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{{kegunaan lain|Naga (disambiguasi)}}
{{untuk|kadal naga dunia nyata|Agamidae}}
[[File:Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch Mythical-Creature-Dragon 1806.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ilustrasi naga bersayap dan bernafaskan api oleh [[Friedrich Justin Bertuch]] dari 1806]]
[[File:Ninedragonwallpic1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ukiran naga dalam mitologi Tiongkok di [[Dinding Sembilan Naga]], [[Taman Beihai]], [[Beijing]] ]]
[[File:Zmei Gorynich - Ystad-2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Moncong kapal [[kapal panjang]] bangsa Viking di [[Ystad]] yang berbentuk kepala naga]]
'''Naga''' merupakan
{{TOC limit|3}}
Baris 9 ⟶ 10:
==Etimologi==
[[File:Pakhangba.jpg|left|thumb|[[Pakhangba]], adalah [[dewa]] naga ular purba dalam [[mitologi Meitei]].]]
Istilah "naga" merupakan kata serapan dari [[bahasa Sanskerta]], yaitu {{IAST|nāgá}} ({{lang|sa|[[:wikt:नाग#Sanskrit|नाग]]}}) yang berarti "[[ular kobra]]" yang berasal dari penamaan [[ular kobra India]] (''Naja naja''). Sinonim untuk ''{{IAST|nāgá}}''
[[File:Beowulf - dracan.jpg|thumb|Kemunculan kata "dracan" yang merupakan sebuah kata dalam [[bahasa Inggris Kuno]] dalam ''[[Beowulf]]''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OCc8TF53RhMC&pg=PA196 Beowulf; a heroic poem of the 8th century, with tr., note and appendix by T. Arnold], 1876, p. 196.</ref>]]
Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata ''dragon'' berasal dari [[bahasa Prancis Kuno]] yang masuk kedalam bahasa Inggris pada awal abad ke-13, kata ''dragon'' tersebut juga berasal dari {{lang-la|draconem}} (bentuk normatif dari {{lang|la|draco}}) yang berarti "ular raksasa, naga", dari [[bahasa Yunani Kuno]] {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δράκων|δράκων]]}}, {{transl|grc|drákōn}} (bentuk genitif dari {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δράκοντος|δράκοντος]]}}, {{transl|grc|drákontos}}) "ular laut, ular raksasa".{{sfn|Ogden|2013|page=4}}<ref name="LiddelScott">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddra%2Fkwn2 Δράκων] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620113648/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddra%2Fkwn2 |date=20 June 2010 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus project</ref> Istilah naga dalam bahasa Yunani dan Latin mengacu pada ular manapun yang berukuran besar dan tidak harus sebagai makhluk mitologi.{{sfn|Ogden|2013|pages=2–4}} Kata bahasa Yunani {{lang|grc|δράκων}} kemungkinan besar berasal dari kata kerja dalam bahasa Yunani {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:δέρκομαι|δέρκομαι]]}} ({{transl|grc|dérkomai}}) yang berarti "Aku melihat", dan menjadi {{lang|grc|ἔδρακον}} ({{transl|grc|édrakon}}) dalam bentuk [[aorist]].<ref name="LiddelScott"/> Asal-usul penamaan ini yang kemungkinan menjadi sebutan untuk sesuatu yang memiliki "tatapan yang mematikan"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/dragon|title = Dragon | Origin and meaning of dragon by Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> atau mata yang memancarkan cahaya yang tidak biasa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=de%2Frkomai&la=greek&can=de%2Frkomai0&prior=to/de&d=Perseus:text:1999.01.0041:card=699&i=1#lexicon|title = Greek Word Study Tool}}</ref> ataupun "tajam",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.oup.com/2015/04/st-georges-day-dragon-etymology/|title = Guns, herbs, and sores: Inside the dragon's etymological lair|date = 25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyld |first1=Henry Cecil |title=The Universal Dictionary Of The English Language |date=1946 |page=334 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.64081}}</ref> juga bisa berarti untuk menggambarkan mata ular yang kelihatannya selalu terbuka dan setiap dari mata tersebut
==Afrika==
Baris 39 ⟶ 40:
Naga versi Tionghoa dianggap sebagai simbol kekuatan alam, khususnya angin topan. Pada umumnya makhluk ini dianggap memiliki sifat yang baik selama ia selalu dihormati. Naga dianggap sebagai penjelmaan roh orang suci yang belum bisa masuk [[surga]]. Biasanya roh orang suci menjelma dalam bentuk naga kecil dan menyusup ke dalam bumi untuk menjalani tidur dalam waktu lama. Setelah tubuhnya membesar, ia bangun dan terbang menuju surga.
Sebagian ilmuwan berpendapat, naga dalam kebudayaan Tionghoa merupakan makhluk khayal yang diciptakan oleh masyarakat zaman dahulu akibat penemuan fosil [[dinosaurus]]. Makhluk ini juga dikenal dalam kebudayaan [[Jepang]] dengan istilah ''Ryuu
Naga dalam shio memiliki arti kebenaran. Arti lain adalah perlindungan dan keperkasaan. Shio naga terdapat pada tahun 2012, 2000, 1988, 1876, 1964, 1952, 1940. Shio naga memiliki kemampuan mulut yang baik dan sayangnya sering membuatnya celaka.
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* {{cite journal |last= Berman |first= Ruth |author-link= Ruth Berman |title= Dragons for Tolkien and Lewis |journal= [[Mythlore]] |location= East Lansing, Michigan |publisher= [[Mythopoeic Society]] |volume= 11 |date= 1984 |pages= 53–58}}
* {{citation|last=Ballentine|first=Debra Scoggins|date=2015|title=The Conflict Myth and the Biblical Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLq6BwAAQBAJ&q=Leviathan+Yahweh&pg=PA130|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-937025-2}}
* {{cite journal |last= Berman |first= Ruth |author-link= Ruth Berman |title= Victorian Dragons |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_childrens-literature-in-education_winter-1984_15_4/page/220 |journal= Children's Literature in Education |volume= 15 |date= 1984 |pages= 220–233 |doi= 10.1007/BF01137186 |s2cid= 162244996 }}
* {{citation|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy|first2=Anthony|last2=Green|title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana|publisher=The British Museum Press|year=1992|isbn=0-7141-1705-6}}
* {{Cite book | author = Blount, Margaret Joan | chapter = Dragons | title = Animal Land: the Creatures of Children's Fiction | location = New York | publisher = William Morrow | year = 1975 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/animallandcreatu00blou/page/116 116–130] | isbn = 0-688-00272-2 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/animallandcreatu00blou/page/116 }}
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* {{citation|last1=Friar|first1=Stephen|last2=Ferguson|first2=John|date=1993|title=Basic Heraldry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ez8ZdOPxlukC&q=dragons+in+heraldry&pg=PA28|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-03463-1}}
* Garrett, Valery M. ''Chinese Dragon Robes''. Oxford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-195-90499-0}}.
* {{Cite book |author1=Giammanco Frongia, Rosanna M. |author2=Giorgi, Rosa |author3=Zuffi, Stefano |title=Angels and Demons in Art |url=https://archive.org/details/angelsdemonsinar0000gior |publisher=
* {{citation|last=Grasshoff|first=Gerd|date=1990|title=The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR_nBwAAQBAJ&q=Ptolemy+Draco+constellation&pg=PA36|series=Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences|volume=14|editor-last=Toomer|editor-first=Gerald|location=New York City, New York, Berlin, Germany, Heidelberg, Germany, London, England, Paris, France, Tokyo, Japan, and Hong Kong, China|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-1-4612-8788-9}}
* {{citation|last=Haimerl|first=Edgar|date=2013|chapter=Sigurðr, a Medieval Hero|title=Revisiting the Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Heroic Legend|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZXUGvXii4UC&q=Fafnir&pg=PA40|editor1-last=Acker|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Larrington|editor2-first=Carolyne|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-09860-8}}
Baris 95 ⟶ 96:
* {{citation|last=Hughes|first=Jonathan|date=2005|chapter=Politics and the Occult in the Court of Edward IV|title=Princes and Princely Culture: 1450-1650|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9GdB5SIx4C&q=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth+Merlin+white+and+red+dragons&pg=PA106|editor1-last=Gosman|editor1-first=Martin|editor2-last=MacDonald|editor2-first=Alasdair|editor3-last=Vanderjagt|editor3-first=Arjo|location=Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-13690-8}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Ingersoll, Ernest |author2=Henry Fairfield Osborn |date= 2013 |title= The Illustrated Book of Dragons and Dragon Lore |location= [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] |publisher= Cognoscenti Books |isbn= 9781304112422}}
* {{Cite book | author1 = Johnsgard, Paul Austin | author2 = Johnsgard, Karin | author-link1 = Paul Johnsgard | author-link2 = Karin Johnsgard | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h_-YacPDJu4C | title = Dragons and unicorns : a natural history | location = New York | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-312-21895-8 | access-date = 22 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161222052607/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_-YacPDJu4C&printsec=frontcover | archive-date = 22 December 2016 | url-status = live }}
* {{citation|last=Jones|first=David E.|date=2000|title=An Instinct for Dragons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&pg=PP1|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-92721-8|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227120129/https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false|archive-date=27 December 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|date=2006|title=Satan: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&q=intitle:satan+inauthor:kelly&pg=PA12|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521604024}}
Baris 108 ⟶ 109:
* {{Cite book |author-link =Ruth Manning-Sanders | last = Manning-Sanders | first = Ruth |title=A Book of Dragons |publisher=Methuen |location=London |year=1977 |isbn=0-416-58110-2 | title-link = A Book of Dragons }}
* {{citation|last=Nikolajeva|first=Maria|date=2012|chapter=The development of children's fantasy|title=The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWzlAgAAQBAJ&q=dragons&pg=PR13|editor1-last=James|editor1-first=Edward|editor2-last=Mendlesohn|editor2-first=Farah|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-72873-7|pages=50–61}}
* {{citation|last=Niles|first=Doug|date=2013|title=Dragons: The Myths, Legends, and Lore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRTAAAAQBAJ&q=Zmey+Gorynych+academic|location=Avon, Massachusetts|publisher=Adams Media|isbn=978-1-4405-6216-7}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{citation|last=Ogden|first=Daniel|date=2013|title=''Drakon'': Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=ancient+Greek+dragons|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-955732-5}}
* {{cite magazine |last= Osmond |first= Andrew |title= Dragons in Film |magazine= [[Cinefantastique]] |volume= 34 |date= 2002 |pages= 58–59 }}
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* {{citation|last=Rożek|first=Michał|date=1988|title=Cracow: A Treasury of Polish Culture and Art|location=Kraków, Poland|publisher=Interpress Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LlFAAAAIAAJ&q=%22wawel%22|isbn=9788322322451|page=27|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612201839/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LlFAAAAIAAJ&q=%22wawel%22|archive-date=12 June 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author= Schwab, Sandra Martina |chapter= Dragons |title= The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders |editor= [[Gary Westfahl]] |location= Westport, CT |publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |year= 2005 |volume= 1 |pages= 214–216 |isbn= 0-313-32951-6}}
* {{Cite book |author-link
* {{citation|last=Sikorski |first=Czesław |title=Wood Pitch as Combat Chemical in the Light of the Jan Długosz's Annals and Some of the Old Polish Military Treatises |journal=Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wood Tar and Pitch |date=1997 |page=235}}
* {{citation|last=Sherman|first=Josepha|date=2015|orig-year=2008|title=Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2-sBwAAQBAJ&q=Gargouille+medieval+folklore&pg=PA184|location=New York City, New York and London, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7656-8047-1}}
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