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{{kegunaan lain|Naga (disambiguasi)}}
{{untuk|kadal naga dunia nyata|Agamidae}}
[[File:Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch Mythical-Creature-Dragon 1806.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ilustrasi naga bersayap dan bernafaskan api oleh [[Friedrich Justin Bertuch]] dari 1806]]
[[File:Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ukiran naga dalam mitologi Tiongkok di [[Dinding Sembilan Naga]], [[Taman Beihai]], [[Beijing]] ]]
[[File:Zmei Gorynich - Ystad-2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Moncong kapal [[kapal panjang]] bangsa Viking di [[Ystad]] yang berbentuk kepala naga]]
'''Naga''' merupakan
{{TOC limit|3}}
Baris 9 ⟶ 10:
==Etimologi==
[[File:Pakhangba.jpg|left|thumb|[[Pakhangba]], adalah [[dewa]] naga ular purba dalam [[mitologi Meitei]].]]
Istilah "naga" merupakan kata serapan dari [[bahasa Sanskerta]], yaitu {{IAST|nāgá}} ({{lang|sa|[[:wikt:नाग#Sanskrit|नाग]]}}) yang berarti "[[ular kobra]]" yang berasal dari penamaan [[ular kobra India]] (''Naja naja''). Sinonim untuk ''{{IAST|nāgá}}''
[[File:Beowulf - dracan.jpg|thumb|Kemunculan kata "dracan" yang merupakan sebuah kata dalam [[bahasa Inggris Kuno]] dalam ''[[Beowulf]]''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OCc8TF53RhMC&pg=PA196 Beowulf; a heroic poem of the 8th century, with tr., note and appendix by T. Arnold], 1876, p. 196.</ref>]]
Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata ''dragon'' berasal dari [[bahasa Prancis Kuno]] yang masuk kedalam bahasa Inggris pada awal abad ke-13, kata ''dragon'' tersebut juga berasal dari {{lang-la|draconem}} (bentuk normatif dari {{lang|la|draco}}) yang berarti "ular raksasa, naga", dari [[bahasa Yunani Kuno]] {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δράκων|δράκων]]}}, {{transl|grc|drákōn}} (bentuk genitif dari {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δράκοντος|δράκοντος]]}}, {{transl|grc|drákontos}}) "ular laut, ular raksasa".{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=4}}<ref name="LiddelScott">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddra%2Fkwn2 Δράκων] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620113648/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddra%2Fkwn2 |date=20 June 2010 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus project</ref> Istilah naga dalam bahasa Yunani dan Latin mengacu pada ular manapun yang berukuran besar dan tidak harus sebagai makhluk mitologi.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=2–4}} Kata bahasa Yunani {{lang|grc|δράκων}} kemungkinan besar berasal dari kata kerja dalam bahasa Yunani {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δέρκομαι|δέρκομαι]]}} ({{transl|grc|dérkomai}}) yang berarti "Aku melihat", dan menjadi {{lang|grc|ἔδρακον}} ({{transl|grc|édrakon}}) dalam bentuk [[aorist]].<ref name="LiddelScott"/> Asal-usul penamaan ini yang kemungkinan menjadi sebutan untuk sesuatu yang memiliki "tatapan yang mematikan"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/dragon|title = Dragon | Origin and meaning of dragon by Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> atau mata yang memancarkan cahaya yang tidak biasa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=de%2Frkomai&la=greek&can=de%2Frkomai0&prior=to/de&d=Perseus:text:1999.01.0041:card=699&i=1#lexicon|title = Greek Word Study Tool}}</ref> ataupun "tajam",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.oup.com/2015/04/st-georges-day-dragon-etymology/|title = Guns, herbs, and sores: Inside the dragon's etymological lair|date = 25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyld |first1=Henry Cecil |title=The Universal Dictionary Of The English Language |date=1946 |page=334 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.64081}}</ref> juga bisa berarti untuk menggambarkan mata ular yang kelihatannya selalu terbuka dan setiap dari mata tersebut
==Afrika==
Baris 73 ⟶ 74:
* {{cite journal |last= Berman |first= Ruth |author-link= Ruth Berman |title= Dragons for Tolkien and Lewis |journal= [[Mythlore]] |location= East Lansing, Michigan |publisher= [[Mythopoeic Society]] |volume= 11 |date= 1984 |pages= 53–58}}
* {{citation|last=Ballentine|first=Debra Scoggins|date=2015|title=The Conflict Myth and the Biblical Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLq6BwAAQBAJ&q=Leviathan+Yahweh&pg=PA130|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-937025-2}}
* {{cite journal |last= Berman |first= Ruth |author-link= Ruth Berman |title= Victorian Dragons |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_childrens-literature-in-education_winter-1984_15_4/page/220 |journal= Children's Literature in Education |volume= 15 |date= 1984 |pages= 220–233 |doi= 10.1007/BF01137186 |s2cid= 162244996 }}
* {{citation|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy|first2=Anthony|last2=Green|title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana|publisher=The British Museum Press|year=1992|isbn=0-7141-1705-6}}
* {{Cite book | author = Blount, Margaret Joan | chapter = Dragons | title = Animal Land: the Creatures of Children's Fiction | location = New York | publisher = William Morrow | year = 1975 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/animallandcreatu00blou/page/116 116–130] | isbn = 0-688-00272-2 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/animallandcreatu00blou/page/116 }}
Baris 88 ⟶ 89:
* {{citation|last1=Friar|first1=Stephen|last2=Ferguson|first2=John|date=1993|title=Basic Heraldry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ez8ZdOPxlukC&q=dragons+in+heraldry&pg=PA28|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-03463-1}}
* Garrett, Valery M. ''Chinese Dragon Robes''. Oxford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-195-90499-0}}.
* {{Cite book |author1=Giammanco Frongia, Rosanna M. |author2=Giorgi, Rosa |author3=Zuffi, Stefano |title=Angels and Demons in Art |url=https://archive.org/details/angelsdemonsinar0000gior |publisher=
* {{citation|last=Grasshoff|first=Gerd|date=1990|title=The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR_nBwAAQBAJ&q=Ptolemy+Draco+constellation&pg=PA36|series=Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences|volume=14|editor-last=Toomer|editor-first=Gerald|location=New York City, New York, Berlin, Germany, Heidelberg, Germany, London, England, Paris, France, Tokyo, Japan, and Hong Kong, China|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-1-4612-8788-9}}
* {{citation|last=Haimerl|first=Edgar|date=2013|chapter=Sigurðr, a Medieval Hero|title=Revisiting the Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Heroic Legend|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZXUGvXii4UC&q=Fafnir&pg=PA40|editor1-last=Acker|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Larrington|editor2-first=Carolyne|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-09860-8}}
Baris 95 ⟶ 96:
* {{citation|last=Hughes|first=Jonathan|date=2005|chapter=Politics and the Occult in the Court of Edward IV|title=Princes and Princely Culture: 1450-1650|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9GdB5SIx4C&q=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth+Merlin+white+and+red+dragons&pg=PA106|editor1-last=Gosman|editor1-first=Martin|editor2-last=MacDonald|editor2-first=Alasdair|editor3-last=Vanderjagt|editor3-first=Arjo|location=Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-13690-8}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Ingersoll, Ernest |author2=Henry Fairfield Osborn |date= 2013 |title= The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore |location= [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] |publisher= Cognoscenti Books |isbn= 9781304112422}}
* {{Cite book | author1 = Johnsgard, Paul Austin | author2 = Johnsgard, Karin | author-link1 = Paul Johnsgard | author-link2 = Karin Johnsgard | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h_-YacPDJu4C | title = Dragons and unicorns : a natural history | location = New York | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-312-21895-8 | access-date = 22 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161222052607/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_-YacPDJu4C&printsec=frontcover | archive-date = 22 December 2016 | url-status = live }}
* {{citation|last=Jones|first=David E.|date=2000|title=An Instinct for Dragons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&pg=PP1|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-92721-8|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227120129/https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false|archive-date=27 December 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|date=2006|title=Satan: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&q=intitle:satan+inauthor:kelly&pg=PA12|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521604024}}
Baris 108 ⟶ 109:
* {{Cite book |author-link =Ruth Manning-Sanders | last = Manning-Sanders | first = Ruth |title=A Book of Dragons |publisher=Methuen |location=London |year=1977 |isbn=0-416-58110-2 | title-link = A Book of Dragons }}
* {{citation|last=Nikolajeva|first=Maria|date=2012|chapter=The development of children's fantasy|title=The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWzlAgAAQBAJ&q=dragons&pg=PR13|editor1-last=James|editor1-first=Edward|editor2-last=Mendlesohn|editor2-first=Farah|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-72873-7|pages=50–61}}
* {{citation|last=Niles|first=Doug|date=2013|title=Dragons: The Myths, Legends, and Lore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRTAAAAQBAJ&q=Zmey+Gorynych+academic|location=Avon, Massachusetts|publisher=Adams Media|isbn=978-1-4405-6216-7}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation|last=Ogden|first=Daniel|date=2013|title=''Drakon'': Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=ancient+Greek+dragons|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-955732-5}}
* {{cite magazine |last= Osmond |first= Andrew |title= Dragons in Film |magazine= [[Cinefantastique]] |volume= 34 |date= 2002 |pages= 58–59 }}
Baris 114 ⟶ 115:
* {{citation|last=Rożek|first=Michał|date=1988|title=Cracow: A Treasury of Polish Culture and Art|location=Kraków, Poland|publisher=Interpress Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LlFAAAAIAAJ&q=%22wawel%22|isbn=9788322322451|page=27|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612201839/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LlFAAAAIAAJ&q=%22wawel%22|archive-date=12 June 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author= Schwab, Sandra Martina |chapter= Dragons |title= The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders |editor= [[Gary Westfahl]] |location= Westport, CT |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |year= 2005 |volume= 1 |pages= 214–216 |isbn= 0-313-32951-6}}
* {{Cite book |author-link
* {{citation|last=Sikorski |first=Czesław |title=Wood Pitch as Combat Chemical in the Light of the Jan Długosz's Annals and Some of the Old Polish Military Treatises |journal=Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wood Tar and Pitch |date=1997 |page=235}}
* {{citation|last=Sherman|first=Josepha|date=2015|orig-year=2008|title=Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2-sBwAAQBAJ&q=Gargouille+medieval+folklore&pg=PA184|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7656-8047-1}}
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