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[[Berkas:BlackFlag.svg|thumb|250px|ar-rāyat as-sawdāʾ standar hitam yang digunakan oleh [[suku Quraisy]] awal dan [[kekhalifahan RashidunRasyidin]] sebagai standar perang]]
'''Angkatan Laut Kekhalifahan Islam Awal''' adalah sebuah armada laut dari beberapa Kekhalifahan Arab awal dalam membentuk, mempertahankan dan memperluas jaringan perdagangan di seluruh bagian [[Asia]], [[Afrika]] dan [[Eropa]]. Ini membantu pembentukan negara-negara kuat (termasuk kekhalifahan [[Rasyidin]], [[Umayyah]], [[Abbasiyah]] dan [[Fatimiyah]]) sebagai kekuatan ekonomi ekstensif terkemuka di dunia sepanjang abad ke-8-13 menurut ilmuwan politik [[John M. Hobson]].{{sfn|Hinds|1996|p=133}} Secara umum diyakini bahwa [[Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyan]] adalah perencana dan pendiri pertama angkatan laut Islam.
 
Penaklukan angkatan laut khilafah awal berhasil menandai warisan lama perusahaan maritim Islam dari Penaklukan [[Siprus]], Pertempuran Tiang-tiang yang terkenal{{sfn|Hobson|2004}} hingga negara-negara penerus mereka seperti daerah Transoxiana dari daerah yang terletak di antara Sungai Jihun ( Oxus/Amu Darya) dan [[Sungai Syr Darya|Syr Darya]], ke Sindh (sekarang Pakistan ), oleh Umayyah,{{sfn|Hobson|2004|pp=29–30}} teluk angkatan laut "Saracen privateers" di La Garde-Freinet oleh [[Keamiran Kordoba]],{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|pp=157–158}} dan Sack of Rome oleh Aghlabids di era selanjutnya.{{sfn|Frastuti |2020 |p=122}}<ref name="Islam and the Sea">{{cite web |last1=Fromherz |first1=Allen |title=Islam and the Sea |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_islam_and_sea.html |website=Oxford Islamic studies |publisher=Oxford |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>
 
Sejarawan [[Eric E. Greek]] mengelompokkan konstitusi militer [[Rasyidin]] dengan negara-negara penerus langsung mereka dari Umayyah hingga setidaknya era kekhalifahan Abbasiyah, bersama dengan beberapa sekutu mereka, sebagai entitas tunggal, sesuai dengan kriteria negara fungsional [[Fred Donner]].{{sfn|Greek|2019|p=42-43}} Pengelompokan ini terutama berlaku untuk angkatan laut kekhalifahan secara keseluruhan. Sementara itu, [[Khalid Yahya Blankinship|Blankinship]] tidak menganggap peralihan kekuasaan dari Rasyidun ke Umayyah sebagai akhir dari institusi militer kekhalifahan awal, termasuk elemen angkatan lautnya. Ini tetap setidaknya sampai akhir pemerintahan khalifah Umayyah ke-10, Hisyam ibn Abd al-Malik, karena Jihad sebagai motif utama agama dan politik bagi militer 'negara Jihad awal' yang membentang dari kekhalifahan Rashidun hingga Hisyam masih dianggap oleh Blankinship sebagai konstruksi yang sama.{{sfn|Vasiliev|1935|p=131-207}}{{sfn|Treadgold|1988|pp=285–286}}{{sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|pp=55–58}}{{sfn|Greek|2019|p=42}}{{sfn|Blankinship |1994|p=11-36}}{{sfn|Blankinship |1994|p=1-11(INTRODUCTION)}}
 
== Referensi ==
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* {{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Mahmood |title=Social and Economic Conditions In Per-Islamic Mecca |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=1982 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=343–358 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800051977 |s2cid=162561504 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/social-and-economic-conditions-in-perislamic-mecca/CA5330AE1F64CD396904C5D7CB4E6CDC |access-date=31 October 2021 }}
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* {{cite book |last1=Indra |first1=Gunawan |title=Legenda 4 Umara Besar |publisher=Elex Media Komputindo |isbn=978-6020234779 |date=2014}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ishaq |first1=Mohammad |title=A Peep Into the First Arab Expeditions to India under the Companions of the Prophet |journal=Islamic Culture |date=April 1945 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=109–114 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.92018/page/n179 }}
 
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* {{cite book |last1=Jabr |first1=Hessa Abdel Rahman |title=الحياة الاقتصادية في فارس: خلال الفترة من 232-334 هـ/846-945 م |trans-title= Economic life in Persia : during the period from 232-334 AH / 846-945 AD |date=2004 |publisher=King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies |isbn=9960726568 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GutHaw71SUC&q=%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7 |access-date=19 November 2021 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |date=1972 |isbn=9788120808249 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jandora |first1=John W. |title=Developments in Islamic Warfare: The Early Conquests |journal=Studia Islamica |date=1986 |issue=64 |pages=101–113 |doi=10.2307/1596048 |jstor=1596048}}
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Baris 126:
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* {{cite book |first = Alexander |last = Kazhdan | title = Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6 | title-link = Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium}}
*{{cite book | last=Kennedy | first=Hugh N. | author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy | year=2004 | title=The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century | edition = Second | publisher=Longman | location=Harlow | isbn=978-0-582-40525-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |title=3 - Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868 |chapter=Egypt as a province in the Islamic caliphate, 641–868 |date=2008 |pages=62–85 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521471374.004 |isbn=9781139053372 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-egypt/egypt-as-a-province-in-the-islamic-caliphate-641868/FF5C416D97BB2C72F30F2E435B6AD7F4 |access-date=3 November 2021 }}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |last2=Baladhuri |first2=ʾAḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jabir |title=The Feeding of the Five Hundred Thousand: Cities and Agriculture in Early Islamic Mesopotamia |journal=Iraq |date=2011 |volume=73 |pages=177–199 |doi=10.1017/S0021088900000152 |jstor=23350021 |s2cid=128901895 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23350021 |access-date=22 October 2021 }}
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* {{Kennedy-The Great Arab Conquests}}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Khalilieh |first1=Hassan Shalih |title=The Ribât System and Its Role in Coastal Navigation |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |date=1999 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=212–225 |jstor=3632336 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632336 |access-date=7 November 2021 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Khalilieh... |first1=Hassan S. |title=The Enigma of Tantura B: Historical Documentation and the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary Evidence |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=2005 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=314–322 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00063.x |s2cid=162227030 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00063.x |access-date=6 November 2021 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Khalilieh |first1=Hassan Shalih |title=The Ribāṭ of Arsūf and the Coastal Defence System in Early Islamic Palestine1 |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |date=2008 |volume=19 |issue=2 |doi=10.1093/jis/etn006 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jis/article-abstract/19/2/159/671768 |access-date=2 November 2021 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Khalilieh |first1=Hassan Salih |title=Islamic Law of the Sea: Freedom of Navigation and Passage Rights in Islamic Thought |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108481458 |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Islamic_Law_of_the_Sea/07SQDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=3 November 2021 }}
*{{EI2 |article=Ubulla |last=Kramers |first=J. H. |volume=10 |pages=765–766}}
* {{cite book |last1=Khattab |first1=Mahmud Sheet |title=دة فتح العراق والجزيرة |trans-title=Leaders of the Conquest of Iraq and Al-Jazeera |date=2010 |url=https://waqfeya.net/book.php?bid=5243 |access-date=19 November 2021 }}
*{{cite book |first=Barbara |last=Kreutz|title=Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|year=1996}}
 
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* {{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=Edward W. |title=Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians |date=2016 |publisher=Cosimo Classics |isbn=9781616405045 |page=185 |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Manners_and_Customs_of_the_Modern_Egypti/KvHIqzkXyUgC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=7 November 2021 }}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Saracen Raid of Rome in 846: An Example of Maritime ''Ghazw'' |pages=93–120 |first=Tommi P. |last=Lankila |title=Travelling through Time: Essays in honour of Kaj Öhrnberg |editor1=Sylvia Akar |editor2=Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila |editor3=Inka Nokso-Koivisto |series=Studia Orientalia, vol. 114 |location=Helsinki |year=2013 |publisher=Societas Orientalis Fennica |chapter-url=http://ojs.tsv.fi/index.php/StOrE/article/viewFile/52272/16204 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Le Strange |first1=Guy |title=Fārs-nāma of Ibnu l-Balkhī |date=2014 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=9781909724679 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jam6DQAAQBA }}{{Pranala mati|date=Juli 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | title = Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 | url = https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft | first = G. | last = Le Strange | author-link = Guy Le Strange | publisher = Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] | location = London | year = 1890 | oclc = 1004386 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lych |first1=Ryan J. |title=Cyprus and Its Legal and Historiographical Significance in Early Islamic History |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=2016 |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=535–550 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535 |jstor=10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535 |access-date=9 November 2021 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lynch |first1=Ryan J. |title=Cyprus and Its Legal and Historiographical Significance in Early Islamic History |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date= 2016 |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=535–550 |jstor=10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.136.3.0535 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4544866 }}
 
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* {{cite book |last1=Ulrich |first1=Brian John |title=Constructing Al-Azd Tribal Identity and Society in the Early Islamic Centuries |date=2008a |publisher=the University of Wisconsin - Madison |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Constructing_Al_Azd/vIYKAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Arfaja%20harthama%20navy |access-date=20 November 2021 }}
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{{refend}}
 
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