Dampak pandemi Covid-19 terhadap ibadah haji: Perbedaan antara revisi

Akibat sifat [[Penyakit koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] yang mudah menular, [[Kementerian Haji dan Umrah Arab Saudi]] menyarankan umat Islam untuk menunda ibadah hajinya hingga pandemi berhasil diatasi.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-04-01|title=Saudi Arabia asks Muslims to delay Hajj bookings|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-52118803|access-date=2020-06-23}}</ref> Meskipun demikian, pada Juni 2020, Menteri Haji dan Umrah memperbolehkan warga negara asing yang berada di [[Arab Saudi]] untuk menunaikan haji. Meskipun demikian, warga asing yang tidak berada di Arab Saudi masih tidak diperbolehkan untuk menunaikan haji dengan alasan keamanan dan pencegahan [[penularan COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Hamdi Alkhshali |author2=Larry Register|title=Saudi Arabia says Hajj pilgrimage is on -- with limited numbers|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/22/middleeast/hajj-pilgrimage-saudi-arabia-coronavirus-intl/index.html|access-date=2020-06-23|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministry of Hajj and Umrah: Hajj 1441H Is Decided to Take Place This Year with Limited Number of Pilgrims from All Nationalities Residing in Saudi Arabia The official Saudi Press Agency|url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=2100951|access-date=2020-06-23|website=www.spa.gov.sa}}</ref>

[[COVID-19 pandemic|Pandemi COVID-19]] disebabkan oleh [[penyakit koronavirus 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) SITUATION REPORT|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4}}</ref> Kemunculan [[SARS-CoV-2|virus]] pertama kali terdeteksi di [[Wuhan]], [[China]] pada awal Desember 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO urges countries to ensure the continuity of malaria services in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/25-03-2020-who-urges-countries-to-ensure-the-continuity-of-malaria-services-in-the-context-of-the-covid-19-pandemic|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Pada 30 Januari 2020, COVID-19 dinyatakan sebagai [[Kedaruratan Kesehatan Masyarakat yang Meresahkan Dunia]] oleh [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]]. Pada 11 Maret 2020, penyakit ini dinyatakan sebagai [[pandemi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The WHO Just Declared Coronavirus COVID-19 a Pandemic|url=https://time.com/5791661/who-coronavirus-pandemic-declaration/|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Time}}</ref> [[Penularan COVID-19]] terjadi melalui kontak personal dengan pembawa virus, membuatnya lebih mudah menular di ruangan sempit yang minim sirkulasi udara.<ref>{{Cite web|last=April 2020Woodward|first=Tia Ghose-Assistant Managing Editor 07Aylin|title=HowYou're aremost peoplelikely beingto infectedcatch withthe COVID-19?|url=https://www.livescience.com/how-covid-19-spreads-transmission-routes.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=livescience.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citecoronavirus web|title=Modesin ofa transmissionpoorly ofventilated virusspace. causingThat COVID-19:makes implicationsoffices forvery IPC precaution recommendationsrisky.|url=https://www.whobusinessinsider.intcom/newscoronavirus-room/commentaries/detail/modesrisk-ofhigher-transmissiontight-ofindoor-virusspaces-causingwith-covidlittle-19air-implicationsflow-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations|access-date=2020-06-285|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{CiteBusiness web|date=2020-02-11|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/faq.htmlInsider|access-date=20202021-06-28|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en03-us25}}</ref> Selain itu, COVID-19 juga dapat ditularkan melalui benda yang disentuh atau terpapar tetesan kecil dari orang yang terinfeksi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How does COVID-19 spread?|url=https://www.sghgroup.com.sa/en/medical-blog/how-does-covid-19-spread|access-date=2020-06-28|website=SGH|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO Western Pacific {{!}} COVID-19 information for the public|url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/information|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-11|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref>

Haji telah dibatalkan sebanyak 40 kali sepanjang [[sejarah Islam]] akibat wabah, pertentangan politik, dan perang.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-14|title=Hajj has been cancelled 40 times in history|url=https://www.siasat.com/hajj-has-been-cancelled-40-times-history-1874010/|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Siasat Daily|language=en-GB}}</ref> sepanjang [[sejarah Islam]] akibat wabah, pertentangan politik, dan perang.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chitwood|first=Ken|title=Hajj cancellation due to coronavirus is not the first time plague has disrupted this Muslim pilgrimage|url=http://theconversation.com/hajj-cancellation-due-to-coronavirus-is-not-the-first-time-plague-has-disrupted-this-muslim-pilgrimage-135900|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> Pada tahun 930-940 M (318-328 H), Haji dibatalkan akibat serangan dari [[Qaramitah|Qarmitah]] yang menyebabkan 30.000 jamaah dibunuh dan [[Hajar Aswad]] dicuri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-04|title=The Hajj Has Been Canceled 40 Times In The History|url=https://theislamicinformation.com/hajj-has-been-canceled-40-times-history/|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Islamic Information|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=T. M. V.|date=2020-04-02|title=A Brief Look At When Hajj Was Cancelled In History - TMV|url=https://themuslimvibe.com/muslim-current-affairs-news/a-brief-look-at-when-hajj-was-cancelled-in-history|access-date=2020-06-28|language=en-GB}}</ref> Pada 1831, Haji dihentikan akibat jamaah haji dari India menularkan penyakit dan menyebabkan wabah yang menewaskan sekitar 75% jamaah haji kala itu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=T. M. V.|date=2020-04-02|title=A Brief Look At When Hajj Was Cancelled In History - TMV|url=https://themuslimvibe.com/muslim-current-affairs-news/a-brief-look-at-when-hajj-was-cancelled-in-history|access-date=2020-06-28|language=en-GB}}</ref> Wabah [[kolera]] di Makkah terjadi pada 1846, menewaskan 15,000 orang dan menyebabkan wabah di kota tersebut hingga tahun 1850. Wabah kolera kedua terjadi pada 1858, mengakibatkan jamaah haji dikarantina di [[Mesir]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chitwood|first=Ken|title=Hajj cancellation due to coronavirus is not the first time plague has disrupted this Muslim pilgrimage|url=http://theconversation.com/hajj-cancellation-due-to-coronavirus-is-not-the-first-time-plague-has-disrupted-this-muslim-pilgrimage-135900|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hajj It has stopped in history more than 40 times .. Will it stop again because of Corona virus?|url=https://www.arabiaweather.com/content/الحج-توقف-عبر-التاريخ-أكثر-من-40-مرة-فهل-يتوقف-مرة-أخرى-بسبب-فايروس-كورونا؟|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.arabiaweather.com|language=en}}</ref>

Pada Februari 2020, Saudi Arabia menutup dua kota suci, [[Makkah]] dan [[Madinah]] untuk menekan penyebaran virus. Pada Maret 2020, kedua kota tersebut dibuka kembali. Pemerintah Arab Saudi kemudian memberlakukan [[jam malam]] untuk mengatasi wabah COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia reopens Mecca, Madinah holy sites after coronavirus closure|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/saudi-arabia-reopens-mecca-madinah-holy-sites-after-coronavirus-closure-1.1583478146413|access-date=2020-06-28|website=gulfnews.com|language=en}}</ref> Pemerintah Arab Saudi kemudian memberlakukan [[jam malam]] untuk mengatasi wabah COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite newsweb|date=2020-0304-0602|title=Saudi Arabiaimposes reopens24-hour Mecca,virus curfew Medinain holy sites after coronavirus closure: state TV|language=en|work=Reuterscities|url=https://www.reutersthejakartapost.com/articlenews/us2020/04/02/saudi-healthimposes-coronavirus24-saudihour-mosquevirus-idUSKBN20T0A8curfew-in-holy-cities-1585838744.html|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=20202021-0603-2825}}</ref>

Pada 23 Juni 2020, Arab Saudi mengumumkan bahwa haji akan diadakan dengan pembatasan jumlah jamaah. Jamaah haji yang diizinkan untuk beribadah adalah jamaah yang telah berada atau tinggal di Arab Saudi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-23|title=Arab countries welcome Saudi Arabia’s decision on Hajj 2020|url=https://arab.news/wqa7y|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-25|title=Coronavirus: WHO backs Saudi Arabia's decision to hold limited Haj 2020|url=https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/5011116/Coronavirus-WHO-backs-Saudi-Arabias-decision-to-hold-limited-Haj-2020.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=AlKhaleej Today|language=ar}}</ref> Selain itu, Kementerian Haji dan Umrah Arab Saudi hanya mengizinkan jamaah yang berusia antara 20 hingga 50 tahun, tidak menunjukkan [[gejala COVID-19]] untuk beribadah haji, dan diutamakan bagi jamaah yang belum pernah berhaji.<ref>{{Cite web|author1last=Hamdi Alkhshali Karadsheh|author2first=Larry RegisterJomana|last2=Qiblawi|first2=Tamara|title=Saudi Arabia says'Unprecedented' Hajj pilgrimage is onbegins -- with limited1,000 pilgrims, rather than the usual 2 numbersmillion|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/22travel/middleeastarticle/hajj-pilgrimage-saudi-arabia2020-coronavirus-intl/index.html|website=CNN|language=en|access-date=20202021-0603-28|website=CNN25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Henley|first=Jon|last2=Sherwood|first2=Harriet|last3=correspondent|first3=Religion|date=2020-06-23|title=Globaltidak report:menunjukkan Covid[[gejala COVID-19]] restrictsuntuk hajjberibadah andhaji, Germanydan locksdiutamakan downbagi district|language=en-GB|work=Thejamaah yang Guardian|url=https://wwwbelum pernah berhaji.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/23/saudi-arabia-bars-foreign-pilgrims-from-hajj-over-coronavirus-fears|access-date=2020-06-28|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-0607-0929|title=SaudiPilgrims considersstart limitingfirst hajjday pilgrimsof amidHajj coronavirusunder heavy COVID-19 fearsrestrictions|url=https://www.middleeastmonitoreuronews.com/202006092020/07/29/pilgrims-arrive-in-saudi-considersarabia-limitingfor-hajjthe-pilgrimsfirst-amidday-coronavirusof-fears/|accesshajj-date=2020as-06covid-2819-reshapes-experience|website=Middle East Monitoreuronews|language=en|access-GBdate=2021-03-25}}</ref> Jamaah haji yang ingin mendaftar harus mengajukan permohonan secara daring.<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2020-07-29|title=Watch again: Pilgrims arrive in Saudi Arabia for first day of Hajj, as COVID-19 reshapes experience|work=euronews|location=Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/07/29/pilgrims-arrive-in-saudi-arabia-for-the-first-day-of-hajj-as-covid-19-reshapes-experience|access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref>

[[Kementerian Kesehatan Arab Saudi]] menerapkan protokol kesehatan ketat selama pelaksanaan haji 2020. Jamaah yang tidak terpapar virus diwajibkan untuk melakukan karantina mandiri di hotel atau rumah masing-masing selama satu pekan sebelum haji.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-25|title=Coronavirus: Saudi Arabia welcomes Hajj pilgrims under strict COVID-19 measures|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/coronavirus/2020/07/25/Coronavirus-Saudi-Arabia-welcomes-Hajj-pilgrims-under-strict-COVID-19-measures.html|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en}}</ref> Di dalam masjid, para jamaah diharuskan untuk menjaga jarak sejauh dua meter dan dibentuk kelompok-kelompok beranggotakan 20 orang yang dipandu oleh seorang pemandu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naar|first=Ismaeel|date=2020-07-31|title=Coronavirus: WHO chief hails Saudi Arabia’s COVID-19 measures during Hajj|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/coronavirus/2020/07/31/Coronavirus-WHO-chief-hails-Saudi-Arabia-s-COVID-19-measures-during-Hajj.html|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en|access-date=2020-08-09}}</ref>

Pada 15 Mei 2020, [[Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura|Majelis Ulama Islam Singapura (MUIS)]] menyarankan untuk tidak mengikuti haji tahun 2020 karena [[pandemi COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sorvar|first=Alam|last2=Uddin|first2=Islam|date=2020-05-15|title=Singapore's Muslims to skip Hajj pilgrimage this year|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/singapores-muslims-to-skip-hajj-pilgrimage-this-year/1841944|website=www.aa.com.tr|access-date=2021-03-25}}</ref>

Pada 2 Juni 2020, [[Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia]] membatalkan haji 2020 sebelum semua kloter berangkat ke Makkah.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chappell|first=Bill|date=2020-06-02|title=Indonesia Cancels Hajj Pilgrimage, Citing Risks Of Travel During Pandemic|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/06/02/867976382/indonesia-cancels-hajj-pilgrimage-citing-risks-of-travel-during-pandemic|access-date=2020-06-28|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|title='It's impossible': Indonesia holds firm on haj cancellation|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/09/its-impossible-indonesia-holds-firm-on-haj-cancellation.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref>

Pada 6 Juni 2020, Komite Haji India mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan mengembalikan biaya haji bagi para jamaah yang tidak dapat berhaji di tahun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hajj cancelled for Indian pilgrims for this year; to receive full refund through direct transfer: Govt|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/hajj-cancelled-for-indian-pilgrims-for-this-year-to-receive-full-refund-through-direct-transfer-govt/610569|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|others=PTI|date=2020-06-06|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Haj unlikely this year for Indian Muslims, say sources|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-haj-unlikely-this-year-for-indian-muslims-say-sources/article31767668.ece|access-date=2020-06-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Pada 11 Juni 2020, [[Malaysia]] mengumumkan bahwa mereka tidak mengizinkan jamaah untuk berhaji akibat bahaya COVID-19 dan kemungkinan penularan yang tinggi di tempat ramai.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-11|title=Malaysia bars citizens from haj pilgrimage on coronavirus fears|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-malaysia-haj-idUSKBN23I1KG|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysia Joins Nations Pulling Out of Hajj Pilgrimage Over COVID-19 Concerns|url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/hajj-off-06112020155802.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=BenarNews|language=en}}</ref>