Abu vulkanik: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Abu vulkanik''', sering disebut juga '''pasir vulkanik''' atau '''jatuhan piroklastik''' adalah bahan material [[vulkanik]] jatuhan yang disemburkan ke udara saat terjadi suatu letusan. Umumnya abu vulkanik terdiri dari berbagai jenis batuan, mulai dari yang berukuran kecil hingga yang berukuran sangat besar. Batuan yang berukuran besar (bongkah - [[kerikil]]) biasanya jatuh disekitar kawah sampai radius 5 – 7&nbsp;km dari kawah, dan yang berukuran halus dapat jatuh pada jarak mencapai ratusan km bahkan ribuan km dari kawah karena dapat terpengaruh oleh adanya hembusan angin. Abu yang halus dapat menyababkan radang [[paru-paru]] jika terhirup serta dalat mengakibatkan iritasi pada mata.<ref name="Rose & Durant">{{cite journal|last=Rose|first=W.I.|author2=Durant, A.J. |title=Fine ash content of explosive eruptions|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|year=2009|volume=186|issue=1–2|pages=32–39|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.010|bibcode = 2009JVGR..186...32R }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zimanowski |first1=Bernd |last2=Wohletz |first2=Kenneth |last3=Dellino |first3=Pierfrancesco |last4=Büttner |first4=Ralf |title=The volcanic ash problem |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |date=March 2003 |volume=122 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00471-7|bibcode=2003JVGR..122....1Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dufek |first1=J. |last2=Manga |first2=M. |title=In situ production of ash in pyroclastic flows |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=16 September 2008 |volume=113 |issue=B9 |pages=B09207 |doi=10.1029/2007JB005555|bibcode=2008JGRB..113.9207D }}</ref><ref name="Wilson book">{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=T.M.|author2=Stewart, C. |editor-first=Bobrowsky|editor-last=P|title=Encyclopaedia of Natural Hazards|publisher=Springer|year=2012|pages=1000|chapter=Volcanic Ash}}</ref><ref name="Cashman encyclopedia">{{cite book |author=Cashman, K.V.|author-link=Katharine Cashman|author2=Sturtevant, B. |author3=Papale, P. |author4=Navon, O. |editor1-last=Sigurdsson |editor1-first=H. |editor2-last=Houghton |editor2-first=B.F. |editor3-last=McNutt |editor3-first=S.R. |editor4-last=Rymer |editor4-first=H. |editor5-last=Stix |editor5-first=J. |title=Encyclopedia of Volcanoes |publisher=Elsevier Inc.|year=2000|location=San Diego, USA|pages=1417|chapter=Magmatic fragmentation}}</ref><ref name="Kueppers et al">{{cite journal|last=Kueppers|first=U.|author2=Putz, C. |author3=Spieler, O. |author4=Dingwell, D.B. |title=Abrasion in pyroclastic density currents: insights from tumbling experiments|year=2009|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2011.09.002|bibcode = 2012PCE....45...33K |volume=45–46 |journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C |pages=33–39}}</ref><ref name="Zimanowski">{{cite journal|last=Zimanowski|first=B.|title=Physics of phreatomagmatism. Part 1: explosion physics|journal=Terra Nostra|year=2000|volume=6|pages=515–523}}</ref><ref name="Parfitt & Wilson">{{cite book|last=Parfitt|first=E.A.|author2=Wilson, L. |title=Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology|year=2008|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Massachusetts, USA|pages=256}}</ref><ref name="Walker">{{cite journal|last=Walker|first=G.P.L.|title=Generation and dispersal of fine ash by volcanic eruptions|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|year=1981|volume=11|issue=1|pages=81–92|bibcode = 1981JVGR...11...81W |doi = 10.1016/0377-0273(81)90077-9 }}</ref><ref name="USGS">{{cite web|last=USGS|title=Volcanic Ash, What it can do and how to minimise damage|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ash/|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref><ref>