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{{Demokrasi}}
'''Demokrasi sosial''' adalah sebuah filsafat [[Filsafat politik|politik]], [[Filsafat sosial|sosial]], dan [[Filsafat ekonomi|ekonomi]] dalam sistem [[sosialisme]]{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=80–103|2a1=Newman|2y=2005|2p=5|3a1=Heywood|3y=2007|3pp=101, 134–136, 139|4a1=Ypi|4y=2018|5a1=Watson|5y=2019}} yang mendukung [[Demokrasi liberal|demokrasi politik]] dan [[demokrasi ekonomi]].{{sfnm|1a1=Wintrop|1y=1983|1p=306|2a1=Archer|2y=1995|3a1=Jones|3y=2001|3p=737|4a1=Ritzer|4y=2004|4p=479}} Dalam praktiknya, [[Daftar partai sosial demokrat dan sosialis demokrat yang pernah memerintah|rezim-rezim pemerintahan demokrasi sosial]] menghasilkan suatu model [[kapitalisme kesejahteraan]] yang dikelola secara sosial (yang sangat berbeda dari [[Ekonomi liberal|kapitalisme liberal]] melalui [[Ekonomi campuran|kepemilikan publik parsial]]), kontrol ekonomi atas pasar, dan kebijakan yang mendorong [[kesetaraan sosial]]. Sarana utama yang digunakan adalah [[Intervensionisme ekonomi|kebijakan intervensionis dalam pengelolaan ekonomi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lane|first=David|year=2023|title=Global Neoliberal Capitalism and the Alternatives: From Social Democracy to State Capitalisms|location=Bristol|publisher=Bristol University Press|isbn=978-1-5292-2093-3|pages=96–114|chapter=The Decay of Social Democracy}}</ref>
Instrumen yang digunakan dalam sistem demokrasi sosial meliputi komitmen terhadap [[demokrasi perwakilan]] dan [[demokrasi partisipatif]], langkah-langkah [[redistribusi pendapatan]], [[Ekonomi regulasi|regulasi perekonomian]] untuk [[Kebaikan bersama|kepentingan umum]], dan ketentuan [[kesejahteraan sosial]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=1998|1p=827|2a1=Badie|2a2=Berg-Schlosser|2a3=Morlino|2y=2011|2p=2423|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=128}} Akibat dari lamanya pemerintahan yang didominasi [[Partai Demokrat Sosial|partai demokrat sosial]] dan pengaruhnya pada perkembangan kebijakan sosial ekonomi di [[negara Nordik]], demokrasi sosial sering diasosiasikan dengan [[model Nordik]] dan [[Keynesianisme]] dalam lingkaran politik pada paruh kedua abad ke-20.{{sfnm|1a1=Gombert|1a2=Bläsius|1a3=Krell|1a4=Timpe|1y=2009|1p=8|2a1=Sejersted|2y=2011}} Demokrasi sosial juga dideskripsikan sebagai bentuk paling umum dari sosialisme Barat atau sosialisme modern,{{Sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1y=1999|2a1=Pruitt|2y=2019|3a1=Berman|3y=2020}} dan gerakan [[Reformisme|reformis]] dari [[sosialisme demokratis]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Williams|1y=1985|1p=289|2a1=Foley|2y=1994|2p=23|3a1=Eatwell|3y=1999|3p=80}}
[[Sejarah sosial demokrasi]] bermula dari [[gerakan buruh]] di abad ke-19. Sosial demokrasi merupakan sebuah ideologi politik [[Politik sayap kiri|sayap kiri]]<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Tsakalotos|2001}}: "...{{Spaces}}most left-wing approaches (social democratic, democratic socialist, and so on) to how the market economy works."); {{Harvard citation no brackets|Brandal|Bratberg|Thorsen|2013}}: "In Scandinavia, as in the rest of the world, 'social democracy' and 'democratic socialism' have often been used interchangeably to define the part of the left pursuing gradual reform through democratic means."</ref> yang bertujuan untuk mendorong [[Reformisme|evolusi]] secara [[Demokrasi|demokratis]] dari laissez-faire atau [[kapitalisme kroni]] menuju [[Ekonomi pasar sosial|kapitalisme sosial]], yang terkadang disebut juga [[ekonomi pasar sosial]].{{Butuh rujukan}}Sosial demokrasi menentang [[Ekonomi terencana|sentralisasi penuh]] perekonomian seperti yang diusulkan oleh beberapa pemikir sosialis. Di awal era pasca-Perang Dunia II di Eropa Barat, partai-partai sosial demokrat menolak model sosialis Soviet. Mereka berkomitmen pada jalur alternatif menuju sosialisme atau kompromi antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme.{{Sfn|Adams|1993|pp=102–103}} Pada periode ini, kelompok sosial demokrat menganut perekonomian campuran berdasarkan [[Properti pribadi|kepemilikan pribadi]] yang mempromosikan [[Keynesianisme|ekonomi Keynesian]], [[Intervensionisme ekonomi|intervensionisme negara]], dan negara kesejahteraan. Akan tetapi, mereka tidak menekankan tujuan untuk mengganti sistem kapitalisme ([[faktor pasar]], [[Properti pribadi|kepemilikan pribadi]], dan [[labor of value|buruh upahan]]) dengan [[Sistem perekonomian|sistem ekonomi]] sosialis yang berbeda secara fundamental.
Demokrasi sosial modern ditandai dengan komitmen pada kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi [[Ketidaksetaraan sosial|ketidaksetaraan]], penindasan terhadap kelompok kurang mampu dan [[kemiskinan]],{{sfn|Hoefer|2013|p=29}} termasuk dukungan pada [[pelayanan publik]] yang dapat diakses secara universal, seperti [[perawatan lansia]], [[perawatan anak-anak]], [[Pendidikan universal|pendidikan]], [[Pelayanan kesehatan universal|layanan kesehatan]], dan [[kompensasi pekerja]].{{sfn|Meyer|Hinchman|2007|p=137}} Gerakan demokrasi sosial sering kali memiliki koneksi kuat dengan [[gerakan buruh]] dan [[serikat pekerja]] yang mendukung hak [[perundingan bersama]] bagi pekerja serta kebijakan untuk memperluas pengambilan keputusan di luar politik ke lingkup ekonomi dalam bentuk [[kodeterminasi]] bagi pekerja dan pemangku kepentingan ekonomi lainnya.{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1a2=Hinchman|1y=2007|1p=91|2a1=Upchurch|2a2=Taylor|2a3=Mathers|2y=2009|2p=51}}
== Definisi ==
Demokrasi sosial merupakan salah satu pemikiran dari [[Tipe sosialisme|tradisi sosialis]].{{sfnm|1a1=Eatwell|1a2=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=80–103|2a1=Newman|2y=2005|2p=5}} Sebagai sebuah [[gerakan politik]], ia bertujuan untuk mencapai sosialisme melalui cara [[Gradualisme|bertahap]] dan [[Demokrasi|demokratis]].{{sfnm|1a1=Steger|1y=1997|2a1=Safra|2y=1998|2p=920|3a1=Stevens|3y=2000|3p=1504|4a1=Duignan|4a2=Kalsang Bhutia|4a3=Mahajan|4y=2014}} Sebagai gerakan politik, ia dipengaruhi oleh [[Reformisme|sosialisme reformis]] [[Ferdinand Lassalle]] dan [[sosialisme revolusioner]] [[Internasionalisme proletariat|internasionalis]] sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh [[Karl Marx]] dan [[Friedrich Engels]].{{Sfn|Aspalter|2001|p=52}} Sebagai sebuah gerakan dan [[ideologi]] politik internasional, demokrasi sosial telah mengalami berbagai transformasi sepanjang sejarahnya.{{sfnm|1a1=Miller|1y=1998|1p=827|2a1=Durlauf|2a2=Lawrence|2y=2008}} Jika pada abad ke-19, ia disebut “Marxisme terorganisir”, demokrasi sosial berubah menjadi “reformisme terorganisir” pada abad ke-20.{{Sfn|Eatwell|Wright|1999|p=80}} Sebagai rezim kebijakan,{{sfnm|1a1=Egle|1a2=Henkes|1a3=Merkel|1a4=Petring|1y=2008|2a1=Kotz|2y=2009|3a1=Foster|3a2=Tsakiroglou|3y=2014}} demokrasi sosial memberikan dukungan terhadap [[ekonomi campuran]] dan langkah-langkah perbaikan yang memberikan keuntungan terhadap [[Buruh|kelas pekerja]] dalam sistem [[kapitalisme demokratis]].{{sfnm|1a1=Hinchman|1a2=Meyer|1y=2007|1p=112|2a1=Badie|2a2=Berg-Schlosser|2a3=Morlino|2y=2011|2p=2423|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=128}} Pada abad ke-21, rezim kebijakan sosial demokrat{{Refn|"Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other. Although this stance has been most clearly associated with reformist socialism, it has also been embraced, to a greater or lesser extent, by others, notably modern liberals and paternalist conservatives."{{sfn|Heywood|2012}}}} secara umum didefinisikan sebagai peningkatan [[Kesejahteraan sosial|kesejahteraan]] atau peningkatan [[Pelayanan publik|layanan publik]]. Rezim demokrasi sosial biasanya juga digunakan untuk merujuk kepada [[model Nordik]].{{Sfn|Bolton|2020}}
Dalam ilmu politik, ''sosialisme demokratis'' dan ''demokrasi sosial'' terkadang dianggap sebagai hal yang sama,{{sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=8|2a1=Sargent|2y=2008|2p=118|3a1=Heywood|3y=2012|3p=97|4a1=Hain|4y=2015|4p=3}} namun penggunaan kedua istilah ini dibedakan dalam karya jurnalistik.{{sfnm|1a1=Qiu|1y=2015|2a1=Barro|2y=2015|3a1=Tupy|3y=2016|4y=2016|5a1=Cooper|5y=2018|6a1=Rodriguez|6y=2018|7a1=Levitz, April 2019}} Berdasarkan definisi sosialisme demokratis,{{Refn|"Social democracy is a political ideology focusing on an evolutionary road to socialism or the humanization of capitalism. It includes parliamentary process of reform, the provision of state benefits to the population, agreements between labor and the state, and the revisionist movement away from revolutionary socialism."{{sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} "By the early twentieth century, ... many such [social democratic] parties had come to adopt parliamentary tactics and were committed to a gradual and peaceful transition to socialism. As a result, social democracy was increasingly taken to refer to democratic socialism, in contrast to revolutionary socialism."{{sfn|Heywood|2012}}
"Social democracy refers to a political theory, a social movement or a society that aims to achieve the egalitarian objectives of socialism while remaining committed to the values and institutions of liberal democracy."{{sfn|Blume|Durlauf|2016|p=606}} "In general, a label for any person or group who advocates the pursuit of socialism by democratic means. Used especially by parliamentary social democrats who put parliamentarism ahead of socialism, and therefore oppose revolutionary action against democratically elected governments. Less ambiguous than social democracy, which has had, historically, the opposite meanings of (1) factions of Marxism, and (2) groupings on the right of socialist parties."{{sfn|Brown|McLean|McMillan|2018}}}} demokrasi sosial adalah sebuah ideologi yang berupaya membangun [[ekonomi sosialis]] secara bertahap melalui institusi [[demokrasi liberal]].{{Sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}} Sejak periode pasca perang dunia, demokrasi sosial didefinisikan sebagai rezim kebijakan yang mendorong reformasi kapitalisme agar sejalan dengan cita-cita [[keadilan sosial]].{{Sfn|Kornai|Yingi|2009|pp=11–24}} Pada abad ke-19, demokrasi sosial mencakup berbagai aliran sosialisme non-revolusioner dan revolusioner selain [[anarkisme]].{{sfnm|1a1=Ely|1y=1883|1pp=204–205|2a1=Eatwell|2a2=Wright|2y=1999|2p=80|3a1=Lamb|3y=2015|3pp=415–416}} Pada awal abad ke-20, demokrasi sosial dimanifestasikan dalam dukungan terhadap proses pembangunan masyarakat melalui struktur politik yang ada dan penentangan terhadap cara-cara revolusioner, yang sering dikaitkan dengan Marxisme.{{Sfn|O'Hara|2003|p=538}}
Saat ini Demokrasi Sosial berarti perekonomian yang didominasi kapitalisme dengan regulasi ekonomi negara demi kepentingan umum, penyediaan layanan kesejahteraan oleh negara, dan redistribusi pendapatan dan kekayaan. Konsep sosial demokrat mempengaruhi kebijakan sebagian besar negara Barat sejak Perang Dunia II.<ref>[https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1 Social democracy]</ref> Demokrasi sosial sering dianggap sebagai jalan tengah praktis antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme. Demokrasi sosial bertujuan untuk menggunakan aksi kolektif dan demokratis untuk mendorong kebebasan dan kesetaraan dalam perekonomian dan menentang ketidaksetaraan dan penindasan yang disebabkan oleh kapitalisme laissez-faire.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34324/chapter-abstract/291334753?redirectedFrom=fulltext Social democracy]</ref>
== Ikhtisar ==
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Kebijakan demokrasi sosial pertama kali diadopsi di [[Kekaisaran Jerman]] pada 1880-an dan 1890-an ketika [[Kanselir Jerman|Kanselir]] [[Otto von Bismarck]] yang [[Konservatisme di Jerman|konservatif]] mengajukan banyak proposal [[kesejahteraan sosial]] [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Jerman|Demokrat Sosial]] untuk menghalangi keberhasilan pemilu mereka setelah melarang mereka dengan [[UU Anti-Sosialis]]. Kebijakan ini menjadi dasar bagi [[negara kesejahteraan]] modern pertama. Kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut dijuluki sebagai [[Sosialisme Negara (Jerman)|Sosialisme Negara]] oleh oposisi [[Liberalisme di Jerman|liberal]], tetapi kemudian istilah itu diterima oleh Bismarck.<ref>Edgar Feuchtwanger (2002). ''Bismarck''. p. 221.</ref> Sosialisme Negara merujuk pada seragkaian program sosial yang dilaksanakan di Jerman yang diinisiasi oleh Bismarck pada 1883 sebagai langkah perbaikan untuk menenangkan [[kelas pekerja]] dan mengurangi dukungan kepada [[sosialisme]] dan Demokrat Sosial setelah melaksanakan upaya sebelumnya melalui UU Anti-Sosialis Bismarck.<ref>[http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1809 "Bismarck's Reichstag Speech on the Law for Workers' Compensation"] (15 March 1884).</ref><ref>Paul R. Gregory; Robert C. Stuart (2003). ''Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century''. p. 207. "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced social welfare legislation in Germany between 1883 and 1888, despite violent political opposition, as a direct attempt to stave off Marx's (prediction of a) socialist revolution". {{ISBN|0-618-26181-8}}.</ref>
Kebijakan serupa kemudian diadopsi di sebagian besar Eropa Barat, termasuk Prancis dan Britania Raya (lihat [[reformasi kesejahteraan Liberal]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/g1/gallery1.htm|title=Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–11|publisher=Learningcurve.gov.uk|accessdate=24 January 2010|archive-date=2012-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202153903/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/g1/gallery1.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=G. R. Searle|authorlink=G. R. Searle|title=A New England?: Peace and War, 1886–1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SGI2Y8vyC4C&pg=PA369|year=2004|page=369|isbn=9780198207146}}</ref> baik oleh partai sosialis dan liberal. Di Amerika Serikat, [[Progresivisme di Amerika Serikat|gerakan progresif]], gerakan demokrat sosial serupa lebih dipengaruhi oleh [[Liberalisme di Amerika Serikat|liberalisme]] dibandingkan [[Sosialisme di Amerika Serikat|sosialisme]], mendukung [[Liberalisme modern di Amerika Serikat|liberal progresif]] seperti [[Presiden Amerika Serikat|presiden]] dari [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Demokrat]], [[Woodrow Wilson]] dan [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], yang gagasan [[New Freedom]] dan [[New Deal]]-nya mengadopsi banyak kebijakan demokrat sosial. Dengan [[Depresi Besar]], [[intervensionisme ekonomi]] dan [[nasionalisasi]] menjadi umum di dunia dan [[konsensus pascaperang]] yang berlangsung sampai 1973 membuat kebijakan demokrat sosial [[Keynesianisme|Keynesian]] dan [[ekonomi campuran]] diberlakukan. Hal ini kemudian mengarah pada [[ledakan pasca-Perang Dunia II]], di mana Amerika Serikat, Uni Soviet, negara Eropa Barat dan Asia Timur khususnya mengalami [[pertumbuhan ekonomi]] tinggi dan berkelanjutan yang tidak biasa, bersamaan dengan [[lapangan kerja penuh]]. Berkebalikan dengan prediksi awal, pertumbuhan yang tinggi juga termasuk pada negara yang hancur akibat perang seperti Jepang ([[Keajaiban ekonomi Jepang setelah Perang Dunia II]]), Jerman Barat dan Austria ([[Wirtschaftswunder]]), Korea Selatan ([[Keajaiban di Sungai Han]]), Prancis ([[Trente Glorieuses]]), Italia ([[Keajaiban ekonomi Italia]]) dan Yunani ([[Keajaiban ekonomi Yunani]]).<ref>[http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414 "The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience"].</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESS_2017_ch2.pdf "Post-war reconstruction and development in the Golden Age of Capitalism"].</ref><ref>[http://m.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414 "The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience"].</ref>
Akibat dari [[krisis energi 1970-an]], ditinggalkannya [[standar emas]] dan [[sistem Bretton Woods]] bersama dengan kebijakan ekonomi campuran demokrat sosial Keynesian serta implementasi kebijakan [[Ekonomi berorientasi pasar|berorientasi pasar]], [[Monetarisme|monetaris]] dan [[Neoliberalisme|neoliberal]] ([[privatisasi]], [[deregulasi]], [[perdagangan bebas]], [[globalisasi ekonomi]], [[kebijakan fiskal]] anti-[[inflasi]], dan lainnya), negara kesejahteraan demokrat sosial menjadi diragukan.<ref>Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). ''Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?''. Oxford University Press.</ref> Hal ini menyebabkan partai-partai demokrat sosial mengadopsi [[Jalan Ketiga]], ideologi yang menggabungkan [[progresivisme]] dan [[liberalisme sosial]] dengan neoliberalisme.{{sfn|Whyman|2005}} Bagaimanapun, [[Resesi Besar]] pada akhir 2000-an dan awal 2010-an menimbulkan keraguan pada apa yang dinamakan [[Konsensus Washington]] dan [[gerakan antipengetatan anggaran|protes]] terhadap langkah [[pengetatan anggaran]] terjadi, menyebabkan kebangkitan partai-partai dan kebijakan demokrat sosial, khususnya di Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya dengan [[Bernie Sanders]] dan [[Jeremy Corbyn]], yang menolak demokrasi sosial Jalan Ketiga,
''[[Laporan Kebahagiaan Dunia]]'' [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (PBB) menunjukkan bahwa negara-negara yang paling bahagia terkonsentrasi di negara demokrat sosial, khususnya Eropa Utara, di mana
Sejumlah penelitian dan survei menujukkan bahwa orang cenderung hidup lebih bahagia di masyarakat demokrat sosial dibandingkan yang neoliberal.<ref>Brown, Craig (11 May 2009). [http://www.commondreams.org/further/2009/05/11/worlds-happiest-countries-social-democracies "World's Happiest Countries? Social Democracies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041538/https://www.commondreams.org/further/2009/05/11/worlds-happiest-countries-social-democracies|date=2017-10-20}}. [[Commondreams]]. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Radcliff, Benjamin (25 September 2013). [http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/25/opinion/radcliff-politics-of-happiness/ "Western nations with social safety net happier"]. [[CNN]]. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Brown, Andrew (12 September 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/12/europe-happiest-progressives-conservatives-social-democracies-wellbeing-poll "Who are Europe's happiest people – progressives or conservatives?"]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Eskow, Richard (15 October 2014). [http://ourfuture.org/20141015/new-study-finds-big-government-makes-people-happy-free-markets-dont "New Study Finds Big Government Makes People Happy, "Free Markets" Don't]". Our Future. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref>
== Kritik ==
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Beberapa kritikus mengklaim bahwa demokrasi sosial meninggalkan sosialisme pada 1930-an dengan mendukung [[kapitalisme kesejahteraan]] Keynesian.{{sfnm|1a1=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=91|2a1=Fitzpatrick|2y=2003|2pp=2–3}} Teoretikus politik sosialis demokrat, [[Michael Harrington]], berpendapat bahwa demokrasi sosial secara historis mendukung [[Keynesianisme]] sebagai bagian dari "kompromi demokrasi sosial" antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme. Kompromi ini menciptakan negara kesejahteraan dan Harrington berpendapat bahwa meskipun kompromi ini tidak memungkinkan terciptanya sosialisme secara cepat, kompromi ini "mengakui prinsip nonkapitalis-dan bahkan antikapitalis-kebutuhan manusia melebihi dan di atas keharusan profit".{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=93}} Baru-baru ini, demokrat sosial yang mendukung [[Jalan Ketiga]] dituduh telah mendukung kapitalisme, termasuk oleh demokrat sosial anti-Jalan Ketiga yang menuduh pendukung Jalan Ketiga seperti [[Anthony Giddens]] sebagai orang yang dalam praktiknya antidemokrasi sosial dan antisosialis.{{sfn|Cammack|2004|p=155}}
== Daftar partai ==
{{utama|Daftar partai demokrat sosial}}
== Demokrat sosial ternama ==
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: {{cite book|last1=Aspalter|first1=Christian|year=2001|title=Importance of Christian and Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria and Sweden|location=Huntington, New York|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-56072-975-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite encyclopedia|year=2011|title=Social Democracy|editor-last1=Badie|editor-first1=Bertrand|editor-last2=Berg-Schlosser|editor-first2=Dirk|editor-last3=Morlino|editor-first3=Leonardo|encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Political Science|volume=8|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-5963-6|ref=harv}}
: {{cite journal|last1=Bardhan|first1=Pranab|author-link1=Pranab Bardhan|last2=Roemer|first2=John E.|author-link2=John Roemer|year=1992|title=Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-perspectives_summer-1992_6_3/page/101|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=6|issue=3|pages=101–116|doi=10.1257/jep.6.3.101|issn=0895-3309|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Barrientos|first1=Armando|last2=Powell|first2=Martin|year=2004|chapter=The Route Map of the Third Way|editor1-last=Hale|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-last=Leggett|editor2-first=Will|editor3-last=Martell|editor3-first=Luke|title=The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=9–26|isbn=978-0-7190-6598-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Mark T.|year=2004|title=The Battle for Asia: From Decolonization to Globalization|series=Asia's Transformations|location=London|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-0-415-32529-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Berman|first1=Sheri|year=1998|title=The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-44261-0|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/socialdemocratic00berm_0}}
: {{cite book|last1=Berman|first1=Sheri|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=2006|title=The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/primacyofpolitic0000berm|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81799-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite conference|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf|title=Understanding Social Democracy|last=Berman|first=Sheri|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=2008|conference=What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World|conference-url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers.html|publisher=Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|accessdate=29 January 2016|ref=harv|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195218/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
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