Pemberontakan Tuareg (2012): Perbedaan antara revisi

*Presiden Mali Amadou Toumani Touré [[Kudeta Mali 2012|dikudeta]]<ref name=guardian1>{{cite news|title=Mali rebels claim to have ousted regime in coup|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/22/mali-rebels-coup|work=The Guardian |date=22 March 2012|location=London|first=Afua|last=Hirsch}}</ref>

*MNLA dan Ansar Dine menguasai seluruh Mali Utara<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.mnlamov.net/actualites/34-actualites/166-la-fin-des-operations-militaires.html |title=Communiqué N°14-04-04-2012- Fin des Opérations Militaires] |access-date=2012-05-12 |archive-date=2012-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616153736/http://www.mnlamov.net/actualites/34-actualites/166-la-fin-des-operations-militaires.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

*Negara [[Azawad]] dideklarasikan oleh [[Pergerakan Nasional Pembebasan Azawad]] (MNLA)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/20124644412359539.html |title=Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali |date=6 April 2012 |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref>

|combatant1 = {{flag|Mali}}<br>''Didukung oleh:''<br>[[FileBerkas:ECOWAS Flag.png|22px|bordertepi]] [[ECOWAS]]<br>{{flag|Amerika Serikat}}<ref name="news24">{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Malian-forces-battle-Tuareg-rebels-20120304 |title=Malian forces battle Tuareg rebels |agency=South African Press Association |publisher=News24 |date=4 March 2012 |accessdate=22 March 2012|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109231849/http://www.news24.com/africa/news/malian-forces-battle-tuareg-rebels-20120304|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htlog/articles/20120308.aspx |title=Logistics: American Robots Sustain The Siege of Tessalit |publisher=Strategypage.com|date=8 March 2012 |accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/apr/07/mali-junta-step-down-rebels?newsfeed=true |title=Mali junta quits as regional troops prepare to target Tuareg rebels |work=The Observer |date=7 April 2012 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref><br>

{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Ansar Dine]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Gunfire+breaks+Tuareg+rebels+enter+northern+Mali+city/6391463/story.html|agency=Montreal Gazette|title=Gunfire breaks out as Tuareg rebels enter northern Mali city|date=31 March 2012|accessdate=1 April 2012}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br>[[Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa|MUJAO]]<ref name="mojwa">{{cite web |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=51578 |title=Tuareg-jihadists alliance: Qaeda conquers more than half of Mali |author=Couamba Sylla |date=4 April 2012 |publisher=middle-east-online.com |accessdate=6 April 2012|archive-date=2013-07-22|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IIzCv6HI?url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=51578|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br>[[Boko Haram]]<ref name="bokomali">{{cite news|title=Traore readies to take over in Mali|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Traore-readies-to-take-over-in-Mali-20120411|publisher=[[News24]]|date=12-04-2012|accessdate=12-04-2012|archive-date=2018-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717071253/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Traore-readies-to-take-over-in-Mali-20120411|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

|combatant3 = [[Front Pembebasan Nasional Azawad|FLNA]]<ref name="FLNA">{{cite web|author=Par Europe1.fr avec AFP |url=http://www.europe1.fr/International/Mali-nouveau-groupe-arme-cree-dans-le-Nord-1027345/ |title=Mali: nouveau groupe armé créé dans le Nord – Europe1.fr – International |publisher=Europe1.fr |accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=New north Mali Arab force seeks to "defend" Timbuktu |first1=Bate |last1=Felix |first2=Adama |last2=Diarra |work=Reuters |date=10 April 2012|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE83901120120410|accessdate=2012-05-12|archive-date=2012-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725194722/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE83901120120410|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

|commander2 = {{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Mahmoud Ag Aghaly]]<br>{{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Bilal Ag Acherif]]<br>{{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Moussa Ag Acharatoumane]]<br>{{flagicon|Azawad}} [[Ag Mohamed Najem]]<ref>{{cite web|author=MISNA |url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/20012012-mali-fighting-in-north-the-new-touareg-war/ |title=Mali: Fighting In North; The New Touareg War |publisher=Eurasiareview.com |date=20 January 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref>

|strength2 = MNLA: 3.000<ref name="detials">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/03/20123208133276463.html |title=Mali's Tuareg rebellion: What next? |author=Jeremy Keenan |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=20 March 2012 |accessdate=23 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="dailystar.com.lb">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/Apr-02/168928-al-qaeda-unlikely-to-profit-from-mali-rebellion-experts.ashx#axzz1quEeCoBI |title=Al-Qaeda unlikely to profit from Mali rebellion: experts |author=Sofia Bouderbala |date=2 April 2012 |work=The Daily Star |accessdate=3 April 2012|archive-date=2012-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402204323/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/International/2012/Apr-02/168928-al-qaeda-unlikely-to-profit-from-mali-rebellion-experts.ashx#axzz1quEeCoBI|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

|casualties2 = 65 tewas (menurut Mali)<ref>{{cite news|author=10:59&nbsp;pm GMT 19 Jan 2012 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9026722/Fierce-clashes-between-Malian-army-and-Tuareg-rebels-kill-47.html |title=Fierce clashes between Malian army and Tuareg rebels kill 47 |publisher=Telegraph |date=19 January 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2012 |location=London}}</ref><ref name=Reut73>{{cite news|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL5E8D407420120205 |title=Mali says 20 rebels killed, thousands flee |publisher=Af.reuters.com |date=5 February 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2012|archive-date=2012-11-23|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6CO8l5DrN?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/05/mali-rebels-attack-idAFL5E8D407420120205|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

|notes = ~100.000 mengungsi ke luar negeri<ref name="bbcposttim">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17596831 |title=BBC News – Mali: Timbuktu heritage may be threatened, Unesco says |publisher=BBC |date=3 April 2012 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref><br/>100.000+ terlantar di dalam negeri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/tuareg-rebels-take-mali-garrison-town-say-sources/ |title=Tuareg rebels take Mali garrison town, say sources |publisher=Trust.org |date=11 March 2012 |accessdate=11 March 2012|archive-date=2012-11-23|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6COegnEDL?url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/tuareg-rebels-take-mali-garrison-town-say-sources/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br>Total: ~250.000<ref>{{Citation |first=Nick |last=Meo |title=Triumphant Tuareg rebels fall out over al-Qaeda's jihad in Mali |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=7 April 2012 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9191760/Triumphant-Tuareg-rebels-fall-out-over-al-Qaedas-jihad-in-Mali.html}}</ref>

'''Pemberontakan Tuareg 2012''' adalah pemberontakan yang dilancarkan oleh [[Pergerakan Nasional Pembebasan Azawad]] (MNLA) terhadap pemerintah Mali di wilayah [[Azawad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/mar/23/coup-mali-dictatorship-tuareg |title=Coup threatens to plunge Mali back into the darkness of dictatorship |author=Andy Morgan |date=23 March 2012 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=5 April 2012}}</ref> MNLA dibentuk oleh mantan pemberontak dan pejuang Tuareg yang baru saja [[perang saudara Libya|kembali dari Libya]].<ref name="apress">{{cite web |author=Andy Morgan | url=http://thinkafricapress.com/mali/causes-uprising-northern-mali-tuareg |title=The Causes of the Uprising in Northern Mali |publisher=Think Africa Press |date=6 February 2012 |accessdate=7 March 2012 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209055102/http://thinkafricapress.com/mali/causes-uprising-northern-mali-tuareg |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Pada tanggal 22 Maret, tepat satu bulan sebelum [[pemilihan umum presiden Malta 2012|pemilihan umum]], Presiden [[Amadou Toumani Touré]] [[kudeta Mali 2012|dikudeta]] oleh [[Komisi Nasional untuk Restorasi Demokrasi dan Negara]] yang dibentuk oleh tentara Mali yang membangkang karena dianggap tak mampu memadamkan pemberontakan.<ref name="aljazeera1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/03/201232251320110970.html |title=Mali soldiers say president toppled in coup – Africa |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=4 October 2011 |accessdate=22 March 2012}}</ref> Kudeta tersebut mengakibatkan kekacauan sehingga tiga kota terbesar Mali di utara - [[Kidal]], [[Gao]], dan [[Timbuktu]] - jatuh ke tangan pemberontak dalam tiga hari berturut-turut.<ref name="boston">{{cite news |url=http://articles.boston.com/2012-04-02/news/31276132_1_rebel-advance-tuareg-rebels-timbuktu |title=Islamist group plants flag in Mali’s Timbuktu |author=Baba Ahmed and Rukmini Callimachi |date=2 April 2012 |agency=Associated Press |work= The Boston Globe|accessdate=3 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="gaocontrol">{{cite news |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5grilySJ5EdrgURoNp1mt3AIJhTgg?docId=CNG.915a5505555757d7df5029b5b99451cc.261 |title=Mali junta denounces 'rights violations' by rebels |author=Serge Daniel |agency=''Agence France-Presse'' |date=4 April 2012 |publisher=Google |accessdate=6 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201201147/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5grilySJ5EdrgURoNp1mt3AIJhTgg?docId=CNG.915a5505555757d7df5029b5b99451cc.261|archivedate=2013-02-01|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada 5 April, setelah berhasil merebut [[Douentza]], MNLA menyatakan tujuannya telah tercapai dan menghentikan serangannya. Esoknya, kemerdekaan Azawad dideklarasikan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/06/205763.html|agency=Al Arabiya|title=Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali|date=6 April 2012|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref>

Setelah pertempuran melawan tentara Mali berakhir, terjadi konflik antara nasionalis dan Islamis Tuareg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18610618 |title=Mali: Islamists seize Gao from Tuareg rebels |date=27 June 2012 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=27 June 2012}}</ref> Pada 27 Juni, Islamis dari [[Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa]] (MOJWA) menyerang MNLA dalam [[Pertempuran Gao]], yang mengakibatkan terlukanya sekretaris-jenderal MNLA [[Bilal Ag Acherif]] dan jatuhnya Gao ke tangan mereka.<ref name="Serge Daniel">{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hBFw8aQMUwyILkE0faoge_v3a2Tw?docId=CNG.5a399b35f2fd7797cbca9a2f17c8ca72.5a1 |title=Islamists seize north Mali town, at least 21 dead in clashes |author=Serge Daniel |date=27 June 2012 |agency=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Google News |accessdate=27 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201201046/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hBFw8aQMUwyILkE0faoge_v3a2Tw?docId=CNG.5a399b35f2fd7797cbca9a2f17c8ca72.5a1|archivedate=2013-02-01|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada 17 Juli, MOJWA dan Ansar Dine telah mengusir MNLA dari semua kota-kota besar.<ref name="Nossiter">{{cite news|author=Adam Nossiter|title=Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali|accessdate=18 July 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 July 2012}}</ref>

* {{cite journal |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=2011 |title=Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion |doi=10.1080/09592318.2011.573406 |first=Stephen A. |last=Emerson |pages=669–687 }}

* {{cite book |title=Disputed Desert: Decolonisation, Competing Nationalisms and Tuareg Rebellions in Northern Mali |last=Lecocq |first=Jean Sebastian |year=2010 |series=Afrika-Studiecentrum series |volume=19 |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-13983-1 }}

[[Kategori:Konflik dalam tahun 2012]]

[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Mali]]