Mata Hari: Perbedaan antara revisi

| signature = Berkas:Mata Haris Unterschrift..png

'''Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod''' (nama lahir: '''Zelle'''; 7 Agustus 1876{{snds}}15 Oktober 1917), lebih dikenal dengan nama panggung '''Mata Hari''', adalah seorang [[Tari telanjang|penari eksotis]] dan [[pelacur]] [[Belanda]] yang dihukum karena menjadi mata-mata [[Jerman]] selama [[Perang Dunia I]]. Banyak [[Manusia|orang]] masih percaya dia tidak bersalah<ref>{{cite news |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-28863720070807 |title=Mata Hari was a scapegoat, not a spy – biographer |work=Reuters |first=Belinda |last=Goldsmith |date=7 August 2007 |quote=“But the evidence is quite strong that she was completely innocent of espionage,” Shipman, a professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University, told Reuters. “When she was arrested the war was going very badly for the French and she was a foreigner, very sexy, having affairs with everyone, and living lavishly while people in Paris had no bread. There was a lot of resentment against her.” Shipman said Mata Hari’s standing in 1917 was similar to that of Marilyn Monroe in the 1960s—she was recognizable everywhere and considered the sexiest, most desirable women in Europe. “This is part of why it is so ludicrous to think she was a spy. She couldn’t be clandestine and sneak around. She couldn’t help but attract attention,” said Shipman, whose book ''Femme Fatale: Love, Lies and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari'' ({{ISBN|978-0297856276}}) has just been released.}}</ref> mereka beranggapan bahwa Tentara Prancis hanya membutuhkan kambing hitam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/11-12/mata-hari-history-killing/ |title=Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy After All |date=12 November 2017 |work=National Geographic |url-access=subscription |quote=In 1916 the war was going badly for the French. Two of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war—Verdun and the Somme—pitted the French against the Germans for months at a time. The mud, bad sanitation, disease, and the newly introduced horror of phosgene gas led to the death or maiming of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. Eventually, French troops became so demoralized that some refused to fight. Ladoux felt the arrest of a prominent spy could raise French spirits and recharge the war effort.}}</ref><ref name="Howe, Russel Warren 1986">Howe, Russel Warren (1986). ''Mata Hari: The True Story. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.'' pp. x–xi, 285.</ref> Dia dieksekusi oleh regu tembak di Prancis.<ref name=eb>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mata Hari |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/368879 |quote=The daughter of a prosperous hatter, she attended a teachers' college in Leiden. In 1895 she married an officer whose family was of Scottish origin, [[MacLeod|Captain Rudolph MacLeod]], in the Dutch colonial army, and from 1897 to 1902 they lived in Java and Sumatra. The couple returned to Europe but later separated, and she began to dance professionally in Paris in 1905 under the name of Lady MacLeod. She soon called herself Mata Hari, said to be a Malay expression for the sun (literally, "eye of the day"). Tall, extremely attractive, superficially acquainted with East Indian dances, and willing to appear virtually nude in public, she was an instant success in Paris and other large cities.|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=21 August 2007 }}</ref>

Margaretha Zelle dilahirkan di [[Leeuwarden]], [[Friesland]], [[Belanda]],<ref>Her birth house, at Kelders 33, survived a big fire that destroyed the three houses immediately next to it on 19 October 2013.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}</ref> anak tertua dari pasangan Adam Zelle (2 Oktober 1840 – 13 Maret 1910), pemilik toko topi, dan Antje van der Meulen (21 April 1842 – 9 Mei 1891).<ref>[http://www.praamsma.org/familytrees/Margaretha_Gertruida_Zelle.html Ancestors of Margaretha Geertruida ZELLE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713141731/http://www.praamsma.org/familytrees/Margaretha_Gertruida_Zelle.html |date=2017-07-13 }}. www.praamsma.org</ref> Ia memiliki 3 saudara laki-laki. Ayahnya berhasil melakukan investasi yang sukses dalam bidang perminyakan dan dapat memberikan Margaretha masa kanak-kanak yang mewah,<ref name="about">Jennifer Rosenberg [http://history1900s.about.com/od/1910s/p/MataHari.htm Mata Hari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610150302/http://history1900s.about.com/od/1910s/p/MataHari.htm |date=2011-06-10 }}. About.com</ref> termasuk sekolah eksklusif sampai usia 13.<ref name="world">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldofbiography.com/9241-Mata%20Hari/life.htm |title=Mata Hari |accessdate=2010-07-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915110718/http://www.worldofbiography.com/9241-Mata%20Hari/life.htm |archivedate=15 September 2010 }}. World of Biography</ref> Meskipun ada pernyataan tradisional bahwa Mata Hari sebagian orang [[Jawa]], yaitu [[orang Indonesia]], keturunan, para sarjana menyimpulkan bahwa ia tidak memiliki keturunan Asia atau Timur Tengah dan kedua orang tuanya adalah orang [[Belanda]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rb-GDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=mata+hari+descent#v=onepage&q=mata+hari+descent&f=false|title=Performing Otherness: Java and Bali on International Stages, 1905-1952|first=M.|last=Cohen|date=27 October 2010|publisher=Springer|accessdate=15 October 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780230309005}}</ref>

Sebelum terjun di dunia spionase, wanita yang memiliki kode rahasia '''H21''' ini mengawali kariernya sebagai penari erotis di [[Paris]]. Berbekal keahlian ''erotic temple dances'' yang dipelajari di [[India]] dan daya pikatnya yang tinggi, dia menjadi terkenal di mana-mana. Tak heran bila kemudian tawaran menari banyak berdatangan dari kota kota besar di [[Eropa]] bahkan [[Mesir]]. Kondisi inilah yang kemudian menyeretnya dalam dunia ''spionase''. Saat menjadi ''stripper'' di [[Berlin]], Agen rahasia [[Jerman]] merekrutnya.

[[Kategori:WanitaPerempuan Belanda]]

[[Kategori:Belanda-Tokoh Indonesia keturunan Belanda]]