Pertempuran Aleksander di Issus: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox artwork
|image_file=Albrecht Altdorfer - Schlacht bei Issus (Alte Pinakothek, München) - Google Art Project.jpg
|alt=The titular painting; see the "Description" section
|title=Pertempuran Alexander di Issus
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Altdorfer juga menghasilkan banyak karya seni religius, sebagai refleksi dari agama Katoliknya yang taat. Subjeknya yang paling sering adalah [[Maria|Perawan Maria]] dan kehidupan serta [[penyaliban Kristus]]. Seperti dalam ''Pertempuran Alexander di Issus'', lukisan-lukisan ini sering kali menampilkan latar keagungan dan menggunakan langit untuk menyampaikan makna simbolis. Makna ini tidak seragam di seluruh korpus Altdorfer - misalnya, roman muka matahari terbenam berkonotasi dengan kehilangan dan tragedi di ''[[:commons:File:Albrecht Altdorfer 027.jpg|Penderitaan di Taman]]'', tetapi berfungsi sebagai "lambang kekuasaan dan kemuliaan" dalam ''Pertempuran Alexander di Issus''.<ref name="Silver204.5">Silver, hlm. 204–205</ref>
Larry Silver dari ''[[The Art Bulletin]]'' menjelaskan bahwa ''Pertempuran Alexander di Issus'' mirip dan sangat kontras dengan karya Altdorfer sebelumnya: "Alih-alih lanskap damai retret untuk acara Kristen atau tokoh suci, panel ini menawarkan hal yang sebaliknya: medan pertempuran untuk salah satu pertemuan penting dalam sejarah kuno ... Namun terlepas dari dimensi global atau kosmiknya, ''Pertempuran Issus'' masih ''terlihat seperti'' Altdorfer sebelumnya, lanskap liminal kontemplatif retret, lengkap dengan puncak terjal, badan air, dan
Meskipun ''Pertempuran Alexander'' adalah tidak lazim bagi Altdorfer dalam ukurannya dan karena menggambarkan perang, ''Prosesi Kemenangan'' - sebuah [[naskah beriluminasi|manuskrip beriluminasi]] tahun 1512–16 yang dipesan oleh [[Maximilian I, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Maximilian I dari Kekaisaran Romawi Suci]] - telah digambarkan sebagai pendahulu konseptual.<ref>Wood, hlm. 23, 199–202</ref> ''Prosesi'' diproduksi secara paralel dengan ''Kemenangan Maximilian'', serangkaian 137 [[ukiran kayu]] yang dilakukan secara kolaboratif oleh Altdorfer, [[Hans Springinklee]], [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Leonhard Beck]] dan [[Hans Leonhard Schäufelein|Hans Schäufelein]].<ref>Cuneo, hal. 99</ref>
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===Pengaruh dan komisi===
[[File:Mathis Gothart Grünewald 036.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A panel from an altarpiece by Grünewald. On the right, the Virgin Mary gazes at the Christ Child while above her, in a sky blazing with light, God is seated on a throne surrounded by the Hosts of Heaven. To the left an orchestra of cherubim plays in a Gothic loggia.|''Perawan dan Anak dengan Hosti Surgawi'' (c. 1515) karya Matthias Grünewald]]
Pengaruh kontemporer Altdorfer yang paling signifikan adalah [[Matthias Grünewald]] (c. 1470-1528). Sejarawan seni [[Horst W. Janson]] mengatakan bahwa lukisan mereka "menunjukkan imajinasi 'tak mau patuh' yang sama".<
[[William IV, Duke dari Bayern]] memesan ''Pertempuran Alexander di Issus'' pada tahun 1528.<ref name="Davis91">Davis, hal. 91</ref> Altdorfer berusia sekitar 50 tahun pada saat itu, dan tinggal di [[Kota Kekaisaran Bebas]] di [[Regensburg]].<
===Penggambaran sebelumnya===
[[File:Alexandermosaic.jpg|thumb|alt=A large mosaic depicting an array of soldiers on horseback doing battle. Parts of it have been damaged or lost to time.|Mosaik Alexander, seperti yang terlihat di Naples National Archaeological Museum]]
Penggambaran awal tentang Pertempuran Issus hanya sedikit. ''Pertempuran Issus'', sebuah [[fresko]] oleh [[Philoxenus dari Eretria]], mungkin adalah yang pertama. Lukisan itu dilukis sekitar 310 SM untuk [[Kassandros]] (c. 350–297 SM), yang merupakan salah satu penerus Alexander Agung.<
[[Mozaik Aleksander|Mosaik Alexander]], [[mosaik lantai]] yang berasal dari c. 100 SM, diyakini sebagai salinan yang "cukup setia" dari ''Pertempuran di Issus'',<ref name="Kleiner142" /> meskipun pandangan alternatif berpendapat bahwa itu mungkin salinan dari sebuah karya yang dilukis oleh [[Apelles|Apelles dari Kos]],<ref>Kinzl, hal. 476</ref> yang menghasilkan beberapa potret Alexander Agung.
==Galeri==
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==Referensi==
*{{Cite book|date=1986|title=Alte Pinakothek Summary Catalogue|url=https://archive.org/details/altepinakothekmu0000alte_p4t2|publisher=Edition Lipp|isbn=3-87490-701-5}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ansell|first=Florence J.|date=2008|title=The Art of the Munich Galleries|publisher=Read Books|isbn=978-1-4437-5543-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bosworth|first=A. B.|date=1993|url=https://archive.org/details/conquestempire00abbo|title=Conquest and empire: the reign of Alexander the Great|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-40679-X|url-access=registration|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bryant|first=Joseph M.|date=1996|title=Moral codes and social structure in ancient Greece: a sociology of Greek ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics|url=https://archive.org/details/moralcodessocial0000brya|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=0-7914-3042-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Buckley|first=Terry|date=1996|title=Aspects of Greek history, 750–323 BC: a source-based approach|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-09958-7}}
*{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=Gordon|date=2007|title=The Grove encyclopedia of classical art and architecture, Volume 1|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530082-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Clanton|first=Dan W.|date=2006|title=The good, the bold, and the beautiful: the story of Susanna and its Renaissance interpretations|url=https://archive.org/details/goodboldbeautifu0000clan|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=0-567-02991-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Clark|first=Kenneth|date=2007|title=Landscape into Art|publisher=READ BOOKS|isbn=978-1-4067-2824-8}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Corvisier|first1=André|last2=Childs|first2=John|date=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmili0000unse|title=A dictionary of military history and the art of war|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=0-631-16848-6|url-access=registration|url-status=live}}
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*{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=Kathleen|date=2008|title= Periodization and sovereignty: how ideas of feudalism and secularization govern the politics of time|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4083-2}}
*{{Cite book|first=Aubrey|last=De Sélincourt|date=1971|url=https://archive.org/details/campaignsofalexa00arri|title=The campaigns of Alexander|publisher=Penguin Classics|isbn=0-14-044253-7|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|last=Earls|first=Irene|date=1987|title=Renaissance art: a topical dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/renaissanceartto0000earl|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=0-313-24658-0}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Hagen|first1=Rose-Marie|last2=Hagen|first2=Rainer|date=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/whatgreatpaintin0000hage|title=What great paintings say, Volume 1|publisher=Taschen|isbn=3-8228-2100-4|url-access=registration|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=J. R.|date=1974|title=Alexander the Great|url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat0000hami|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn=0-8229-6084-2}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Hanawalt|first1=Barbara|last2=Kobialka|first2=Michal|date=2000|title=Medieval practices of space|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=0-8166-3544-7}}
*{{Cite book|last=Heckel|first=Waldemar|date=2002|title=The Wars of Alexander the Great: 336–323 BC|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-473-6}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Heckel|first1=Waldemar|last2=Yardley|first2=John|date=2004|title=Alexander the Great: historical texts in translation|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=0-631-22821-7}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Janson|first1=Horst W.|last2=Janson|first2=Anthony F.|date=2003|title=History of art: the Western tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofart00hwja|publisher=Prentice Hall PTR|isbn=0-13-182895-9}}
*{{Cite book|last=Keane|first=A. H.|date=2004|title=The Early Teutonic, Italian and French Masters|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=1-4179-6301-8}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kinzl|first=Konrad H.|date=2006|title=A companion to the classical Greek world|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=0-631-23014-9}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kleiner|first=Fred S.|date=2008|title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780495573562|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-11549-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kleiner|first=Fred S.|date=2009|title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780495573562|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-57364-7}}
*{{Cite book|last=McKay|first=Alexander G.|date=1998|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801859045|title=Houses, villas, and palaces in the Roman world|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=0-8018-5904-2|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|last=Neilburg|first=Michael S.|date=2001|title=Warfare in World History|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-46657-8}}
*{{Cite book|last=Oman|first=Charles|date=1976|title=The Sixteenth Century|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0-8371-8118-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Polelle|first=Mark R.|date=2007|title=Leadership: Fifty Great Leaders and the Worlds They Made|url=https://archive.org/details/leadershipfiftyg0000pole|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-34814-3}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Romm|first1=James S.|last2=Mensch|first2=Pamela|date=2005|title=Alexander the Great: selections from Arrian, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Quintus Curtius|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=0-87220-727-7}}
*{{Cite book|last=Roskill|first=Mark W.|date=1997|title=The languages of landscape|url=https://archive.org/details/languagesoflands0000rosk|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=0-271-01553-5}}
*{{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Bertrand|date=2004|title=History of Western Philosophy|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-32505-6}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Sacks|first1=David|last2=Murray|first2=Oswyn|last3=Bunson|first3=Margaret|date=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofanci00sack|title=A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=0-19-511206-7|url-status=live}}
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*{{Cite book|last=Summers|first=David|date=2007|title=Vision, reflection, and desire in western painting|publisher=UNC Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3110-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Warry|first=John|date=1991|title=Alexander, 334–323 BC: conquest of the Persian Empire|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-85532-110-6}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Christopher S.|date=1993|title=Albrecht Altdorfer and the Origins of Landscape|url=https://archive.org/details/albrechtaltdorfe0000wood_t4r2|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=0-948462-46-9}}
==Pranala luar==
*{{Commons category-inline|Battle of Issus by Altdorfer|''The Battle of Alexander at Issus''}}
*[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/altdorfers-the-battle-of-issus.html ''Altdorfer, the Battle of Issus''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009211704/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/altdorfers-the-battle-of-issus.html |date=2014-10-09 }} di Khan Academy
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