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Baris 1: '''Alih keluar''' ({{lang-en\|~~Offshoring~~offshoring}}) adalah peprpindahan [[proses bisnis]] dari sebuah negara ke negara lain—biasanya proses operasi seperti manufaktur atau proses penopang seperti akuntansi. Istilah ini umumnya mengacu pada bisnis [[perusahaan]] swasta, tetapi pemerintah kadang-kadang juga melakukan alih keluar.<ref>"The Offshoring of American Government", Cornell Law Review, Nov. 2008, available: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1143044</ref> Alih keluar belakangan ini dikaitkan dengan [[alih daya]] jasa teknis dan administratif yang membantu operasi domestik dan global dari luar negara markas ("[[alih daya keluar]]") dengan model pengiriman interal (penarikan) atau eksternal (alih daya).<ref name="Papers.ssrn.com">{{cite journal\|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1287369 \|title=SSRN-A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent \|authors=Stephan Manning, Silvia Massini, Arie Lewin \|journal=[[Academy of Management Perspectives]]\|volume=22\|issue=3\|pages=35–54\|publisher=[[Social Science Electronic Publishing]]\|date=October 20, 2008 \|accessdate=8 April 2014 \|doi=10.5465/amp.2008.34587994}}</ref> Istilah ini digunakan dalam beberapa kesempatan yang berbeda namun sangat berhubungan satu sama lain. Istilah ini secara luas berarti penggantian jasa dari dalam perusahaan dengan jasa dari sumber asing manapun. Dalam beberapa kasus, hanya jasa impor dari perusahaan anak atau pemasok terkait yang termasuk dalam lingkup istilah ini. Barang menengah seperti komputer yang setengah selesai tidak masuk lingkup istilah ini.<ref>See "Appendix II: Definitions of Offshoring" in General Accounting Office: "International Trade: Current Government Data Provide Limited Insight into Offshoring of Services", September 2004. Imported intermediate goods are included in offshoring in "Swenson, D: "International Outsourcing", in ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2008.</ref> Baris 34: * Ashok Deo Bardhan and Cynthia Kroll, "The New Wave of Outsourcing" (November 2, 2003). Fisher Center for Real Estate & Urban Economics. Fisher Center Research Reports: Report #1103. http://repositories.cdlib.org/iber/fcreue/reports/1103 * Alan E. Blinder, ''Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?'', in: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No.2, March/April 2006, 113-128. * Vinaj Couto, Mahadeva Mani, Vikas Sehgal, Arie Y. Lewin, Stephan Manning, Jeff W. Russell, [https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/pdfs/DukeServiceProviderReport_web.pdf Offshoring 2.0: Contracting Knowledge and Innovation to Expand Global Capabilities] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306082016/https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/pdfs/DukeServiceProviderReport_web.pdf \|date=2009-03-06 }} [https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/ Offshoring Research Network]{{Pranala mati\|date=Januari 2021 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} 2007 Service Provider Report. * Georg Erber, Aida Sayed-Ahmed,'' Offshore Outsourcing - A Global Shift in the Present IT Industry '', in: [[Intereconomics]], Volume 40, Number 2, March 2005, 100 - 112 * Thomas L. Friedman, [[The World is Flat]]: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century 2005 ISBN 0-374-29288-4 Baris 44: * [[Mark Kobayashi-Hillary]] & Dr Richard Sykes, 'Global Services: Moving to a Level Playing Field' (May 2007). ISBN 978-1-902505-83-1. * William Lazonick, ''Globalization of the ICT Labor Force'', in: The Oxford Handbook on ICTs, eds. Claudio Ciborra, Robin Mansell, Danny Quah, Roger Solverstone, Oxford University Press, (forthcoming) * Arie Y. Lewin and Vinaj Couto, [https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/orn_report.pdf Next Generation Offshoring: The Globalization of Innovation] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306082008/https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/orn_report.pdf \|date=2009-03-06 }} [https://offshoring.fuqua.duke.edu/ Offshoring Research Network]{{Pranala mati\|date=Januari 2021 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} 2006 Survei Report. * Mario Lewis, [[IT Application Service Offshoring]]: An Insider's Guide, Sage Publications, ISBN 0-7619-3525-8, ISBN 978-0-7619-3525-4 * Catherine Mann, ''Accelerating the Globalization of America: The Role for Information Technology'', Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C., June 2006,<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://bookstore.iie.com/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=3900 \|title=Accelerating the Globalization of America: The Role for Information Technology - Catherine L. Mann, Jacob Funk Kirkegaard, Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics \|publisher=Bookstore.iie.com \|date=2010-03-25 \|accessdate=2010-05-22 \|archive-date=2006-11-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129204448/http://bookstore.iie.com/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=3900 \|dead-url=yes }}</ref> ISBN paper 0-88132-390-X * Stephan Manning, Silvia Massini and Arie Y. Lewin, "A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent", in: Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 22, No.3, October 2008, 35-54.<ref name="Papers.ssrn.com"/> * Stephan Manning, Joerg Sydow and Arnold Windeler, "Securing Access to Lower-Cost Talent Globally: The Dynamics of Active Embedding and Field Structuration”, in: Regional Studies, Forthcoming (2011).<ref name="http"/> Baris 65: [[Kategori:Alih keluar\| ]] [[Kategori:Istilah bisnis]] [[Kategori:~~Ekonomi~~Ekonomika internasional]] [[Kategori:Keuangan lepas]] [[Kategori:Alih daya]]