Kastel Edinburgh: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Infobox military structure
|name= IstanaKastel Edinburgh
|location = Edinburgh, Skotlandia
|image = [[Berkas:Edinburgh Castle from the south east.JPG|300px]]
|caption = IstanaKastel Edinburgh
|map_type = United Kingdom Edinburgh
|latitude = 55.948611
Baris 16:
|used = Masih digunakan
|ownership = [[Pemerintah Skotlandia]]
|open_to_public = YesYa
|controlledby = [[Historic Scotland]]
|current_commander = [[Mayor Jenderal (Britania Raya)|Mayor Jenderal]] Nick Eeles <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/scotlands-army-head-installed-as-edinburgh-castle-governor|title= Scotland's Army Head installed as Edinburgh Castle Governor|publisher=Ministry of Defence|date=30 March 2012|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref>
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|caption2 =
}}
'''Istana Edinburgh''' adalah [[benteng]] bersejarah yang mendominasi langit kota [[Edinburgh]], [[Skotlandia]]. Benteng ini berdiri di atas bekas gunung berapi yang disebut [[Castle Rock, Edinburgh|Castle Rock]]. Arkeolog memperkirakan manusia telah menduduki tempat tersebut paling tidak semenjak Zaman Besi (abad ke-2), walaupun jenis permukiman saat itu masih belum jelas. Istana kerajaan telah berdiri paling tidak dari masa [[David I dari Skotlandia|David I]] pada abad ke-12 dan terus menjadi kediaman kerajaan hingga [[Penyatuan Mahkota]] Inggris dan Skotlandia pada tahun 1603. Semenjak abad ke-15, peran residensial istana ini telah berkurang, dan pada abad ke-17 kastil ini digunakan sebagai barak militer. Kepentingannya sebagai warisan nasional Skotlandia diakui dari awal abad ke-19, dan berbagai program restorasi telah dilancarkan. Sebagai salah satu benteng terpenting [[Kerajaan Skotlandia]], Istana Edinburgh terlibat dalam banyak konflik bersejarah dari [[Perang Kemerdekaan Skotlandia]] pada abad ke-14 hingga [[Pemberontakan Jakobit]] pada tahun 1745. Istana ini telah dikepung beberapa kali, kadang-kadang berhasil dan kadang-kadang tidak.
 
'''IstanaKastel Edinburgh''' adalah [[benteng]] bersejarah yang mendominasi langit kota [[Edinburgh]], [[Skotlandia]]. Benteng ini berdiri di atas bekas gunung berapi yang disebut [[Castle Rock, Edinburgh|Castle Rock]]. Arkeolog memperkirakan manusia telah menduduki tempat tersebut paling tidak semenjak Zaman Besi (abad ke-2), walaupun jenis permukiman saat itu masih belum jelas. Istana kerajaan telah berdiri paling tidak dari masa [[David I dari Skotlandia|David I]] pada abad ke-12 dan terus menjadi kediaman kerajaan hingga [[Penyatuan Mahkota]] Inggris dan Skotlandia pada tahun 1603. Semenjak abad ke-15, peran residensial istana ini telah berkurang, dan pada abad ke-17 kastilkastel ini digunakan sebagai barak militer. Kepentingannya sebagai warisan nasional Skotlandia diakui dari awal abad ke-19, dan berbagai program restorasi telah dilancarkan. Sebagai salah satu benteng terpenting [[Kerajaan Skotlandia]], Istana Edinburgh terlibat dalam banyak konflik bersejarah dari [[Perang Kemerdekaan Skotlandia]] pada abad ke-14 hingga [[Pemberontakan Jakobit]] pada tahun 1745. Istana ini telah dikepung beberapa kali, kadang-kadang berhasil dan kadang-kadang tidak.
Sedikit bagian dari bangunan yang ada sekarang yang berasal dari masa sebelum Pengepungan Lang pada abad ke-16 karena pertahanan dari abad pertengahan sebagian besar telah dihancurkan oleh artileri. Pengecualiannya adalah [[Kapel Santa Margaret]] dari awal abad ke-12 (yang dianggap sebagai bangunan tertua di Edinburgh),<ref name=eotca>{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/1796/pre_1750_buildings_in_edinburgh_old_town_conservation_area |title=Pre-1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council, City Development Department |accessdate=30 September 2009}}</ref> Istana Kerajaan, dan Balai Besar dari abad ke-16, walaupun bagian dalamnya telah diubah semenjak pertengahan [[era Victoria]]. Di istana ini juga disimpan [[regalia]] Skotlandia yang disebut [[Kehormatan Skotlandia]]. Selain itu, di istana ini terdapat Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia dan [[Museum Perang Nasional Skotlandia]]. [[Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya]] masih bertanggung jawab atas beberapa bagian istana, walaupun kehadirannya saat ini bersifat seremonial dan administratif. Beberapa bangunan istana menjadi museum untuk wisatawan.
 
Sedikit bagian dari bangunan yang ada sekarang yang berasal dari masa sebelum Pengepungan Lang pada abad ke-16 karena pertahanan dari abad pertengahan sebagian besar telah dihancurkan oleh artileri. Pengecualiannya adalah [[Kapel Santa Margaret]] dari awal abad ke-12 (yang dianggap sebagai bangunan tertua di Edinburgh),<ref name=eotca>{{cite web |url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/1796/pre_1750_buildings_in_edinburgh_old_town_conservation_area |title=Pre-1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council, City Development Department |accessdate=30 September 2009 |archive-date=2012-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133941/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/1796/pre_1750_buildings_in_edinburgh_old_town_conservation_area |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Istana Kerajaan, dan Balai Besar dari abad ke-16, walaupun bagian dalamnya telah diubah semenjak pertengahan [[era Victoria]]. Di istana ini juga disimpan [[regalia]] Skotlandia yang disebut [[Kehormatan Skotlandia]]. Selain itu, di istana ini terdapat Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia dan [[Museum Perang Nasional Skotlandia]]. [[Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya]] masih bertanggung jawab atas beberapa bagian istana, walaupun kehadirannya saat ini bersifat seremonial dan administratif. Beberapa bangunan istana menjadi museum untuk wisatawan.
Istana Edinburgh diurus oleh [[Historic Scotland]] dan merupakan salah satu tujuan wisata utama Skotlandia dengan lebih dari 1,2 juta pengunjung pada tahun 2011.<ref name=ALVA>{{cite web |url=http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |title=Visits made in 2011 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA |publisher=Association of Leading Visitor Attractions |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6KBpZdJ4z |archivedate=7 October 2013}}</ref>
 
Istana Edinburgh diurus oleh [[Historic Scotland]] dan merupakan salah satu tujuan wisata utama Skotlandia dengan lebih dari 1,2 juta pengunjung pada tahun 2011.<ref name=ALVA>{{cite web |url=http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |title=Visits made in 2011 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA |publisher=Association of Leading Visitor Attractions |archiveurl=httphttps://www.webcitation.org/6KBpZdJ4z?url=http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |archivedate=72013-10-07 October|access-date=2014-01-04 |dead-url=no 2013}}</ref>
 
== Catatan kaki ==
Baris 44 ⟶ 45:
* {{cite book|title=[[Dictionary of National Biography]]|year=1937|publisher=London and Oxford:Oxford University Press}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=S.T.|last2=Yeoman|first2=Peter|title=Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988-91|year=1997|publisher=[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]|isbn=0-903903-12-1|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Dunbar, John|title=Scottish Royal Palaces: The Architecture of the Royal Residences during the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods|url=https://archive.org/details/scottishroyalpal0000dunb|publisher=Tuckwell Press|year=1999|isbn=1-86232-042-X}}
* {{cite book|author=Fenwick, Hugh|title=Scotland's Castles|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandscastles0000fenw|publisher=Robert Hale|year=1976|isbn=0-7091-5731-2}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_116/116_393_411.pdf |author=Fernie, Eric |title=Early Church Architecture in Scotland |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=116 |year=1986 |pages=393–411 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NcQPSg_11X8C|title=The History of the Kings of Britain|author=Geoffrey of Monmouth|editor=Lewis G. M. Thorpe|isbn=0-14-044170-0|year=1966|publisher=Penguin Classics}}
* {{cite book|author=Gibson, John Sibbald|title=Edinburgh in the '45|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghin45bon0000gibs|publisher=Saltire Society|year=1995|isbn=0-85411-067-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Gillies, James|year=1886|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m19zB-KxzHwC|title=Edinburgh Past And Present|publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier|isbn=978-1-4086-6024-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Grant, James|title=Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh|year=1850|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WqQHAAAAQAAJ}}
Baris 54 ⟶ 55:
* {{cite book|last=Gray|first=W. Forbes|title=A Short History of Edinburgh Castle|publisher=Moray Press|location=Edinburgh|year=1948}}
* {{cite book|author=Halkerston, Peter|year=1831|url=http://books.google.com/?id=WisFSH2PA-gC|title=A Treatise on the History, Law, and Privileges of the Palace and Sanctuary of Holyroodhouse|publisher=Maclachlan and Stewart|isbn=978-1-4097-8829-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Hardie, Alastair M R|title=Edinburgh's Castle in the Air|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghscastle0000unse|publisher=Serendpity|location=London|year=2004|isbn=1-84394-111-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Harris, Stuart|year=2002|title=The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History|isbn=978-1-904246-06-0|publisher=Steve Savage Publishers|location=London}}
* {{cite book|author=Howard, Deborah|year=1995|title=Scottish Architecture from the Reformation to the Restoration, 1560–1660|url=https://archive.org/details/scottisharchitec0000howa|series=The Architectural History of Scotland|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0530-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Hussey, Christopher|year=1931|title=The Work of Sir Robert Lorimer|publisher=London:Country Life}}
* {{cite book|author=Lynch, Michael|title=Scotland: A New History|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandnewhisto0000lync|year=1992|isbn=0-7126-9893-0|publisher=Pimlico}}
* {{cite book|author=McAdam, David|title=Edinburgh and West Lothian: a landscape fashioned by geology|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburgwestloth0000unse|publisher=[[Scottish Natural Heritage]]|year=2003|isbn=1-85397-327-0}}
* {{cite book|author=McGrail, Thomas H|title=Sir William Alexander, First Earl of Stirling: A biographical study|year=1940|publisher=Oliver & Boyd}}
* {{cite book|author=McHardy, Stuart|title=Tales of Edinburgh Castle|url=https://archive.org/details/talesofedinburgh0000mcha|publisher=Luath|year=2007|isbn=978-1-905222-95-7}}
* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|chapter=Artillery and Major Places of Strength in the Lothians|editor=Caldwell, David H|title=Scottish Weapons and Fortifications 1100–1800|isbn=0-85976-047-2|year=1981|publisher=John Donald}}
* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|title=Edinburgh Castle|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastle0000maci|publisher=B. T. Batsford|isbn=0-7134-7295-2|year=1993}}
* {{cite book|author= McKay, Tam|title=What Time Does Edinburgh's One O'clock Gun Fire?|url=https://archive.org/details/whattimedoesedin0000mcka|publisher=Cadies/Witchery Tours|isbn=978-0-9522927-3-9|year=2002}}
* {{cite book|author=McKean, Charles|title=Edinburgh, Portrait of a City|publisher=Ebury Press|isbn=0-7126-3867-9|year=1991}}
* {{cite book|author=MacQuarrie, Alan|title=Medieval Scotland: Kingship and Nation|year=2004|isbn= 0-7509-2977-4|publisher=The History Press}}
* {{cite book|author1=McWilliam, Colin|author2=Gifford, John|author3=Walker, David|year=1984|publisher=Penguin|title=Edinburgh|series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides|The Buildings of Scotland]]|isbn=978-0-14-071068-7|authorlink1=Colin McWilliam}}
* {{cite book|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/inpraiseofedinbu00massuoft/inpraiseofedinbu00massuoft_djvu.txt|title=In Praise of Edinburgh, an Anthology in Prose and Verse|editor=Masson, Rosaline|publisher=Constable and Co|year=1912}}
* {{cite book|author=Moffat, Alistair|title=Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History|url=https://archive.org/details/beforescotlandst0000moff|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2005|isbn=0-500-05133-X}}
* {{cite journal |author=Oldrieve, W. T. |title=Account of the recent discovery of the Remains of David's Tower at Edinburgh Castle |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |volume=48 |year=1914 |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_048/48_230_271.pdf |pages=230–270 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|editor=Paul, James Balfour|title=Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland|volume=X|year=1913|publisher=H.M. General Register House|location=Edinburgh}}
* {{cite book|editor=Pitcairn, Robert|title=Criminal trials in Scotland, from 1488 to 1624|volume=2|year=1833|publisher=William Tait|location= Edinburgh|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/criminaltrialsin01pitc#page/44/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|author=Potter, Harry|title=Edinburgh Under Siege: 1571–1573|publisher=Tempus|year=2003|isbn=0-7524-2332-0 }}
* {{cite book|author=Salter, Mike|year=1994|title=The Castles of Lothian and the Borders|url=https://archive.org/details/castlesoflothian0000salt|publisher=Folly Publications|isbn=1-871731-20-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Scott, Andrew Murray|title=Bonnie Dundee|url=https://archive.org/details/bonniedundeejohn0000scot|isbn=0-85976-532-6|publisher=John Donald|year=2000}}
* {{cite book|author=Scott-Moncrieff, George|title=Edinburgh|year=1965|isbn=0-05-001829-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|year=1997|title=Scotland's Castles|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandscastles0000tabr|publisher=BT Batsford/Historic Scotland|isbn=0-7134-7965-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|author2=Grove, Doreen|title=Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites|url=https://archive.org/details/fortressscotland00tabr|isbn=978-0-7134-7484-8|publisher=Batsford|year=2001}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Prisons of War|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastlep0000tabr|isbn=1-903570-99-9|year=2004}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Official Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastleo0000tabr|isbn=1-903570-33-6|year=2008}}
* {{cite book|editor=Tyler, Royall|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=972|title=Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 10: 1550-1552|year=1914}}
* {{cite journal |year=1887 |author=Wilson, Daniel |authorlink=Daniel Wilson (academic) |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=21 |pages=291–316 |title=Notice of St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_021/21_291_316.pdf |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|year=1891|author=Wilson, Daniel|volume=1|title=Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time|url=http://www.edinburghbookshelf.org.uk/volume10/|publisher=Adam & Charles Black|edition=2nd|access-date=2014-01-04|archive-date=2017-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302203328/http://www.edinburghbookshelf.org.uk/volume10/|dead-url=yes}}
{{refend}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category|Edinburgh Castle}}
* [http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/ Situs Istana Edinburgh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902071553/http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/ |date=2015-09-02 }}
* {{historic-scotland-link|121}}
* [http://www.snwm.org/ Situs Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia]
Baris 95 ⟶ 96:
{{bangunan-stub}}
 
[[Kategori:IstanaKastel di Skotlandia|edin]]