Pemilihan gubernur Alabama tahun 1874: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Short description|none}}{{Infobox election

| previous_election = 1872Pemilihan gubernur Alabama gubernatorialtahun election1872

| next_election = 1876Pemilihan gubernur Alabama gubernatorialtahun election1876

| election_date = November 3, November 1874

| turnout = <!-- personorang 1 -->

| party1 = DemocraticPartai PartyDemokrat (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)

| party2 = RepublicanPartai PartyRepublik (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)

<!-- mapPeta -->| map_image = File:1874 Alabama gubernatorial election results map by county.svg

| map_caption = CountyHasil resultsdaerah<br />'''Houston:''' {{legend0|#7996E2|50–60%}} {{legend0|#6674DE|60–70%}} {{legend0|#584CDE|70–80%}} {{legend0|#3933E5|80–90%}} {{legend0|#0D0596|>90%}} <br/> '''Lewis:''' {{legend0|#E27F7F|50–60%}} {{legend0|#D75D5D|60–70%}} {{legend0|#D72F30|70–80%}}

<!-- bottomdasar -->| title = GovernorGubernur

| before_party = RepublicanPartai PartyRepublik (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)

| after_party = DemocraticPartai PartyDemokrat (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)

{{Elections in Alabama sidebar}} '''Pemilihan gubernur Alabama tahun 1874''' berlangsung pada tanggal 3 November 1874, untuk memilih [[gubernur Alabama]]. Petahana [[Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)|Republik]] [[David P. Lewis]] gagal mencalonkan diri kembali, kalah dari mantan [[PartaiDewan DemokratPerwakilan Rakyat (Amerika Serikat)|DemokratPerwakilan AS]] mantan [[DewanPartai Perwakilan RakyatDemokrat (Amerika Serikat)|AS] PerwakilanDemokrat]] [[George S. Houston]]. Pemilu ini akan mengakhiri era persaingan yang serius antara partai lokal Demokrat dan Partai Republik, dan mengawali kemenangan beruntun selama 112 tahun bagi [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Demokrat]] di tingkat [[Gubernur|gubernur]].

== GeneralPemilihan ElectionUmum ==

IncumbentGubernur governorpetahana David P. Lewis wasadalah amantan formerDemokrat Democratyang who representedmewakili [[Lawrence County, Alabama|Lawrence County]] at thedi [[Alabama indalam thePerang American CivilSaudara WarAmerika#SecessionPemisahan|statekonvensi secessionpemisahan conventiondiri negara bagian]] indi the prelude to theawal [[American Civil WarPerang]], votingmemberikan againstsuara secessionmenentang butpemisahan eventuallydiri servingtetapi asakhirnya amenjabat sebagai legislator in thedi [[ProvisionalKongres ConfederateKonfederasi CongressSementara]]; hedia wouldkemudian gomenjadi ondelegasi to be a delegate at thedi [[1868Konvensi DemocraticNasional NationalDemokrat Convention1868]] foruntuk Alabama beforesebelum hisdia joiningbergabung thedengan RepublicansPartai Republik.<ref name="woolfolk-article3article">{{cite journal|last1=Woolfolk|first1=Sarah Van V.|author-link=Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins|date=1964|title=Amnesty and Pardon and Republicanism in Alabama|url=https://archive.org/details/alabama-historical-quarterly-v26n02/|journal=The Alabama Historical Quarterly|volume=26|issue=2|pages=240–248|access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|p=241}}<ref name="eoa-david-lewis3lewis">{{cite web |title=Lewis, David P. |url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/david-p-lewis-1872-74/ |website=[[Encyclopedia of Alabama]] |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> HavingTelah beenmenjadi anpendukung advocatepemberian forkembali thehak re-enfranchisement ofpilih [[Scalawag|scalawagsscalawag]] whoyang hadpernah servedbertugas withdi the ConfederacyKonfederasi<ref name="woolfolk-article3article" />{{rp|pp=242–248}} anddan beingkarena asudah longtimelama residenttinggal ofdi Alabama, Lewis wasterpilih pickedsebagai ascalon thedari RepublicanPartai nomineeRepublik for theuntuk [[1872pemilihan gubernur Alabama gubernatorialtahun election1872|previouspemilihan electionsebelumnya]].<ref name="eoa-david-lewis3lewis" /> HoweverNamun, duringselama hismasa tenurejabatannya, existingterjadi tensionsketegangan betweenantara the factions offaksi-faksi thePartai RepublicansRepublik,{{efn|MostTerutama notablyterdiri consistingdari ofUnionist antebellumsebelum Unionistsperang, oratau scalawagsscalawag; northernersorang whoutara hadyang movedpindah southke post-warselatan pasca perang, oratau [[carpetbaggerspengembara karpet]]; anddan thepopulasi newlymantan enfranchisedbudak populationyang ofbaru formermendapatkan slaveshak pilih, oratau [[freedmanorang bebas#UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat|freedmenorang bebas]].<ref name="eoa-alabama-republicans">{{cite web |title=Republican Party in Alabama |url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/republican-party-in-alabama/ |website=[[Encyclopedia of Alabama]] |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>}} particularlykhususnya overmengenai civilhak-hak rightssipil anddan [[ReconstructionRekonstruksi in thedi UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat|ReconstructionRekonstruksi]] beganmulai to boil overmemanas, anddan thekekerasan political violence of thepolitik [[Ku Klux Klan]] beganmulai tomenyasar targetbanyak manypemilih of the party'spartai voterstersebut.<ref name="eoa-alabama-republicans3republicans" />

TheCalon Democraticdari nomineePartai wasDemokrat adalah [[George S. Houston]], amantan formerperwakilan representative anddan Senator for thenegara statebagian who had beenyang pro-Union atpada thesaat timepemisahan of secessiondiri, buttetapi remainedtetap inberada di Alabama through theselama warperang, thoughmeskipun heia tooktidak nomengambil partbagian indalam itspertempuran fightingtersebut; hedia wasjuga chosendipilih likewisedalam inupaya anuntuk effortmenarik tokoalisi appealyang tolebih aluas broadertermasuk coalitionanggota whichUnionis includedyang Unioniststidak dissatisfiedpuas withdengan Lewis'pemerintahan administrationLewis.<ref name="eoa-houston3houston">{{cite web |title=Houston, George S. |url=https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/george-s-houston-1874-78/ |website=Encyclopedia of Alabama |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> ThePartai DemocratsDemokrat presentedmenampilkan themselvesdiri asmereka sebagai "[[redeemerspenebus]]" whoyang wouldakan restoremengembalikan Whitedominasi dominancekulit andputih eliminatedan Republicanmemberantas corruptionkorupsi Partai Republik.<ref name="eoa-houston3houston" />

=== ElectionPembantaian dayhari massacrepemilu ===

{{MainUtama|ElectionPembantaian Massacre ofPemilu 1874}}

OneSalah notablesatu incidentinsiden ofkekerasan electoralpemilu violenceyang tookmenonjol placeterjadi onpada electionhari daypemilu neardi dekat [[Eufaula, Alabama|Eufaula]] indi [[Barbour County, Alabama|Barbour County]] beforesebelum movingpindah toke [[Spring Hill, Barbour County, Alabama|Spring Hill]] , wheretempat ballotssurat weresuara then being counteddihitung; akejadian similarserupa incidentterjadi took place indi [[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile County]]. InDalam bothkedua caseskasus manytersebut, banyak pemilih ofkulit thehitam Blackyang votersmelarikan fleddiri, anddan thePartai DemocratsDemokrat wonmemenangkan thewilayah countiestersebut.<ref name="whitmire-massacre2">{{cite news|last1=Whitmire|first1=Kyle|date=16 January 2022|title=Ambushed in Eufaula: Alabama's forgotten race massacre|url=https://www.al.com/news/2022/01/ambushed-in-eufaula-alabamas-forgotten-race-massacre.html|work=[[The Birmingham News|AL.com]]|language=en|access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="wiggins-scalawag2">{{cite book|last1=Woolfolk Wiggins|first1=Sarah|date=1 June 1977|title=The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865-1881|url=https://archive.org/details/scalawaginalabam0000wigg|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=9780817389284|author-link=Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins}}</ref>{{rp|p=97}}

=== ResultsHasil ===

{{Election box begin no change | title=1874Pemilihan gubernur Alabama gubernatorialtahun election1874<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=262826|title=AL Governor 1874|publisher=Our Campaigns|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="dubin-gub">{{cite book |last1=Dubin |first1=Michael J. |title=United States gubernatorial elections, 1861–1911: the official results by state and county |date=2010 |publisher=McFarland & Co |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-0-7864-4722-0 |page=36}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party =Democratic PartyPartai Demokrat (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)
|candidate = [[George S. Houston]]
|votes = 107,118
|percentage = 53.28
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party =Republican PartyPartai Republik (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)
|candidate = [[David P. Lewis]] (incumbentpetahana)
|votes = 93,928
|percentage = 46.72
}}

{{Election box total no change|
|votes = 201,046
|percentage = 100.00
}}

{{Election box gain with party link no change||winner=Democratic Party (United States)|loser=Republican Party (United States)}}

TheAwal beginningdominasi ofPartai DemocraticDemokrat dominancedi innegara thebagian statetersebut alsojuga ledmenyebabkan tohilangnya thehak-hak lossyang ofselama theini rightsdiperoleh that had been gained by thependuduk [[AfricanAfrika-AmericansAmerika|BlackKulit Hitam]] population, anddan the beginning ofdimulainya [[SegregationSegregasi indi theAmerika United StatesSerikat|segregationsegregasi]] indi thenegara statebagian tersebut. Soonnegara. afterSegera thesetelah electionpemilu, thenegara statebagian wouldakan passmengesahkan akonstitusi newbaru constitutionyang whichmengamanatkan mandatedpemisahan thesekolah effectivesecara racialrasial separationsecara of schoolsefektif,<ref name="eoa-houston3" /> anddan establishedmenetapkan fundingpendanaan foruntuk eachsetiap race'ssekolah schoolsras through themelalui [[pollpajak taxjajak pendapat]], whichyang ledmenyebabkan inkurangnya manysekolah areaskulit tohitam adi lack of any Blackbanyak schoolsdaerah. AlsoYang requiredjuga wasdiperlukan theadalah segregationpemisahan of prisonspenjara, anddan lawsundang-undang prohibitingyang interracialmelarang marriagepernikahan andantar sexras remaineddan inseks tetap placeberlaku; howevernamun, Blackhak pilih orang kulit hitam suffragesebagian remainedbesar mostlytetap intactutuh.<ref name="birth-of-jim-crow2">{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=David|date=1993|title=The Birth of Jim Crow in Alabama 1865-1896|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5x65v6ch|journal=National Black Law Journal|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=184–197|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|pp=193–194}} ByNamun, thepada 1880s,tahun however1880-an, perceivedancaman threatsterhadap todominasi DemocraticPartai dominanceDemokrat from the ascendantdari [[PopulistPartai PartyPopulis (UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat)|PopulistsPopulis]] ledmenyebabkan toterulangnya ateror repeatdan ofpenipuan theseperti terroryang andterjadi fraudpada likePartai thoseRepublik againstdi Republicanstahun-tahun insebelumnya, priorhanya years,saja onlykali thisini timetargetnya theadalah targetorang waskulit Blackhitam. anddan poorwarga Whitekulit citizensputih yang miskin; furtherundang-undang lawslebih werelanjut passeddisahkan tountuk enforcemenegakkan segregationsegregasi anddan whitedominasi dominancekulit putih, includingtermasuk stricterundang-undang vagrancygelandangan anddan workkontrak contractkerja lawsyang lebih ketat.<ref name="birth-of-jim-crow2" />{{rp|pp=194–196}} InPada tahun 1901, asebuah newkonstitusi constitutionbaru hadtelah beendibuat createddengan withtujuan theeksplisit explicituntuk aim of establishingmembangun, "withindalam thebatas-batas limitsyang imposedditentukan byoleh thekonstitusi federal constitution", asebuah systemsistem ofsupremasi whitekulit supremacyputih; thiskonstitusi constitutionini effectivelysecara disenfranchisedefektif Blacksmencabut andhak manywarga poorkulit Whiteshitam bydan establishing,banyak amongwarga otherkulit thingsputih miskin dengan menetapkan, propertyantara requirementslain, literacypersyaratan properti, tes melek testshuruf, anddan apajak cumulativepemungutan pollsuara taxkumulatif.<ref name="law-review-stewart-constitution2">{{cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=William H.|date=2001|title=The Tortured History of Efforts to Revise the Alabama Constitution of 1901|url=https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2053/Issue%201/Stewart.pdf|journal=Alabama Law Review|publisher=[[University of Alabama]]|volume=53|issue=1|pages=295–333|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|pp=295–296}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Flynt|first1=Wayne|date=2001|title=Alabama's Shame: The Historical Origins of the 1901 Constitution|url=https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2053/Issue%201/Flynt.pdf|journal=Alabama Law Review|publisher=[[University of Alabama]]|volume=53|issue=1|pages=67–76|access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|pp=72–75}}

== NotesCatatan ==

== ReferencesReferensi ==

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