Thomas Cromwell: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 52:
|parents = Walter Cromwell}}
'''Thomas Cromwell,
{{cite web|title=Cromwell|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cromwell|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref> {{circa}} 1485 – 28 Juli 1540) adalah seorang pengacara dan negarawan Inggris yang menjabat sebagai menteri utama Raja [[Henry VIII dari Inggris]] dari tahun 1532 sampai 1540.
Cromwell termasuk salah seorang pendukung [[Reformasi Inggris]] yang terkuat dan paling berkuasa. Ia berperan dalam perekayasaan anulasi perkawinan sang raja dengan Ratu [[Catherine dari Aragon]] agar Henry dapat secara sah menikahi [[Anne Boleyn]]. Henry tidak berhasil memperoleh persetujuan [[Paus Klemens VII
Setelah naik ke tampuk kekuasaan, Cromwell menimbulkan banyak musuh, termasuk Anne Boleyn yang
Hingga tahun 1950-an, para sejarawan mengabaikan peran Cromwell, menyebutnya sebagai suatu tamparan doktriner yang tidak lebih dari sekadar agen Raja Henry VIII yang zalim, sebagaimana termaktub dalam ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' tahun 1911, ketika dinyatakan, "kekuasaannya telah sangat dibesar-besarkan."<ref>{{en}} [https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Cromwell,_Thomas,_Earl_of_Essex Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex]</ref> Bagaimanapun, dalam buku ''The Tudor Revolution'' (1953), [[Geoffrey Elton]] menampilkan Cromwell sebagai figur sentral dalam revolusi [[Wangsa Tudor|Tudor]] di dalam pemerintahan. Elton menggambarkan Cromwell sebagai seorang
Sejarawan-sejarawan berikutnya sepakat dengan Elton dalam hal arti penting Cromwell, kendati tidak sepakat dengan klaim-klaimnya terkait "revolusi".{{sfn|Bernard|1998|pp=587–607 Bernard argues Elton exaggerated Cromwell's role}}{{sfn|Coby|2009|p=197}}{{sfn|Kenyon|1983|p=210}} Leithead (2004) menulis, "Dalam menghadapi oposisi yang signifikan, ia mengamankan penerimaan kekuatan-kekuatan baru sang raja, menciptakan suatu kerajaan yang lebih bersatu dan lebih mudah diperintah, serta memberikan monarki suatu peninggalan tanah yang sangat signifikan, setidaknya untuk sementara."{{sfn|Leithead|2008}}
Baris 137:
|author-link=Geoffrey Elton
|title=Thomas Cromwell
|url=https://archive.org/details/thomascromwell0000grel
|series=Headstart History Papers
|location=Bangor
Baris 194 ⟶ 195:
|ref={{sfnref|Elton|1973}}
}}
* {{en}} {{Cite book
|last = Elton |first = Geoffrey Rudolph
|chapter = An Early Tudor Poor Law
|title = Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government
|location = London
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|volume = II
|year = 1974
|pages = 137–154
|url = http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511561108&cid=CBO9780511561108A013&tabName=Chapter
|doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511561108.006
|isbn = 9780511561108
|ref = {{sfnref|Elton|1974}}
|access-date = 2017-08-07
}}▼
|archive-date = 2016-03-05
* {{en}} {{Cite book|last = Elton▼
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005608/http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511561108&cid=CBO9780511561108A013&tabName=Chapter
|dead-url = yes
▲ }}
|last = Elton
|first = Geoffrey Rudolph
|chapter = King or Minister? The Man behind the Henrician Reformation
|title = Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government
|volume = I
|location = Cambridge
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|year = 1974
|pages = 173–188
|url = http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511561092&cid=CBO9780511561092A017&tabName=Chapter
|doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511561092.010
|isbn = 9780511561092
|ref = {{sfnref|Elton|1974|pp=173–188}}
|access-date = 2017-08-07
}}▼
|archive-date = 2016-03-04
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190255/http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511561092&cid=CBO9780511561092A017&tabName=Chapter
|dead-url = yes
▲ }}
* {{en}} {{Cite book|last = Elton
|first = Geoffrey Rudolph
Baris 235 ⟶ 246:
|first = Geoffrey Rudolph
|title = England Under the Tudors
|url = https://archive.org/details/englandundertudo0000elto_c1q603ed
|publisher = [[Routledge]]
|location = London
Baris 273 ⟶ 285:
|author-link=Robert Hutchinson (historian)
|title=Thomas Cromwell: The Rise and Fall of Henry VIII's Most Notorious Minister
|url=https://archive.org/details/thomascromwellri0000hutc
|location=London
|publisher=Phoenix
Baris 398 ⟶ 411:
|first=John
|title=The Rise & Fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant
|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofthomas0000scho_q7m2
|year=2011
|publisher=[[The History Press]]
Baris 443 ⟶ 457:
|author-link = Alison Weir
|title = The Six Wives of Henry VIII
|url = https://archive.org/details/sixwivesofhenryv00weir
|publisher = [[Grove Press|Grove Weidenfeld]]
|location = New York
Baris 466 ⟶ 481:
* {{en}} [https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaBritannicaDict.a.s.l.g.i.11thed.chisholm.1910-1911-1922.33vols/07.EncycBrit.11th.1910.v7.CON-DEM.#page/n527/mode/1up Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex] Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., vol. VII at archive.org
* {{en}} {{Cite DNB| wstitle=Cromwell, Thomas (1485?-1540)| volume=13| page=194}}
* {{en}} [http://www.englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html Thomas Cromwell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304180344/http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/cromwell.html |date=2015-03-04 }} with details on his policies at englishhistory.net
* {{en}} [http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I47506&tree=EuropeRoyalNobleHous Thomas Cromwell, 1st Lord Cromwell, Great Chamberlain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212024611/http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I47506&tree=EuropeRoyalNobleHous |date=2013-12-12 }} Family tree
* {{en}} {{findagrave|10097}}
* {{en}} [http://www.imamuseum.org/collections/artwork/portrait-lord-chancellor-thomas-cromwell-holbein-hans-younger Portrait of Thomas Cromwell] at the Indianapolis Museum of Art
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