Geologi air bah: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Kreasionisme}}'''ArkeologiGeologi air bah''' ('''{{lang-en|Flood archeology geology}}''' atau '''''creation archeologygeology''''', '''''diluvial archeologygeology''''') adalah suatu interpretasi dari sejarah [[geologi]] [[planet]] [[bumi]] dalam hubungannya dengan [[air bah (mitologi)|air bah]] yang melanda seluruh bumi seperti yang digambarkan dalam [[Kitab Kejadian]] [[Kejadian 6|pasal 6]][[Kejadian 9|–9]] dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] dan [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]. Pandangan-pandangan serupa berperan penting dalam perkembangan awal ilmu [[geologi|arkeologi]], meskipun setelah kronologi Alkitab yang dikemukakan oleh [[James Ussher]] ditolak oleh mayoritas [[geolog]], yang lebih menerima usia bumi yang jauh lebih lama. Geologi air bah merupakan suatu bidang studi di dalam [[Kreasionisme|"ilmu pengetahuan penciptaan" ("''creation science''")]].{{sfn|Parkinson|2004|pp=24–27}}<ref>{{harvnb|Evans|2009}}</ref>

Suatu air bah yang menutupi seluruh dunia dianggap dapat menjelaskan hal-hal berikut:<ref name=waltbrown>[http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ Walt Brown: In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513203207/http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/ |date=2023-05-13 }}. 8th Edition. December 2008.</ref>

ArkeologiGeologi air bah secara publik dianggap bertentangan dengan pandangan ilmuwan dalam bidang geologi, [[paleontologi]], kimia, fisika, biologi, geofisika, dan stratigrafi,{{sfn|Delgado|2006}}{{sfn|Young|1995}}{{sfn|Isaak|2006}}{{sfn|Morton|2001}}{{sfn|Isaak|2007|p=173}}{{sfn|Stewart|2010|p=123}}<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/postmonth/may04.html |title=The Talk.Origins Archive Post of the Month: May 2004] |access-date=2012-12-04 |archive-date=2021-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716163851/http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/postmonth/may04.html |dead-url=no }}</ref> dan [[komunitas ilmiah]] menganggapnya sebagai [[pseudosains]].{{sfn|Schadewald|1982|pp=12-17}}{{sfn|Scott|2003}} Meskipun demikian, akhir-akhir ini dunia ilmu mulai menerima hipotesis [[Bumi bola salju|"Bumi bola salju" (''Snowball Earth'')]] di mana ditemukan bukti bahwa seluruh bumi pernah tertutup es (= air beku) pada masa silam (sekitar 650 juta tahun lalu), yang sekalipun tidak berkaitan langsung dengan geologi air bah, memberikan argumen yang mirip bahwa bumi pernah sama sekali tertutup air.<ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/5970/1241 Calibrating the [[Cryogenian]], Abstract only:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916054407/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/5970/1241 |date=2010-09-16 }} "Ice ... implies that the Sturtian glaciation was global in extent". 5 March 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100304142228.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:%20sciencedaily%20%28ScienceDaily:%20Latest%20Science%20News%29&utm_content=Google%20Feedfetcher Snowball Earth: New Evidence Hints at Global Glaciation 716.5 Million Years Ago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205095700/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100304142228.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:%20sciencedaily%20(ScienceDaily:%20Latest%20Science%20News)&utm_content=Google%20Feedfetcher |date=2023-02-05 }} Geologists have found evidence that sea ice extended to the equator 716.5 million years ago. 5 March 2010.</ref>

Dalam zaman penerangan (''Age of Enlightenment''), para naturalis mulai mengusulkan penyebab alamiah untuk menjelaskan mujizat-mujizat yang tertulis di Alkitab. Penjelasan alamiah untuk air bah global diberikan oleh [[:en:John Woodward (naturalist)|John Woodward]] (1695) dan muridnya, [[William Whiston]] (1696).{{sfn|Porter|2003|p= [[John Woodward (naturalist)|John Woodward]], (1695), ''An Essay Toward a Natural History of the Earth'' and [[William Whiston]], (1696), ''New Theory of the Earth''.}}

Ilmu pengetahuan geologi modern dimulai di Eropa pada abad ke-18.<ref>Perkumpulan geolog profesional tertua di dunia adalah [http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/society/bicentenary Geological Society of London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513043846/http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/society/bicentenary |date=2007-05-13 }}, dibentuk pada tahun 1807; istilah "geologi" sendiri dipopulerkan malalui penggunaannya dalam ''Encyclopedie'' tahun 1751.</ref> Para pakar bidang ini berusaha memahami sejarah dan pembentukan bumi melalui bukti-bukti fisik yang ditemukan dalam batu-batuan dan mineral. Banyak geolog mula-mula juga pemimpin gereja, sehingga mereka berusaha mencari hubungan sejarah geologi dunia sesuai yang tertulis di Alkitab. Teori kuno bahwa fosil itu merupakan pembentukan alamiah dari bahan-bahan tanah yang mengalami tekanan plastis sudah ditinggalkan, dengan pengakuan bahwa fosil merupakan peninggalan makhluk-makhluk yang pernah hidup sebelumnya. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan: bagaimana fosil makhluk laut dapat ditemukan di daratan, atau bahkan di puncak-puncak gunung?

[[Berkas:Hutton Unconformity , Jedburgh.jpg|jmpl|lurus|ka|Pada abad ke-18, penemuan-penemuan seperti [[:en:Hutton's Unconformity|Hutton's Unconformity]] menunjukkan lapisan-lapisan yang terjungkir, tererosi dan bertumpuk, menunjukkan "abyss of time" pada [[skala waktu geologi]].]]

Geologi modern dan cabang-cabangnya menggunakan metode sains untuk menganalisis geologi bumi. Prinsip kunci geologi air bah ditolak oleh kebanyakan analisis ilmiah dan tidak didukung sebagian besar komunitas sains.{{sfn|Delgado|2006}}{{sfn|Young|1995}}{{sfn|Isaak|2006}}{{sfn|Morton|2001}}{{sfn|Isaak|2007|p=173}}{{sfn|Stewart|2010|p=123}} [[Geologi]] modern bersandar pada sejumlah prinsip yang sudah tersusun, salah satu yang terpenting di antaranya adalah prinsip dari [[Charles Lyell]] mengenai [[:en:uniformitarianism (science)|uniformitarianisme]]. Dalam kaitan dengan kekuatan-kekuatan geologis dikatakan bahwa pembentukan bumi terjadi dari kekuatan berlangsung lambat yang dapat dilihat sekarang. Dengan mengaplikasikan prinsip-prinsip ini para geolog dapat menentukan bahwa usia bumi adalah sekitar 4,5 miliar tahun. Mereka mempelajari [[litosfer]] bumi untuk mendapatkan informasi sejarah planet ini. Geolog membagi sejarah bumi dalam ''[[eon|kurun (''eon'')]]'', [[:en:Era (geology)|era]], [[:en:Period (geology)|periode]], [[Kala (geologi)|kala (''epoch'')]], dan [[:en:faunal stages|tingkatan fauna]] yang ditandai dengan potongan-potongan terdefinisi baik dalam [[:en:fossil record|catatan fosil]] (lihat [[skala waktu geologi]]).{{sfn|Lutgens|Tarbuck|Tasa|2005}}{{sfn|Tarbuck|Lutgens|2006}} Pada umumnya, belum cukup bukti dari efek di atas yang dikemukakan oleh pendukung geologi air bah, sehingga tidak mendapat dukungan serius dari para ilmuwan.{{sfn|Isaak|1998}}

[[Berkas:Siccar point SE cliff.jpg|jmpl|lurus|kiri|[[:en:Unconformity|Angular unconformity]] yang ditemukan oleh [[James Hutton]] pada tahun 1788 di [[:en:Siccar Point|Siccar Point]] menunjukkan waktu yang ditempuh oleh erosi batu terjungkir dan deposisi lapisan-lapisan bertumpuk.]]

Geologi air bah belum dapat menjelaskan formasi geologi seperti [[:en:Unconformity|angular unconformities]], di mana batuan sedimentari terjungkir dan tererosi kemudian lebih banyak lapisan lagi bertumpuk di atasnya, membutuhkan waktu lama untuk proses semacam ini. Juga dibutuhkan waktu lama untuk erosi lembah pada pegunungan batu sedimen. Contoh lain, jika air bah terjadi, maka efek ini tentunya tersebar luas dan dalam skala besar di seluruh dunia. Erosi seharusnya tersebar merata, tetapi kenyataannya ada perbedaan besar antara erosi di [[:en:Appalachian Mountains|pegunungan Appalachian]] dan [[Rocky Mountains]].{{sfn|Isaak|1998}}

Jika air bah menyebabkan fosilisasi, maka semua hewan yang sekarang menjadi fosil tentunya hidup bersama di bumi sesaat sebelum datangnya air bah. Berdasarkan perkiraan jumlah bekas-bekas yang terkubur dalam [[:en:Karoo Supergroup|formasi fosil Karoo]] di [[Afrika]], ini bersesuaian dengan kepadatan tinggi yang tidak normal dari vertebrata di seluruh dunia, hampir 2100 per acre.{{sfn|Schadewald|1982|pp=12-17}} Para pendukung [[kreasionisme]] berargumen bahwa bukti dari [[:en:Geologic time scale|kolom geologi]] adalah sepotong-sepotong (''fragmentary''), dan semua lapisan kompleks kapur terjadi mendekati hari ke-150 air bah zaman [[Nuh]].{{sfn|Wilson|2001}}{{sfn|Mathews|2009}} Namun, kolom geologi ditemukan pada beberapa tempat dan menunjukkan ciri-ciri beragam, termasuk bukti erosi dan penyusupan ke dalam lapisan-lapisan lebih tua, yang tidak dapat dijelaskan dalam skala waktu singkat. Tanah keras karbonat (''carbonate hardground'') dan fosil yang berkaitan menunjukkan apa yang disebut "sedimen air bah" mencakup bukti deposisi yang berhenti lama yang tidak konsisten dengan dinamika maupun waktu air bah.{{sfn|Morton|2001}}

Pendukung geologi air bah mendapat kesulitan menjelaskan alternasi antara ''[[:en:calcite sea|calcite sea]]'' dan ''[[:en:aragonite sea|aragonite sea]]'' sepanjang era Phanerozoik. Pola bersiklus ''[[:en:carbonate hardgrounds|carbonate hardgrounds]]'', ooid kalsitik dan aragonitik, serta fauna bercangkang kalsit tampaknya dikontrol oleh kecepatan penyebaran dasar lautan (''[[:en:seafloor spreading|seafloor spreading]]'') rates and pembilasan air laut melalui ''[[:en:hydrothermal vent|hydrothermal vent]]'' yang mengubah rasio Mg/Ca.{{sfn|Stanley|Hardie|1999|pp1-7}}

* [[:en:Baraminology|Baraminologi]]

* [[:en:Pre-Adamite|Pra-Adamit]]

* {{cite book|last = Berry|first = Robert James|title = God's book of works: the nature and theology of nature|url = https://archive.org/details/godsbookofworksn0000berr|year = 2003|publisher = T & T Clark|location = London|isbn = 0-567-08876-6|ref = harv}}

* {{cite book|last = Brown|first = Walt|authorlink = Walt Brown (creationist)|title = In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood|publisher = Center for Scientific Creation|edition = 8th|year = 2008|isbn = 978-1-878026-09-5|chapter = Chapter 21: Rapid Burial|url = http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/LifeSciences25.html|ref = harv|access-date = 2012-11-07|archive-date = 2023-01-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230127055627/http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/LifeSciences25.html|dead-url = no}}

* {{Cite book|last = Dalrymple|first = G. Brent|authorlink = Brent Dalrymple|title=Ancient Earth, ancient skies: the age of Earth and its cosmic surroundings|url = https://archive.org/details/ancientearthanci0000dalr|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, Calif.|isbn=0-8047-4933-7|pages= 264|ref = harv}}

* {{Cite book|last=Dana|first=James Dwight|authorlink=James Dwight Dana|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-7kQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Manual+of+geology+Dana#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Manual of geology: treating of the principles of the science with special reference to American geological history, for the use of colleges, academies, and schools of science|year=1863|publisher=Theodore Bliss & Co.|location= Philadelphia|pages=798|ref=harv|access-date=2012-11-07|archive-date=2023-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731130408/https://books.google.com/books?id=-7kQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Manual+of+geology+Dana&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|dead-url=no}}

* {{Cite book|last = Gould|first = Stephen Jay|author-link = Stephen Jay Gould|publication-date = 1984|editor-last = Montagu|editor-first = Ashley|editor-link = Ashley Montagu|title = Science and Creationism|url = http://www.questia.com/read/28181616|publication-place = Oxford|publisher = Oxford University Press|pages = 416|chapter = Creationism: Genesis versus Geology|isbn = 0-19-503252-7|ref = harv|access-date = 2012-11-07|archive-date = 2008-03-29|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080329064326/http://www.questia.com/read/28181616|dead-url = no}}

* {{Cite news|last =Herbert|first = Sandra|publication-date = 1991|title =Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author|periodical =British Journal for the History of Science|issue = 24|pages =159–192|url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=1|accessdate =2009-01-24|archive-date =2009-02-08|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090208160735/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=1|dead-url =no}}

* {{cite book|last = Imbrie|first = John|first2 = Katherine Palmer|last2 = Imbrie|title = Ice ages: solving the mystery|url = https://archive.org/details/iceagessolvingmy0000imbr_w0f3|year = 1986|publisher = Harvard University Press|location = Cambridge, Mass.|isbn = 0-674-44075-7|pages = [https://archive.org/details/iceagessolvingmy0000imbr_w0f3/page/224 224]|ref = harv}}

* {{Cite book|last = Isaak|first = Mark|title = The Counter Creationism Handbook|chapter = Creationist claim CD750|chapterurl = http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CD/CD750.html|publisher = University of California Press|publication-date = 2007|location = Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|pages = 330|isbn = 978-0-520-24926-4|ref = harv|access-date = 2012-11-07|archive-date = 2004-04-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040417091150/http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CD/CD750.html|dead-url = no}}

* {{cite book|title=Essentials of Geology|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofgeol0000lutg_l5l1|last=Lutgens|first= FK|last2= Tarbuck|first2= EJ|last3= Tasa|first3= D|year=2005|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn= 978-0-13-149749-8|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last=McPhee|first= John|year= 1998|title=Annals of the Former World|url=https://archive.org/details/annalsofformerwo00mcph|location= New York|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux.|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last = Rupke|first = Nicolaas|author-link = Nicolaas Adrianus Rupke|title = The Great Chain of History|url = https://archive.org/details/greatchainofhist0000rupk|publisher = Clarendon Press|location = Oxford|year = 1983|isbn = 0-19-822907-0|pages=42–50[https://archive.org/details/greatchainofhist0000rupk/page/42 42]–50|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite book|last1 = Stewart|first1 = Melville Y.|title = Science and religion in dialogue|url = https://archive.org/details/sciencereligioni0002unse_n0m1|year = 2010|publisher = Wiley-Blackwell|location = Malden, MA|isbn = 1-4051-8921-5|pages = [https://archive.org/details/sciencereligioni0002unse_n0m1/page/n13 123]}}

* {{Cite book|first = Howard J.|last = Van Till|first2 = Robert J.|last2 = Snow|first3 = John H.|last3 = Stek|first4 = Davis A.|last4 = Young|authorlink= Howard J. Van Till|authorlink3= John H. Stek|title=Portraits of creation: biblical and scientific perspectives on the world's formation|url = https://archive.org/details/portraitsofcreat0000unse|year=1990|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|isbn=0-8028-0485-3|pages=296|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite book|last=Young|first=Davis A.|title=The biblical Flood: a case study of the Church's response to extrabiblical evidence|publisher=Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich|year=1995|pages=340|isbn=0-8028-0719-4|url=http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/p82.htm|ref=harv|accessdate=2008-09-16|archive-date=2007-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331124027/http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/p82.htm|dead-url=yes}}

* {{cite journal |url=http://nihrecord.od.nih.gov/pdfs/2006/07282006Record.pdf |title=''Finding the Evolution in Medicine'' |first= Cynthia |last=Delgado |journal= NIH Record |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]], |volume=LVIII, |issue=15 15|month= July 28 |year= 2006 |ref=harv |access-date=2012-11-07 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718043648/http://nihrecord.od.nih.gov/pdfs/2006/07282006Record.pdf |dead-url=yes }}

* {{cite journal|url=http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/31/31_4b.html|title=Stone Mountain Georgia: A Creation Geologist's Perspective|last=Froede|first=CR|year=1995|journal=Creation Research Society Quarterly Journal| volume=31|issue=4|page=214|accessdate=2007-03-29|ref=harv|archive-date=2011-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403204942/http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/31/31_4b.html|dead-url=yes}}

* {{cite journal| last = Herbert| first = Sandra| year = 1991| title = Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author| periodical = British Journal for the History of Science| volume = 24| url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=13| accessdate = 06 Nov. 2010| ref = harv| archive-date = 2011-11-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111125185931/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=13| dead-url = no}}

* {{cite journal|last=Hunter|first=M.J.|url=http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/5016/ |title=The pre-Flood/Flood boundary at the base of the earth's transition zone| journal= Journal of Creation| volume=14|pages=60–74|year=2000|accessdate=2009-01-24|ref=harv|archive-date=2008-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012032245/http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/5016/|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite journal | last = Kulp | first = J. Laurence | authorlink = J. Laurence Kulp | title = Deluge Geology | journal = Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–15 | publisher = [[American Scientific Affiliation]] | year = 1950 | url = http://www.asa3.org/aSA/PSCF/1950/JASA3-50Kulp.html | ref = harv | access-date = 2012-11-07 | archive-date = 2011-06-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014037/http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1950/JASA3-50Kulp.html | dead-url = yes }}

* {{cite journal| url=http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/38/38_3/Crimean.htm|title=Flood Geology of the Crimean Peninsula Part I: Tavrick Formation| last=Lalomov|first=AV| year=2001|journal=Creation Research Society Quarterly Journal|volume=38|issue=3|pages=118–124|accessdate=2007-03-29|ref=harv|archive-date=2007-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406110629/http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/38/38_3/Crimean.htm|dead-url=yes}}

* {{cite journal| last1 = O’Connor| first1 = Ralph| year = 2007| title = Young-Earth Creationists in Early Nineteenth-century Britain? Towards a reassessment of ‘Scriptural Geology’ | url = http://www.abdn.ac.uk/staffpages/uploads/his221/young-earth-creationists.pdf| journal = History of Science| volume = 45| issue = 150| pages = 357–403| publisher = Science History Publications Ltd| |issn = 0073-2753| ref = harv| access-date = 2012-11-07| archive-date = 2023-07-31| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230731130355/https://www.abdn.ac.uk/staffpages/uploads/his221/young-earth-creationists.pdf| dead-url = no}}

* {{cite journal |last=Parkinson| first=William|year=2004|month=January–February|title=Questioning 'Flood Geology': Decisive New Evidence to End an Old Debate|journal=NCSE Reports|volume=24|issue=1|publisher=National Center for Science Education| url=http://ncse.com/rncse/24/1/questioning-flood-geology|accessdate=2 November 2010|ref=harv|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000058/http://ncse.com/rncse/24/1/questioning-flood-geology|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite journal| url=http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/notes/39/39_1/Note0206.htm|title=Surface and Subsurface Errors in Anti-Creationist Geology|year=2002|first=JK|last=Reed|last2=Woodmorappe|first2= J|journal=Creation Research Society Quarterly Journal|volume=39|issue=1|accessdate=2007-03-29|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128125415/http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/notes/39/39_1/Note0206.htm|dead-url=yes}}

* {{cite journal| last = Schadewald| first = Robert J.| year = 1982| month = Summer| title = Six Flood Arguments Creationists Can't Answer| journal = Creation/Evolution Journal| volume = 3| issue = 3| pages = 12–17| publisher = National Center for Science Education| url = http://ncse.com/cej/3/3/six-flood-arguments-creationists-cant-answer| accessdate = 16 November 2010| ref = harv| archive-date = 2010-03-31| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100331062514/http://ncse.com/cej/3/3/six-flood-arguments-creationists-cant-answer| dead-url = no}}

* {{cite journal|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/cre-error.html| last=Schadewald|first=Robert|year=1986|title=Scientific Creationism and Error|journal=Creation/Evolution|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–9|accessdate=2007-03-29|ref=harv|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528234339/http://talkorigins.org/faqs/cre-error.html|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite journal| last = Seeley| first = Paul H.| year = 1991| title = The Firmament and the Water Above: The Meaning of ''Raqia'' in Genesis 1:6-8| journal = Westminster Theological Journal| volume = 53| url = http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/OTeSources/01-Genesis/Text/Articles-Books/Seely-Firmament-WTJ.pdf| format = pdf| accessdate = 13 Nov. 2010| ref = harv| archive-date = 2009-03-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090305132849/http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/OTeSources/01-Genesis/Text/Articles-Books/Seely-Firmament-WTJ.pdf| dead-url = yes}}

* {{cite journal| last = Seeley| first = Paul H.| year = 1997| title = The Geographical Meaning of 'Earth' and 'Seas' in Genesis 1:10| journal = Westminster Theological Journal| volume = 59| url = http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/OTeSources/01-Genesis/Text/Articles-Books/Seely_EarthSeas_WTJ.pdf| accessdate = 13 Nov. 2010| ref = harv| archive-date = 2020-10-16| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190009/http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/OTeSources/01-Genesis/Text/Articles-Books/Seely_EarthSeas_WTJ.pdf| dead-url = yes}}

* {{cite book|title=Earth Science|url=https://archive.org/details/earthscience1100tarb|last=Tarbuck|first= EJ|last2= Lutgens|first2= FK|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|year=2006|isbn=978-0-13-125852-5|ref=harv}}

* {{cite journal| url=http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/40/40_1/LaBrea3.htm| last=Weston|first=W|title=La Brea Tar Pits: Evidence of a Catastrophic Flood|journal=Creation Research Society Quarterly Journal|volume=40|issue=1|year=2003|pages=25–33|accessdate=2007-03-29|ref=harv|archive-date=2007-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406104153/http://www.creationresearch.org/crsq/articles/40/40_1/LaBrea3.htm|dead-url=yes}}

* {{cite journal| last = Wise | first = D.U.| year = 1998| title = Creationism's Geologic Time Scale| journal = American Scientist| volume = 86| pages = 160–173| url = http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/1998/2/creationisms-geologic-time-scale| accessdate = 2009-01-24| doi = 10.1511/1998.2.160| ref = harv| issue = 2| archive-date = 2016-12-22| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161222134946/http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/1998/2/creationisms-geologic-time-scale/| dead-url = no}}{{subscription}}

* {{cite journal|last=Wise|first=K.|authorlink=Kurt Wise|title=Towards a Creationist Understanding of "Transitional Forms"|journal=CEN Tech. J.|volume=9|pages=216–222|year=1995|format=pdf|url=http://www.bryancore.org/anniversary/04.pdf|accessdate=2009-01-24|ref=harv|archive-date=2010-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714052146/http://www.bryancore.org/anniversary/04.pdf|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.icr.org/research/index/researchp_as_platetectonicsl/ |title=Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: A Global Flood Model of Earth History | last =Austin | first =Stephen A. | last2=Baumgardner| first2=J.R.|last3= Humphreys|first3= R.D.|last4= Snelling|first4= A.A.|last5= Vardiman|first5= L. |last6=Wise|first6= K.P. |year=1994|publisher= Institute for Creation Research |location=Third International Conference on Creationism, Pittsburgh, PA, July 18–23, 1994|accessdate=2009-01-24|publication-date=1994|ref=harv|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531002551/https://www.icr.org/research/index/researchp_as_platetectonicsl/|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/blacksea/ax/frame.html|publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|last=Ballard|title=Ballard and the Black Sea: the search for Noah's flood|year=1999|accessdate=2007-06-27|ref=harv|archive-date=2007-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704205123/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/blacksea/ax/frame.html|dead-url=yes}}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03731a.htm |title=Biblical Chronology |publisher= Catholic Encyclopedia |year=1913 |ref={{harvid|Catholic encyclopedia|1913}} |access-date=2012-11-07 |archive-date=2014-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730162813/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03731a.htm |dead-url=no }}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.news.wisc.edu/16176 |title=Reason or faith? Darwin expert reflects |first=Gwen |last=Evans |year=2009 |month=Feb 3 |work=UW-Madison News |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison |accessdate=2010-06-18 |ref=harv |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208223603/http://news.wisc.edu/16176 |dead-url=no }}

* {{cite web|url= http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/list.html#CD|title=Index to Creationist Claims, Geology|first=Mark|last=Isaak|publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]]|year= 2006|month=November 5|accessdate =2 November 2010 |ref=harv|archive-date=2003-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031209103049/http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/list.html#CD|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-noahs-ark.html|title=Problems with a Global Flood|last=Isaak|first=M|year=1998|publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]]|accessdate=2007-03-29|ref=harv|quote=Isaak no a geologist|archive-date=2021-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317033616/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-noahs-ark.html|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/paluxy/wilker5.html|title=The "Burdick Print"|first=GJ|last=Kuban|year=1996|publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]]|accessdate=2007-03-29|ref=harv|archive-date=2023-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223132501/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/paluxy/wilker5.html|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/geocolumn/|title=The Geologic Column and its Implications for the Flood|first=Glenn|last=Morton|publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]]|accessdate =2 November 2010|month=February 17|year= 2001|ref=harv|quote=Morton not a geologist|archive-date=2001-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010317060604/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/geocolumn/|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite web|url=http://nwcreation.net/noahlegends.html|title=Flood Legends from Around the World|publisher=[http://nwcreation.net/ Northwest Creation Network]|accessdate=2007-06-27|ref={{harvid|Northwest Creation Network}} |archive-date=2023-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317145432/http://www.nwcreation.net/noahlegends.html|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite web|url=http://ncse.com/rncse/23/1/my-favorite-pseudoscience |first=Eugenie C. |last=Scott|title=My Favorite Pseudoscience|ref=harv|volume= 23|issue= 1|year=2003|month=January–February|access-date=2012-11-07|archive-date=2016-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426073534/http://ncse.com/rncse/23/1/my-favorite-pseudoscience|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1992/PSCF3-92Spradley.html |title=Changing Views of Science and Scripture: Bernard Ramm and the ASA |last=Spradley |first=Joseph L. |accessdate=2009-01-12 |ref=harv |year=1992 |archive-date=2022-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421205410/https://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1992/PSCF3-92Spradley.html |dead-url=no }}

* {{Cite web|first=Larry |last=Vardiman|title=Temperature Profiles for an optimized Water Vapor Canopy| url=http://www.icr.org/article/temperature-water-vapor-canopy/| year=2003|publisher=ICR|ref=harv|access-date=2012-11-07|archive-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528235858/https://www.icr.org/article/temperature-water-vapor-canopy|dead-url=no}}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1993/PSCF12-93Yang.html |title=Radiocarbon Dating and American Evangelical Christians |last=Yang |first=Seung-Hun |accessdate=2009-01-12 |ref=harv |year=1993 |archive-date=2009-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119021543/http://asa3.org/asa/PSCF/1993/PSCF12-93Yang.html |dead-url=no }}

* {{cite web |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/r/rsv/rsv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=1801 |title=Genesis 6-9 |ref={{harvid|Genesis|6-9}} |access-date=2012-11-07 |archive-date=2011-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520205411/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/r/rsv/rsv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=1801 |dead-url=no }}

* {{cite conference|last=Baumgardner|first=JR|year=2003|url=http://www.globalflood.org/papers/2003ICCcpt.html|title=Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: The Physics Behind the Genesis Flood |booktitle=Fifth International Conference on Creationism|accessdate=2007-03-29|ref=harv|archive-date=2016-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106155146/http://www.globalflood.org/papers/2003ICCcpt.html|dead-url=yes}}

* {{cite journal | title = The Defeat of Flood Geology by Flood Geology | journal = Reports of the [[National Center for Science Education]] | date = May/June 2001 | first = Phil | last = Senter | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | url = http://reports.ncse.com/index.php/rncse/article/download/44/36 | access-date = 2012-11-07 | archive-date = 2019-02-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190218150243/http://reports.ncse.com/index.php/rncse/article/download/44/36 | dead-url = yes }}