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{{Infobox scientist
[[image:CharlesBabbage.jpg|thumb|Charles Babbage]]
|name = Charles Babbage
'''Charles Babbage''' ([[26 Desember]] [[1791]] – [[18 Oktober]] [[1871]]) adalah seorang [[matematikawan]] dari [[Inggris]] yang pertama kali mengemukakan gagasan tentang [[komputer]] yang dapat diprogram. Sebagian dari mesin yang dikembangkannya -- namun tidak selesai -- kini dapat dilihat di [[Musium Sains London]]. Pada tahun [[1991]], dengan menggunakan rencana asli dari Babbage, sebuah mesin diferensial dikembangkan dan mesin ini dapat berfungsi secara sempurna, yang membuktikan bahwa gagasan Babbage tentang mesin ini memang dapat diimplementasikan.
|image = Charles Babbage 1860.jpg
|image_width =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1792|12|25}}
|birth_place = [[London|London, Inggris]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1871|10|18|1791|12|26}}
|death_place = [[Marylebone]], London, Inggris
|nationality = Britania Raya
|field = Matematika <br /> Ilmu komputer
|work_institutions = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
|alma_mater = [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Matematika<br />Komputer
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|footnotes =
|signature = Charles Babbage Signature.svg
}}
'''Charles Babbage''' adalah seorang [[matematikawan]] asal [[Inggris]] yang pertama kali mengemukakan gagasan tentang [[komputer|komputer. Komputer]] yang dapat diprogram. Sebagian dari mesin yang dikembangkannya, tetapi tidak selesai. Sekarang dapat dilihat di [[Museum Sains London]]. Pada tahun [[1991]], dengan menggunakan rencana asli dari Babbage, sebuah mesin diferensial dikembangkan dan mesin ini dapat berfungsi secara sempurna, yang membuktikan bahwa gagasan Babbage tentang mesin ini memang dapat diimplementasikan.
 
== Kehidupan ==
Charles Babbage lahir di [[EnglandInggris]], kemungkinan besar di jalan Crosby Row no 44, [[Walworth Road]], [[London]]. Ada beberapa pendapat tentang tanggal kelahiran Babbage. Obituari yang dimuat dalam harian ''The Times'' menyebutkan kelahirannya pada tanggal [[2625 Desember]] [[1792]]. Namun beberapa hari kemudian seorang keponakan Babbage menulis bahwa Babbage sebenarnya dilahirkan setahun sebelumnya, pada [[1791]]. Telah terdaftar di Paroki St. Mary Newington, [[London]], menunjukkan bahwa Babbage dibaptis pada tanggal 6 Januari 1792, itulah yang mendukung tahun kelahiran 1791.
 
== Perancangan mesin komputer ==
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[[Berkas:Babbage - On the economy of machinery and manufactures, 1835 - 5864499.tif|jmpl|''On the economy of machinery and manufactures'', 1835]]
Babbage's father, [[Benjamin Babbage]], was a banking partner of the Praeds who owned the Bitton Estate in [[Teignmouth]]. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In [[1808]], the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East [[Teignmouth]], and Benjamin Babbage became a warden of the nearby St. Michael’s Church.
 
Pada masa itu, perhitungan dengan menggunakan tabel matematika sering mengalami kesalahan. Babbage ingin mengembangkan cara melakukan perhitungan secara mekanik, sehingga dapat mengurangi kesalahan perhitungan yang sering dilakukan oleh manusia. Saat itu, Babbage mendapat inspirasi dari perkembangan mesin hitung yang dikerjakan oleh [[Wilhelm Schickard]], [[Blaise Pascal]], dan [[Gottfried Leibniz]]. Gagasan awal tentang mesin Babbage ditulis dalam bentuk surat yang ditulisnya kepada [[Masyarakat Astronomi Kerajaan]] berjudul "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables" ("catatan mengenai penerapan mesin bagi penghitungan tabel astronomis dan matematis") tertanggal [[14 Juni]] [[1822]].
===Education===
His father's money allowed Charles to receive instruction from several schools and tutors during the course of his elementary education. Around age eight he was sent to a country school to recover from a life-threatening fever. His parents ordered that his "brain was not to be taxed too much" and Babbage felt that "this great idleness may have led to some of my childish reasonings." He was sent to King Edward VI Grammar School in [[Totnes]], [[Devon|South Devon]], a thriving comprehensive school still extant today, but his health forced him back to private tutors for a time. He then joined a 30-student academy under Reverend Stephen Freeman. The academy had a well-stocked library that prompted Babbage's love of mathematics. He studied with two more private tutors after leaving the academy. Of the first, a clergyman near Cambridge, Babbage said, "I fear I did not derive from it all the advantages that I might have done." The second was an Oxford tutor from whom Babbage learned enough of the Classics to be accepted to Cambridge.
 
[[Berkas:BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg|jmpl|ka|Bagian dari mesin diferensial ciptaan Babbage yang dirakit oleh putra Babbage setelah kematiannya, bagian-bagian ini ditemukan di laboratoriumnya.]]
Babbage arrived at [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], [[Cambridge]] in October [[1810]]. He had read extensively in [[Leibniz]], [[Lagrange]], [[Thomas Simpson|Simpson]], and [[Lacroix]] and was seriously disappointed in the mathematical instruction available at Cambridge. In response, he, [[John Herschel]], [[George Peacock]], and several other friends formed the [[Analytical Society]].
 
== Pranala luar ==
In [[1812]] Babbage transferred to [[Peterhouse]], [[Cambridge]]. He was the top mathematician at Peterhouse, but failed to graduate with honours. He instead received an honorary degree without examination in 1814.
 
===Marriage===
On [[25 July]] [[1814]], Babbage married Georgiana Whitmore at St. Michael's Church in [[Teignmouth]], [[Devon]]. His father did not approve of the marriage. The couple lived happily at 5 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London. They had eight children, but only three lived to adulthood. Charles' father, wife, and one son all died in [[1827]].
 
===Children===
*Benjamin Herschel Babbage (born [[6 August]] [[1815]])
*Charles Whitmore Babbage (born [[22 January]] [[1817]])
*Georgiana Whitmore Babbage (born [[17 July]] [[1818]])
*Edward Stewart Babbage (born [[15 December]] [[1819]])
*Francis Moore Babbage (born [[1 June]] [[1821]])
*Dugald Bromheald Babbage (born [[13 March]] [[1823]])
*Henry Prevost Babbage (born [[16 September]] [[1824]])
-->
==Perancangan mesin komputer==
 
Pada masa itu, perhitungan dengan menggunakan tabel matematika sering mengalami kesalahan. Babbage ingin mengembangkan cara melakukan perhitungan secara mekanik, sehingga dapat mengurangi kesalahan perhitungan yang sering dilakukan oleh manusia. Saat itu, Babbage mendapat inspirasi dari perkembangan mesin hitung yang dikerjakan oleh [[Wilhelm Schickard]], [[Blaise Pascal]], dan [[Gottfried Leibniz]]. Gagasan awal tentang mesin Babbage ditulis dalam bentuk surat yang ditulisnya kepada Sir [[Humphrey Davy]] pada tahun [[1822]].
 
[[Image:BabbageDifferenceEngine.jpg|thumb|right|Part of Babbage's difference engine, assembled after his death by Babbage's son, using parts found in his laboratory.]]
 
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Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers. His engines were not actually completed, largely because of funding problems and personality issues. Babbage realized that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being. Babbage controlled building of some steam-powered machines that more or less did their job; calculations could be mechanized to an extent. Although Babbage's machines were mechanical monsters their basic architecture was astonishingly similar to a modern computer. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit. Inventions not talked about here but worth mentioning are: The [[cowcatcher]], [[dynamometer]], [[standard railroad gauge]], uniform [[postal rates]], [[occulting lights]] for lighthouses, [[Greenwich Time signals]], and [[heliograph ophthalmoscope]].
 
===[[Difference engine]]===
In Babbage’s time numerical tables were calculated by humans called ‘computers’. At Cambridge he saw the high error rate of the people computing the tables and thus started his life’s work in trying to calculate the tables mechanically, removing all human error. He began in 1822 with what he called the difference engine, made to compute values of polynomial functions.
 
Unlike similar efforts of the time, Babbage's difference engine was created to calculate a series of values automatically. By using the method of finite differences, it was possible to avoid the need for multiplication and division.
 
The first difference engine needed around 25,000 parts of a combined weight of fifteen tons standing eight feet high. Although he received much funding for the project, he did not complete it. He later designed an improved version, "Difference Engine No. 2". This was not constructed at the time, but was built using his plans in 1989-1991, to 19th century tolerances, and performed its first calculation at the London Science Museum bringing back results to 31 digits, far more than the average modern pocket calculator.
 
===Printer===
Babbage designed a printer for the second difference engine which had some remarkable features; it supported line-wrapping, variable column and row width, and programmable output formatting.
 
===Analytical engine===
Soon after the attempt at making the difference engine crumbled, Babbage started designing a different, more complex machine called the [[Analytical Engine]]. The engine is not a single physical machine but a succession of designs that he tinkered with until his death in 1871. The main difference between the two engines is that the Analytical Engine could be programmed using [[punch cards]], an idea unheard of in his time. He realized that programs could be put on similar cards so the person had to only create the program initially, and then put the cards in the machine and let it run. The analytical engine was also proposed to use loops of [[Jacquard loom|Jacquard]]'s punched cards to control a mechanical calculator, which could formulate results based on the results of preceding computations. This machine was also intended to employ several features subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, branching, and looping, and would have been the first mechanical device to be [[Turing-complete]].
 
[[Ada Lovelace]], an impressive mathematician and one of the few people who totally understood Babbage's vision, created a program for the Analytical Engine. Had the Analytical Engine ever actually been built, her program would have been able to calculate a numerical sequence known as the [[Bernoulli numbers]]. Based on this work, Ada is now credited as being the first [[programmer|computer programmer]] and, in 1979, a contemporary programming language was named [[Ada programming language|Ada]] in her honour. Shortly afterward, in 1981, a satirical article in Datamation magazine described the [http://www.tlc-systems.com/babbage.htm Babbage programming language], the "language of the future".
 
==Other accomplishments==
 
In [[1824]], Babbage won the [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] "for his invention of an engine for calculating mathematical and astronomical tables".
 
From [[1828]] to [[1839]] Babbage was [[Lucasian professor]] of mathematics at Cambridge. He contributed largely to several scientific periodicals, and was instrumental in founding the Astronomical Society in [[1820]] and the Statistical Society in [[1834]]. However, he dreamt of designing mechanical calculating machines.
 
:“... I was sitting in the rooms of the Analytical Society, at Cambridge, my head leaning forward on the table in a kind of dreamy mood, with a table of logarithms lying open before me. Another member, coming into the room, and seeing me half asleep, called out, Well, Babbage, what are you dreaming about?" to which I replied "I am thinking that all these tables" (pointing to the logarithms) "might be calculated by machinery. "
 
In [[1837]], responding to the official eight ''[[Francis Henry Egerton, 8th Earl of Bridgewater|Bridgewater Treatises]] "On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation"'', he published his ''Ninth Bridgewater Treatise'' putting forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to create as a divine legislator, making laws (or programs) which then produced species at the appropriate times, rather than continually interfering with ''ad hoc'' miracles each time a new species was required. The book is a work of [[natural theology]]. The book incorporated extracts from correspondence he had been having with [[John Herschel]] on the subject.
 
Charles Babbage also achieved notable results in [[cryptography]]. He broke Vigenère's [[autokey cipher]] as well as the much weaker cipher that is called [[Vigenère cipher]] today. The autokey cipher was generally called "the undecipherable cipher", though owing to popular confusion, many thought that the weaker polyalphabetic cipher was the "undecipherable" one. Babbage's discovery was used to aid English military campaigns, and was not published until several years later; as a result credit for the development was instead given to [[Friedrich Kasiski]], who made the same discovery some years after Babbage.
 
Babbage also invented the [[Pilot (locomotive)|pilot]] (also called a cow-catcher), the metal frame attached to the front of locomotives that clears the tracks of obstacles in 1838. He also performed several studies on [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]]'s [[Great Western Railway]].
 
He only once endeavoured to enter public life, when, in [[1832]], he stood unsuccessfully for the borough of [[Finsbury]]. He came in last in the polls.
 
==Eccentricities==
Babbage once counted all the broken panes of glass of a factory, publishing in 1857 a "Table of the Relative Frequency of the Causes of Breakage of Plate Glass Windows": 14 of 464 were caused by "drunken men, women or boys". His distaste for commoners ("the Mob") included writing "Observations of Street Nuisances" in 1864, as well as tallying up 165 "nuisances" over a period of 80 days; he especially hated [[street music]]. He was also obsessed with [[fire]], once baking himself in an oven at 265°F (130°C) for four minutes "without any great discomfort" and to "see what would happen." Later, he arranged to be lowered into [[Mount Vesuvius]] in order to view molten [[lava]] for himself.
 
==Named after Babbage==
*[[Babbage (crater)|Babbage crater]], on the [[Moon]], is named in his honor.
 
==References==
* Charles Babbage. ''Passages from the Life of a Philosopher''. ISBN 1851960406.
* Anthony Hyman. ''Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer''. ISBN 0691023778.
* Maboth Moseley. ''Irascible Genius: A Life of Charles Babbage, Inventor''.
* Doron Swade. ''The Cogwheel Brain''. ISBN 03166484772.
 
==See also==
* [[History of computing hardware]]
* [[Ada Byron]], Countess of Lovelace, described and programmed the analytical engine
* [[Francis Henry Egerton%2C 8th Earl of Bridgewater| Earl of Bridgewater]] for other ''Bridgewater Treatise''
-->
== Pranala luar==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Babbage}}
* {{id}} [http://biokristi.sabda.org/charles_babbage_1791_1871 Charles Babbage 1791--1871]
* [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/index.asp Science Museum's exhibit on the Difference engine]
* [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/index.asp Science Museum's exhibit on the Difference engine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908054017/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/babbage/index.asp |date=2006-09-08 }}
* [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/babbage/index.html ''Economy of Machinery and Manufactures''] at [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/ Archive for the History of Economic Thought]
* [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/babbage/index.html ''Economy of Machinery and Manufactures''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704031114/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/ |date=2007-07-04 }} at [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/ Archive for the History of Economic Thought] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704031114/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/ |date=2007-07-04 }}
*{{gutenberg author|id=Charles_Babbage|name=Charles Babbage}}
* {{gutenberg author|id=Charles_Babbage|name=Charles Babbage}}
* [http://www.victorianweb.org/science/science_texts/bridgewater/b1.htm The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise]
* [[Francis Baily]], "On Mr. Babbage's new machine for calculating and printing mathematical and astronomical tables" [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AN.../0002//0000227.000.html ''Astronomische Nachrichten'', '''2''' (1824) 407/408]
* "Address of the President of the [[Royal Astronomical Society|Astronomical Society of London]], on presenting the [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Gold Medal]] of the Society to ''Charles Baggage'' [sic], Esq." [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AN.../0003//0000098.000.html ''Astronomische Nachrichten'', '''3''' (1825) 169/170]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0032//0000101.000.html Obituary of Charles Babbage in ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''32''' (1872) 101]
** Babbage's grave is in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]] London. [http://web.uvic.ca/~rutherfo/mr_grvs.html Famous Economists Grave Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706091210/http://web.uvic.ca/~rutherfo/mr_grvs.html |date=2006-07-06 }}.
* [http://vmoc.museophile.org/babbage/ Charles Babbage]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} information in the [[Virtual Museum of Computing]]
* [http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=&searchtype=&DicID=16692&RefType=Encyclopedia Smart Computing Encyclopedia ''Charles Babbage"]
 
{{Authority control}}
<!-- Please do not delete! For explanation see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME=Babbage, Charles
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[England|English]] [[computer]] pioneer
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[December 26]], [[1791]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[London]], [[England]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[October 18]], [[1871]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[London]], [[England]]
}}
{{lifetime|1791|1871|Babbage, Charles}}
 
[[Category:Pionir komputer|Babbage, Charles]]
 
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