Muayede Salonu'') withdengan aluas floor area oflantai {{Convert|2000|m2|ft2|abbr = on}} anddan atinggi kubah {{Convert|36|m|ft|abbr = on}} high dome. Since theKarena harem hadharus tobenar-benar beterisolasi completelydari isolateddunia from the outside worldluar, thepintu mainmasuk entranceutama forbagi thepara visitorspengunjung isterletak locateddi onsisi theselatan narrowyang southern sidesempit. ThereDi sana, theruang representationperwakilan roomsdiatur areuntuk arrangedresepsi forpengunjung receptionsdan of[[diplomat]] visitors and of foreign diplomatsasing. TheDaerah harem areatermasuk includesdelapan eightapartemen interconnectedyang apartmentssaling forberhubungan theuntuk wivespara of theistri sultan, foruntuk hisfavorit favouritesdan and concubinesselirnya, anddan foruntuk his motheribunya, eachmasing-masing withdengan itskamar ownmandi bathroomsendiri.{{clear}}

== DécorDekorasi anddan equipmentperalatan ==

[[FileBerkas:Ceremonial hall Dolmabahce March 2008 pano4.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|CeremonialBalai HallUpacara, with the chandelier saiddengan tokandil havedikatakan beentelah givendiberikan byoleh [[QueenRatu Victoria]]]]

[[FileBerkas:Dolmabahce Baccarat bannister.JPG|thumbjmpl|''CrystalTangga Staircase''Kristal withdengan pegangan tangga dari [[kristal Baccarat crystal]] [[Baluster|banisters]]dan andlampu chandeliergantung]]

[[FileBerkas:Ambassador Hall Dolmabahce March 2008panoc.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|Ambassador'sGedung HallDuta Besar (''Süfera Salonu'') withdengan dua twokarpet bearskinkulit rugsberuang]]

[[FileBerkas:Istanbul img 5058.jpg|thumbjmpl|Sultan'sHamam hamamSultan decorateddihiasi withdengan Egyptianpualam alabasterMesir]]

WhereasKetika theTopkapi Topkapımemiliki hascontoh-contoh exquisiteindah examples ofdari [[ubin Iznik tiles]] anddan ukiran Ottoman carving, theistana Dolmabahçe palace isdidekorasi extensivelysecara decoratedluas withdengan goldemas anddan crystalkristal. FourteenEmpat tonnesbelas ofton goldemas weredigunakan useduntuk tomenyepuh gild the ceilingslangit-langit.<ref>[http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=107341 Dolmabahçe Palace], Emporis</ref> The world's largest [[Bohemian glass|Bohemian crystalKandil]] [[chandelierkristal Bohemian]] isterbesar di dunia inberada thedi Ceremonial Hall. TheLampu chandeliergantung wasitu assumeddianggap tohadiah be a gift fromdari [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|QueenRatu Victoria]], howevernamun pada intahun 2006 thekuitansi receiptyang wasditemukan foundmenunjukkan showingbahwa itia wastelah paiddibayar forpenuh. inLampu full.ini It hasmemiliki 750 lampslampu anddan weighsberat 4.,5 tonneston. Dolmabahçe hasmemiliki thekoleksi largestlampu collection ofkristal Bohemian anddan [[Kristal Baccarat (company)|Baccarat crystal]] chandeliers interbesar thedi worlddunia. TheTangga famouskristal ''Crystalyang Staircase''terkenal hasmemiliki the shape of a doublebentuk [[horseshoetapal kuda]] andganda isdan builtterbuat ofdari kristal Baccarat crystal, [[brasskuningan]], anddan [[mahoganymahoni]].

ExpensiveBatu-batu stonesmahal suchseperti asmarmer [[MarmaraPulau IslandMarmara|Marmara]] (ProconnesianProconnesia) marble, Egyptian [[alabasterpualam]] Mesir ([[calcitekalsit]], alsojuga knowndikenal assebagai onyx-marblemarmer), anddan [[PorphyryPorfiri (geologyGeologi)|PorphyryPorfiri]] fromdari [[Pergamon]] were used fordigunakan theuntuk decorationdekorasi.

TheIstana palaceini includesmencakup asejumlah large number ofbesar [[Herekekarpet istana carpet|Hereke palace carpet]]s madeyang bydibuat theoleh HerekePabrik ImperialKekaisaran FactoryHereke. AlsoIstana featuredjuga aremenampilkan karpet kulit beruang berusia 150-year-old bearskintahun rugsyang originallypada presentedawalnya todihadiahkan thekepada Sultan as asebagai gifthadiah bydari [[NicholasNikolai III ofdari RussiaRusia|Tsar Nicholas I]].

A collection ofKoleksi 202 oillukisan paintingsminyak isdipajang ondi display in the palaceistana. ASorotan highlightdari ofkoleksi thetersebut collection areadalah 23 paintingslukisan bykarya [[Ivan Aivazovsky]] whichyang heia createdciptakan assebagai apelukis courtistana painterselama duringmasa histinggalnya stays indi Istanbul.<ref name=Aivazovksy>[http://euroasianews.com/historical-ottoman-palace-to-reopen-as-a-museum/ Historical Ottoman Palace reopens as museum], EuroAsiaNews.com, March 22, 2014</ref> TheKoleksinya collectionjuga alsotermasuk includeslukisan paintings bykarya [[Gustave Boulanger]], [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], [[Eugène Fromentin]], [[Stanisław Chlebowski]], [[Félix Ziem]], [[Karl Joseph Kuwasseg]], [[Fausto Zonaro]], [[Théo van Rysselberghe]] anddan Alexander Sandor Svoboda. ThereAda arejuga alsolukisan paintingskarya bypelukis TurkishTurki painters such asseperti [[Osman Hamdi Bey]], [[Halil Pasha (painter)|Halil Pasha]] anddan [[Osman Nuri Pasha (painter)|Osman Nuri Pasha]] indi thismuseum artseni museumini.

== RoomsRuangan ==

[[FileBerkas:Dolmabahce Palace ced.jpg|thumbjmpl|BlueAula HallBiru]]

[[FileBerkas:Dolmabahce Palacasdfe.jpg|thumbjmpl|PinkAula HallMerah Muda]]

=== Aula Medhal (MainPintu Entrance)Masuk HallUtama) ===

AKunjungan visitke toIstana theDolmabahçe Dolmabahcedimulai Palacedi begins at theAula Medhal Hall. RoomsKamar-kamar leadingyang offmengarah thedari Medhal aremenuju towardske thelaut seadan and the landdaratan. TheKamar-kamar roomsyang facingmenghadap theke sealaut weredigunakan usedoleh bypara thepejabat leading [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] officials,terkemuka theseperti [[GrandWazir VizierAgung]] anddan thementeri-menteri othernegara statebagian ministerslainnya, whilesedangkan thekamar-kamar roomsyang facingmenghadap theke landdaratan weredigunakan usedoleh byberbagai variousadministrator administratorsistana ofdan thenegara palaceseperti and the state, such as the PalaceIstana Marshall, [[SheikhSyekhul ul-Islam|Şeyhülislam]], anddan membersanggota ofDewan thePerwakilan House of RepresentativesRakyat (''Meclis-i Mebusan'') and thedan SenateSenat (''Meclis-i Ayan'').

=== TheRuang secretariat's roomssekretariat ===

TheRuang secondkedua room after thesetelah Medhal todi thesebelah rightkanan isadalah the Clerk'sAula HallKantor, alsojuga referreddisebut to as thesebagai ''TiledRuang Room.Ubin''. TheLukisan largestterbesar paintingdalam inkoleksi the palace collectionistana, apenggambaran depiction of theProsesi ''Surre'' Procession byoleh [[Stefano Ussi]], hangsmenggantung ondi thedinding leftkiri wallaula of this hallini. ''Surre'' wasmerujuk usedpada tokaravan referyang tomelakukan theperjalanan caravans which travelled fromdari Istanbul toke MeccaMekah duringselama thebulan religious month ofkeagamaan [[Rajab|Recep]], bearingmembawa thebantuan monetarymoneter aidyang useddigunakan tountuk supportmendukung thepemeliharaan maintenancedan and the decoration of thedekorasi [[KaabaKa'bah]] and to providedan financialuntuk assistancememberikan tobantuan thekeuangan localkepada populationpenduduk oflokal [[Hejaz]].

[[FileBerkas:Ataturk deathbed Dolmabahce March 2008.JPG|thumbjmpl|Ranjang tempat meninggalnya [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]]'s deathbed]]

OnDi thedinding walldi tosebelah thekanan rightadalah islukisan ayang paintingditandatangani signed byoleh [[Rudolf Ernst]] depictingyang themenggambarkan fireapi at thedi Paris Municipal TheaterTheatre anddan anotherlukisan paintinglain ofseorang aGadis DutchDesa VillageBelanda Girl byoleh [[Delandre]]. DecoratedDihiasi withdengan Frenchperabotan stylegaya furniture[[Prancis]], thiskamar ini roomjuga alsoberisi containsvas veryporselen valuableyang porcelainsangat vasesberharga.

=== Atatürk'sKamar roomAtatürk ===

[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] spentmenghabiskan thehari-hari lastterakhir dayshidupnya ofdi hisistana lifekarena inkesehatannya thememburuk. palaceDia asmeninggal hispada health10 deteriorated.November He1938 diedpukul at 9:09.05 A.M.waktu onlokal Novemberdi 10,kamar 1938,tidur inyang aterletak bedroomdi locatedbekas in the formerarea harem area of the palaceistana. AllSemua thejam clocksdi inistana thedimatikan palacedan werejarum stoppedjam anddiatur setke topukul 9:09.05 after hissetelah deathkematiannya. TheJam clocksdi outsideluar ofkamarnya hissekarang roomdiatur now are set to theke [[EasternWaktu EuropeanEropa TimeTimur|actualwaktu timeyang insebenarnya Turkeydi Turki]], buttetapi thejam clockdi inkamar thedi roommana inia whichmeninggal hemasih diedmenunjuk stillke points to 9:09.05.{{clear}}

== GatesGerbang ==

FileBerkas:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG|Gate of theGerbang Sultan (''Saltanat Kapısı'')

FileBerkas:Dolmabahce_TorDolmabahce Tor-2008-31-07.jpg|Gate of theGerbang TreasuryPerbendaharaan (''Hazine-i Hassa Kapısı'')

FileBerkas:Istanbul-1.JPG|GateGerbang to theke Bosphorus

== AdjacentBangunan buildingsyang berdekatan ==

[[FileBerkas:Dolmabahce Sarayi Saat Kulesi.jpg|thumbjmpl|uprightlurus|leftkiri|[[DolmabahçeMenara ClockJam TowerDolmabahçe]]]]

[[FileBerkas:Dolmabahçe Mosque Mars 2013.jpg|thumbjmpl|[[Masjid Dolmabahçe Mosque]]]]

ASejumlah numberbangunan oftempat furthertinggal residentiallebih buildingslanjut areterletak locateddi neardekat theistana palacetermasuk includingistana thePutra palace of the Crown PrinceMahkota (''Veliaht Dairesi''), thetempat quarterstinggal ofpara thepria gentlemen-in-waitingpelayan (''Musahiban Dairesi''), theasrama dormitoriespara of the servantsbudak (''Agavat Dairesi'', ''Bendegan Dairesi'') anddan ofpara the guardspenjaga (''Baltacilar Dairesi''), the quarters oftempat thetinggal [[Kizlar Agha|ChiefKepala EunuchKasim]] (''Kizlaragasi Dairesi''). FurtherBangunan buildingslebih includelanjut imperialtermasuk kitchensdapur kekaisaran (''Matbah-i Amire''), stableskandang kuda, ankandang aviaryburung (''Kusluk''), apembibitan plant nurserytanaman (''Fidelik''), a flourpabrik milltepung, arumah greenhousekaca (''Sera''), asebuah Herekebengkel carpetkarpet workshopHereke (''Hereke dökümhanesi''), a glasspabrik manufactorygelas, apabrik foundrypengecoran, aapotek pharmacy etcdll.<ref>[http://www.greatistanbul.com/dolmabahce_palace.htm Dolmabahçe Palace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318015259/http://www.greatistanbul.com/dolmabahce_palace.htm |date=2015-03-18 }}, Great Istanbul</ref><ref>[http://archnet.org/sites/3475/media_contents/62102 Dolmabahçe Sarayi], Archnet</ref>

A baroque styleSebuah [[Masjid Dolmabahçe Mosque|mosquemasjid]] designedbergaya bybarok yang dirancang oleh [[Garabet Balyan]] wasdibangun builtdi neardekat theistana palacepada in1853 1853—1855. It- was1855 commissionedatas byperintah queenibu motherratu Bezm-i Âlem Valide Sultan. SinceSejak 1948 thebangunan buildingitu housedmenjadi theMuseum NavalAngkatan MuseumLaut, but thetetapi museum wasdipindahkan movedke tolokasi anotherlain locationpada intahun 1960 after thesetelah [[1960Kudeta TurkishTurki coup d'état1960|coupkudeta d'état27 of May, 27thMei]]. InPada tahun 1967 themasjid dikembalikan mosquelagi wasfungsinya returnedsebagai fortempat worshipperibadatan.

ASebuah [[DolmabahçeMenara ClockJam TowerDolmabahçe|clockmenara towerjam]] (''Dolmabahçe Saat Kulesi'') wasdidirikan erecteddi indepan frontGerbang of the Imperial GateKekaisaran (''Saltanat Kapisi'') ondi asebuah squarelapangan alongdi thesepanjang Europeantepi waterfront ofselat Bosphorus next todi thesebelah mosquemasjid. TheMenara towerini wasdipesan orderedoleh by[[Abdul Hamid II|Sultan [[Abdülhamid II]] anddan designeddirancang byoleh thearsitek court architectpengadilan [[Sarkis Balyan]] betweenantara tahun 1890 anddan 1895. ItsJamnya clockdiproduksi wasoleh manufacturedrumah bypembuat thejam French clockmaker house ofPrancis Jean-Paul Garnier, and installed bydan thedipasang courtoleh clockketua masterpengadilan Johann Mayer.{{clear}}

== LiteratureBacaan ==

[[FileBerkas:Caliph library Harem Dolmabahce March 2008 pano.jpg|thumbjmpl|Sultan'sPerpustakaan librarymilik sultan]]

* {{cite book |title=Dolmabahçe Palace |url=https://archive.org/details/dolmabahcepalace0000yuce |last=Yücel |first=İhsan |year=1995 |publisher=TBMM Department of National Palaces |location=Istanbul |isbn=975-7479-42-X}}

* {{cite book |title=Dolmabahçe Palace and its environs |url=https://archive.org/details/dolmabahcepalace0000gule |last=Gülersoy |first=Çelik |authorlink=Çelik Gülersoy |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dolmabahcepalace0000gule/page/257 257] |publisher=İstanbul Kitaplığı |location=Istanbul |isbn=978-975-7687-03-0}}

== ReferencesRujukan ==

== Externalpranala linksluar ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111124082508/http://www.dolmabahce.gov.tr/source.cms.docs/dolmabahce.gov.tr.ce/dolmabahce.html] Dolmabahçesitus Palace]resmi officialIstana siteDolmabahçe

* [http://www.millisaraylar.gov.tr/portalmain-en/default.aspx] National{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109053112/http://www.millisaraylar.gov.tr/portalmain-en/Default.aspx Palaces|date=2013-11-09 in}} Turkey]situs resmi Istana Nasional officialdi siteTurki

{{ImperialIstana palaceskekaisaran indi TurkeyTurki}}

{{MuseumsMuseum indi Istanbul}}