Alih keluar: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Alih keluar''' ({{lang-en|
Istilah ini digunakan dalam beberapa kesempatan yang berbeda namun sangat berhubungan satu sama lain. Istilah ini secara luas berarti penggantian jasa dari dalam perusahaan dengan jasa dari sumber asing manapun. Dalam beberapa kasus, hanya jasa impor dari perusahaan anak atau pemasok terkait yang termasuk dalam lingkup istilah ini. Barang menengah seperti komputer yang setengah selesai tidak masuk lingkup istilah ini.<ref>See "Appendix II: Definitions of Offshoring" in General Accounting Office: "International Trade: Current Government Data Provide Limited Insight into Offshoring of Services", September 2004.
Alih keluar dapat dipandang dalam konteks produksi atau jasa. Setelah bergabung dengan [[Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia]] (WTO) tahun 2001, [[Republik Rakyat
Alasan ekonomi alih keluar adalah untuk mengurangi biaya (disebut [[arbitrase kerja]]) dan meningkatkan keuntungan perusahaan. Lapangan pekerjaan bertambah di negara tujuan yang menyediakan barang atau jasa (umumnya negara berbiaya kerja rendah),
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Surga pajak]]
* [[Anti-globalisme]]
Baris 34:
* Ashok Deo Bardhan and Cynthia Kroll, "The New Wave of Outsourcing" (November 2, 2003). Fisher Center for Real Estate & Urban Economics. Fisher Center Research Reports: Report #1103. http://repositories.cdlib.org/iber/fcreue/reports/1103
* Alan E. Blinder, ''Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?'', in: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No.2, March/April 2006, 113-128.
* Vinaj Couto, Mahadeva Mani, Vikas Sehgal, Arie Y. Lewin, Stephan Manning, Jeff W. Russell, [https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/pdfs/DukeServiceProviderReport_web.pdf Offshoring 2.0: Contracting Knowledge and Innovation to Expand Global Capabilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306082016/https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/pdfs/DukeServiceProviderReport_web.pdf |date=2009-03-06 }} [https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/ Offshoring Research Network]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 2007 Service Provider Report.
* Georg Erber, Aida Sayed-Ahmed,'' Offshore Outsourcing - A Global Shift in the Present IT Industry '', in: [[Intereconomics]], Volume 40, Number 2, March 2005, 100 - 112
* Thomas L. Friedman, [[The World is Flat]]: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century 2005 ISBN 0-374-29288-4
* Gary Gereffi and Vivek Wadhwa, "Framing the Engineering Outsourcing Debate:
* Ron Hira and Anil Hira, with forward by [[Lou Dobbs]], ''Outsourcing America: What's behind Our National Crisis and how we can reclaim American Jobs.'' (May 2005). ISBN 0-8144-0868-0.
* Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer (September 2005), "Tradable Services: Understanding the Scope and Impact of Services Outsourcing", Institute for International Economics Working Paper No. 05-9 {{SSRN|803906}}
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* [[Mark Kobayashi-Hillary]] & Dr Richard Sykes, 'Global Services: Moving to a Level Playing Field' (May 2007). ISBN 978-1-902505-83-1.
* William Lazonick, ''Globalization of the ICT Labor Force'', in: The Oxford Handbook on ICTs, eds. Claudio Ciborra, Robin Mansell, Danny Quah, Roger Solverstone, Oxford University Press, (forthcoming)
* Arie Y. Lewin and Vinaj Couto, [https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/orn_report.pdf Next Generation Offshoring: The Globalization of Innovation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306082008/https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/orn_report.pdf |date=2009-03-06 }} [https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/ Offshoring Research Network]{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 2006 Survei Report.
* Mario Lewis, [[IT Application Service Offshoring]]: An Insider's Guide, Sage Publications, ISBN 0-7619-3525-8, ISBN 978-0-7619-3525-4
* Catherine Mann, ''Accelerating the Globalization of America: The Role for Information Technology'', Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C., June 2006,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bookstore.iie.com/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=3900 |title=Accelerating the Globalization of America: The Role for Information Technology - Catherine L. Mann, Jacob Funk Kirkegaard, Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics |publisher=Bookstore.iie.com |date=2010-03-25 |accessdate=2010-05-22 |archive-date=2006-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129204448/http://bookstore.iie.com/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=3900 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ISBN paper 0-88132-390-X
* Stephan Manning, Silvia Massini and Arie Y. Lewin, "A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent", in: Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 22, No.3, October 2008, 35-54.<ref name="Papers.ssrn.com"/>
* Stephan Manning, Joerg Sydow and Arnold Windeler, "Securing Access to Lower-Cost Talent Globally: The Dynamics of Active Embedding and Field Structuration”, in: Regional Studies, Forthcoming (2011).<ref name="http"/>
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* Wolfgang Messner, "Intelligent IT Offshoring to India. Roadmaps for Emerging Business Landscapes", Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-230-24626-3
* Toledo Mario, "Outsourcing and Offshoring:Companies and governments immerged in a complex environment" a Research Project for Global Innovation at Hamburg University of Technology, August 2007, [https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B9lKedXL1NbuZm9zejVETV9sbTA]
* Rosemary Coates, '42 Rules for Sourcing and Manufacturing in China (2nd Edition): A practical handbook for doing business in China, special economic zones, factory tours and manufacturing quality' (July 2013). ISBN 978-1-
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|2}}
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