Ras Kaukasia: Perbedaan antara revisi

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(17 revisi perantara oleh 11 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
[[Berkas:Blumenbach-Caucasian.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambar tengkorak seorang [[orang Georgia|Georgia]] oleh Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, yang digunakan sebagai arketipe karakteristik rasial ras Kaukasoid dalam bukunya tahun 1795 ''De Generis Humani Varietate'']]
[[Berkas:Skullcauc.gif|jmpl|225px|Sebuah tengkorak yang dulu dikatakan khas "ras Kaukasoid"]]
Istilah "'''ras Kaukasoid'''"<ref>For a contrast with the "Mongolic" or [[Mongoloid race]], see footnote #4 of page 58–59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.</ref> pernah dipakai dulu untuk menunjuk [[fenotipe]] umum dari sebagian besar penghuni [[Eropa]], [[Afrika Utara]], [[Timur Tengah]], [[Pakistan]] dan [[India|India Utara]].<ref>[http://www.theapricity.com/snpa/chapter-XI1.htm The Races of Europe] by [[Carleton S. Coon|Carlton Stevens Coon]]. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World - Introduction: "This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India."</ref> Keturunan mereka juga menetap di [[Australia]], [[Amerika Utara]], sebagian dari [[Amerika Selatan]], [[Afrika Selatan]] dan [[Selandia Baru]]. Anggota "ras Kaukasoid" biasa disebut "berkulit putih", walau ini tidak selalu benar. Oleh beberapa pakar misalkan orang Ethiopia dan orang Somalia, yang tengkoraknya dilihat mirip tengkorak Kaukasoid, dianggap termasuk "ras" tersebut, meski mereka berambut keriting dan berkulit hitam, ciri yang dianggap menentukan "[[ras Negroid]]".
 
Istilah "'''rasRas Kaukasoid'''"<ref>For a contrast with the "Mongolic" or [[Mongoloid race]], see footnote #4 of page 58–59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.</ref> pernahadalah dipakaiklasifikasi duluras manusia yang sudah usang berdasarkan teori ras biologis yang sekarang sudah tidak terbukti. Pernah dipakai untuk menunjuk [[fenotipe]] umum dari sebagian besar penghuni [[Eropa]], [[Afrika Utara]], [[TimurAsia TengahBarat]], [[Pakistan]] dan [[India|India Utara]].<ref>[http://www.theapricity.com/snpa/chapter-XI1.htm The Races of Europe] by [[Carleton S. Coon|Carlton Stevens Coon]]. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World - Introduction: "This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India."</ref> Keturunan mereka juga menetap di [[Australia]], [[Amerika Utara]], sebagian dari [[Amerika Selatan]], ([[Afrika SelatanArgentina]] dan, [[Selandia BaruBrasil|Brazil]]. Anggota "ras Kaukasoid" biasa disebut "berkulit putih", walau ini tidak selalu benar. Oleh beberapa pakar misalkan orang Ethiopia dan orang Somalia[[Kolombia]], yang tengkoraknya dilihat mirip tengkorak Kaukasoid[[Chili]], dianggap termasuk "ras" tersebut[[Uruguay]]), meski[[Afrika mereka berambut keritingSelatan]] dan berkulit hitam, ciri yang dianggap menentukan "[[rasSelandia NegroidBaru]]".
Pakar [[genetika]] asal Itali [[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]] telah membuktikan bahwa membagi [[manusia]] dalam "ras" adalah suatu usaha yang sia-sia. Dengan demikian, dari segi [[biologi]], istilah seperti "ras Kaukasoid" dan pada umumnya, "[[ras manusia]]", tidak dianggap lagi. [[Fenotipe]] seseorang ditentukan oleh hanya sejumlah kecil [[gen]]. Secara biologis, hanya ada satu ras manusia, yaitu ''[[Homo sapiens sapiens|Homo sapiens]]''.
 
Pakar [[genetika]] asal Itali [[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]] telah membuktikan bahwa membagimengelompokkan [[manusia]] dalam jenis-jenis "ras" adalah suatu usaha yang sia-sia. Dengan demikian, dari segi [[biologi]], istilah seperti "ras Kaukasoid" dan pada umumnya, "[[ras manusia]]", tidak dianggap lagi. [[Fenotipe]] seseorang hanya ditentukan oleh hanya sejumlah kecil [[gen]]. Secara biologis, hanya ada satu ras manusia modern, yaitu ''[[Homo sapiens sapiens|Homo sapiens]]''.
== Alexander ==
<br /><references/>
 
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 11 ⟶ 9:
* [[Ras Mongoloid]]
* [[Ras Negroid]]
* [[Kulit putih]]
* [[Orang kulit putih]]
 
== Catatan kaki ==
<br /><references/>
 
== Referensi ==
Baris 17 ⟶ 20:
* {{cite web |last=Lewonin |first=R. C. |year=2005 |url=http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Lewontin/ |title=Confusions About Human Races |publisher=Race and Genomics, Social Sciences Research Council |accessdate=2006-12-28 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Painter |first=Nell Irvin |authorlink=Nell Irvin Painter |title=Collective Degradation: Slavery and the Construction of Race. Why White People are Called Caucasian |publisher=Yale University |year=2003 |accessdate=2006-10-09 |url=http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Painter.pdf |format=PDF |journal= |archive-date=2013-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020105628/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Painter.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Risch N, Burchard E, Ziv E, Tang H |title=Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease |journal=Genome Biol. |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=comment2007.2001–12 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12184798 |pmc=139378 |doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007 |url=http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/3/comment2007 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite journal|author=Rosenberg NA|title=Genetic structure of human populations|journal=Science|volume=298|issue=5602|pages=2381–5|date=December 2002|pmid=12493913|doi=10.1126/science.1078311|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5602/2381|bibcode=2002Sci...298.2381R|author-separator=,|author2=Pritchard JK|author3=Weber JL|display-authors=3|last4=Cann|first4=HM|last5=Kidd|first5=KK|last6=Zhivotovsky|first6=LA|last7=Feldman|first7=MW|authorlink2=Jonathan K. Pritchard}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, [[Jonathan K. Pritchard|Pritchard JK]], Feldman MW |title=Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure |journal=PLoS Genet. |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=e70 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16355252 |pmc=1310579 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070 |url=}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Templeton |first=Alan R. |date=September 1998 |title=Human races: A genetic and evolutionary perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1998-09_100_3/page/632 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=632–650 |doi=10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.632 |jstor=682042}}
* {{Cite news|last=Camberg|first=Kim|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4525352.stm|title=Long-term tensions behind Sydney riots|publisher=BBC News|date=2005-12-13|accessdate=2007-03-03}}
{{Refend}}
Baris 26 ⟶ 29:
== Literatur ==
* Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, ''On the Natural Varieties of Mankind'' (1775) — the book that introduced the concept
* {{Cite book|author=Gould, Stephen Jay|title=The mismeasure of man|url=https://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goul|publisher=Norton|location=New York|year=1981|pages=|isbn=0-393-01489-4|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}} — a history of the pseudoscience of race, skull measurements, and IQ inheritability
* {{Cite book|author=Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Menozzi, Paolo|title=The history and geography of human genes|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J|year=1996|pages=|isbn=0-691-02905-9|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}} — a major reference of modern population genetics
* {{Cite book|author=Cavalli-Sforza, LL|title=Genes, peoples and languages|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|year=2000|pages=|isbn=0-7139-9486-X|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}
Baris 32 ⟶ 35:
* {{Cite book|author=Baum, Bruce|title=The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: a political history of racial identity|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofcaucas0000baum|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|year=2006|pages=|isbn=0-8147-9892-6|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}
* {{Cite book|author=Guthrie, Paul|title=The Making of the Whiteman: From the Original Man to the Whiteman|publisher=Research Associates School Times|location=Chicago, IL|year=1999|pages=|isbn=0-948390-49-2|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}
* {{Cite book|author=Wolf, Eric R.; Cole, John N.|title=The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenfrontierec0000cole_v6a7|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1999|pages=|isbn=0-520-21681-4|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 39 ⟶ 42:
{{rasmanusia}}
{{Sejarah definisi ras}}
 
{{manusia-stub}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Kategori:Ras manusia|Kaukasoid]]
[[Kategori:Genetika]]
[[Kategori:Genetika populasi]]
 
 
{{manusia-stub}}