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'''Evangelikalisme''' adalah istilah yang biasanya merujuk kepada praktik-praktik danserta tradisi-tradisitradisionalisme keagamaan yang terdapat dalam [[agama Kristen]] [[Protestan]] [[Kristen konservatif|konservatif]]. Evangelikalisme dicirikan oleh penekanan pada [[penginjilan]], pengalaman pertobatan secara pribadi, iman yang berorientasi pada [[Alkitab]] dan keyakinan tentang relevansi iman Kristen pada masalah-masalah kebudayaan. Pada akhir [[abad ke-20]] dan awal [[abad ke-21]], Gereja-gereja, orang-orang, dan gerakan-gerakan sosial Protestan telah sering dicap ''evangelikal'' yang dibedakan dari [[Kristen liberal|liberalisme Protestan]].
 
Pada tahun 2016, diperkirakan ada 619 juta orang evangelikal di seluruh dunia, berarti satu diantara 4 orang Kristiani merupakan penganut evangelikal.<ref name="CNRS">{{Cite news|date=2016-01-25|title=Dans le monde, un chrétien sur quatre est évangélique|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Monde/Dans-monde-chretien-quatre-evangelique-2016-01-25-1200735150|newspaper=La Croix|language=fr-FR|issn=0242-6056|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> Amerika Serikat merupakan negara dengan proporsi evangelikal terbanyak di dunia, dan merupakan grup agama yang terbesar di Amerika Serikat.<ref name="How Many Evangelicals Are There">{{Citation|title=How Many Evangelicals Are There?|url=http://www.wheaton.edu/ISAE/Defining-Evangelicalism/How-Many-Are-There/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130062242/http://www.wheaton.edu/ISAE/Defining-Evangelicalism/How-Many-Are-There|place=Wheaton College|publisher=Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals|archive-date=2016-01-30|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pew research">{{Cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Gregory A.|last2=Masci|first2=David|date=3 March 2018|title=5 facts about U.S. evangelical Protestants|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/01/5-facts-about-u-s-evangelical-protestants/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> Evangelikal melintasi denominasi gereja, karena paham evangelikal terdapat di hampir semua denominasi gereja, antara lain gereja Reformed, gereja Metodis, gereja Lutheran, gereja Moravian, gereja Pentakosta, gereja Baptis, serta gereja karismatik.<ref name="Wilkinson1993">{{cite book|last1=Wilkinson|first1=John Laurence|date=1993|title=Church in Black and White|publisher=Saint Andrew Press|isbn=978-3-89144-301-9|page=40|language=English|quote=This powerful spiritual awakening resulted in an amazing worldwide upsurge that firmly planted evangelical Christianity in the Caribbean, and the Moravian Church as an important element in West Indian life. Next came the Methodist...}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Mohler|2011|pp=106–108}}: "A new dynamic emerged in the last half of the twentieth century as the charismatic and Pentecostal movements also began to participate in the larger evangelical world. By the end of the century, observers would often describe the evangelical movement in terms of Reformed, Baptist, Wesleyan, and charismatic traditions."</ref><ref name="Wood1984">{{cite web|last1=Wood|first1=A. Skevington|date=1984|title=The Lord's Watch: the Moravians|url=https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/lords-watch-moravians|publisher=Christian History Institute|language=English|access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>
Perlu dicatat bahwa di Eropa daratan, kata yang sama dalam bahasa Inggris “Evangelical”, yang biasanya diterjemahkan menjadi “Injili” dalam bahasa Indonesia, biasanya diartikan sebagai [[Protestan]] atau bahkan [[Lutheran]] seperti yang biasa digunakan dalam terjemahannya ke dalam bahasa Jerman "evangelisch". Di Jerman, kelompok [[Protestan]] yang dikenal sebagai [[Lutheran]] di AS dan di berbagai tempat lainnya di seluruh dunia, secara eksklusif disebut sebagai ''Evangelische'' atau Injili, yang tergolong ke dalam Gereja Injili di Jerman. Lihat lebih jauh dalam "Penggunaan" di bawah ini.
 
== Penggunaan ==
Istilah 'evangelikal', dalam pengertian leksikal, tetapi juga yang lebih jarang digunakan, merujuk kepada apapun juga yang tersirat dalam keyakinan bahwa [[Yesus]] adalah Mesias. Kata ini berasal dari kata [[bahasa Yunani]] untuk '[[Injil]]' atau 'kabar baik': ''ευαγγελιον evangelion'', dari ''eu-'' "baik" dan ''angelion'' "kabar" atau "berita".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evangelical church {{!}} Definition, History, Beliefs, Key Figures, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Evangelical-church-Protestantism|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=William Danker|first=Frederick A|year=1957|title=A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|edition=3rd}}</ref> Dalam pengertiannya yang paling sempit, menjadi ''evangelikal'' berarti menjadi Kristen, artinya, didasarkan pada, dan dimotivasikan oleh, serta bertindak sesuai dengan, penyebaran pesan ''kabar baik'' atau kabar Injil dari [[Perjanjian Baru]].<ref name="USC20222">{{cite web|title=Evangelicals and Evangelicalism|url=https://crcc.usc.edu/topic/evangelicals-and-evangelicalism/|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|language=English|access-date=11 May 2022|quote=At its most basic level, evangelical Christianity is characterized by a belief in the literal truth of the Bible, a “personal relationship with Jesus Christ,” the importance of encouraging others to be “born again” in Jesus and a lively worship culture. This characterization is true regardless the size of the church, what the people sitting in the pews look like or how they express their beliefs.}}</ref><ref name="Sweet1997">{{cite book|last1=Sweet|first1=Leonard I.|date=1997|title=The Evangelical Tradition in America|url=https://archive.org/details/evangelicaltradi0000unse_b9g4|publisher=[[Mercer University Press]]|isbn=978-0-86554-554-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/evangelicaltradi0000unse_b9g4/page/132 132]|language=English|quote=...evangelical Christianity, which united by a common authority (the Bible), shared experience (new birth/conversion), and commitment to the same sense of duty (obedience to Christ through evangelism and benevolence).}}</ref><ref name="Kidd20192">{{cite book|last1=Kidd|first1=Thomas S.|date=24 September 2019|title=Who Is an Evangelical?|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-24141-9|page=4|language=English|quote=What does it mean to be evangelical? The simple answer is that evangelical Christianity is the ''religion of the born again.''}}</ref>
 
Di Eropa daratan, kata yang sama dalam bahasa Inggris “Evangelical”, yang biasanya diterjemahkan menjadi “Injili” dalam bahasa Indonesia, biasanya diartikan sebagai [[Protestan]] atau bahkan [[Lutheran]] seperti yang biasa digunakan dalam terjemahannya ke dalam bahasa Jerman "evangelisch". Di Jerman, kelompok [[Protestan]] yang dikenal sebagai [[Lutheran]] di AS dan di berbagai tempat lainnya di seluruh dunia, secara eksklusif disebut sebagai ''Evangelische'' atau Injili, yang tergolong ke dalam Gereja Injili di Jerman.
<!--In Western cultural usage, the word ''' ''Evangelical'' ''' has usually referred to Protestantism, with intended contrast to [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]. At different times, the name has developed nuances according to the controversies of the age, although many Catholics consider themselves "Evangelical" in the sense that they must spread the Gospel message in their daily life, as well as to the world.
* In Europe since the [[Protestant Reformation]] of the [[16th century]], [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches have been called ''Evangelical'' churches, in contradistinction to the [[Reformed churches]] of [[Huldrych Zwingli]], [[John Calvin]], and their associates.
* In the [[17th century]] and onward, the [[Puritanism|Puritan]] party in the [[Church of England]] who sought to identify that church with the Reformed movement of the Reformation, were also called the ''evangelical party''. Some evangelicals withdrew from that Communion and became known as "Non-Conformists" and "Dissenters". The more radical of the Non-Conformist evangelicals were known as "Separatists" or "Independents".
*In the [[18th century]], the [[Wesleyan revival]] within the Church of England influenced the formation of a party of pietistic Anglicans, whose descendant movement is still called the "Evangelical party". In the United States, [[Jonathan Edwards]] and the "New Lights" (revival [[Calvinism|Calvinists]]) were opposed by "Old Lights" (confessional Calvinists). The Methodist [[George Whitfield]], a Calvinist, continued and expanded this pietistic "New Light" revivalism together with the non-Calvinist, [[Arminian]] Methodist movement. This broad movement became known as the [[First Great Awakening]], which is the foundation of what is most commonly called "Evangelicalism" in the United States today.
*In the [[19th century]], everywhere that Protestantism had taken root including the [[Religion in the United States|United States]], ''evangelicals'' were the supporters of the Revival and the social activism that arose from it ("[[Second Great Awakening]]" in the United States).
 
== Kepercayaan ==
The earliest meanings continue to be current, depending on the context. In the name ''[[Evangelical Orthodox Church]]'', for example, the word reflects the fact that its founders had all been deeply involved in the contemporary Evangelical movement. Several churches, such as the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] have ''Evangelical'' in their title, meaning evangelical in the sense of "Protestant," without being connected to the modern evangelical movement. For most of Protestant history the term 'evangelical' for a self-description has been used by both [[Modernist Christianity|modernists]] and [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalists]]. However, in common contemporary parlance, the name has been all but relinquished to the "moderates," rather than liberals or fundamentalists.
Empat aspek penting dalam ajaran evangelikal adalah perlunya untuk dilahirkan kembali dan perlunya pertobatan dari dosa, penggunaan Alkitab sebagai satu-satunya penuntun dalam kehidupan Kristen dan Alkitab tidak akan pernah salah, pentingnya kematian dan kebangkitan Kristus, serta perlunya peran orang percaya untuk melakukan penginjilan maupun aksi-aksi sosial lainnya dalam rangka memberitakan Injil.<ref name="Kidd20192"/><ref name="Yates2015">{{cite book|last1=Yates|first1=Arthur S.|date=2015|title=The Doctrine of Assurance: With Special Reference to John Wesley|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=9781498205047|quote=Writing to Arthur Bedford on 4th August 1738, Wesley says: 'That assurance of which alone I speak, I should not choose to call an assurance of salvation, but rather (with the Scriptures) the assurance of faith. . . . I think the Scriptural words are ...}}</ref> Kaum Evangelikal percaya dengan paham gereja orang kudus, dimana jemaat yang bisa menjadi anggota ialah jemaat yang sudah percaya akan Kristus dan sudah menunjukkan iman mereka.<ref name="religion.info">Religioscope, Sébastien Fath, [https://www.religion.info/2002/03/03/evangelisme-et-eglises-evangeliques-en-france-entretien-avec-sebastien-fath/ À propos de l’évangélisme et des Églises évangéliques en France – Entretien avec Sébastien Fath], religion.info, France, March 3, 2002</ref> Beberapa gereja percaya bahwa baptisan hanya untuk orang percaya.<ref>Donald F. Durnbaugh, ''The Believers' Church: The History and Character of Radical Protestantism'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2003, p. 65, 73</ref> Beberapa gereja Evangelikal juga memperbolehkan perempuan untuk melayani di gereja.<ref>Brian Stiller, ''Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century'', Thomas Nelson, USA, 2015, p. 117</ref>
 
Kebaktian Minggu bagi kaum Evangelikal diselenggarakan di gereja.<ref>D. A. Carson, ''Worship: Adoration and Action: Adoration and Action'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2002, p. 161</ref><ref>Jeanne Halgren Kilde, ''Sacred Power, Sacred Space: An Introduction to Christian Architecture and Worship'', Oxford University Press, USA, 2008, p. 193</ref><ref>Harold W. Turner, ''From Temple to Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship'', Walter de Gruyter, Germany, 1979, p. 258</ref> Desain dari gereja biasanya sederhana.<ref>Peter W. Williams, ''Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States'', University of Illinois Press, USA, 2000, p. 125</ref><ref>Murray Dempster, Byron D. Klaus, Douglas Petersen, ''The Globalization of Pentecostalism: A Religion Made to Travel'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2011, p. 210</ref> Ornamen biasanya hanya merupakan salib Latin.<ref>Mark A. Lamport, ''Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 32</ref><ref>Anne C. Loveland, Otis B. Wheeler, '' From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History'', University of Missouri Press, USA, 2003, p. 149</ref> Banyak kebaktian gereja dilakukan dengan menyewa gedung maupun bioskop pada hari Minggu.<ref>Helmuth Berking, Silke Steets, Jochen Schwenk, ''Religious Pluralism and the City: Inquiries into Postsecular Urbanism'', Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2018, p. 78</ref> Tidak ada ornamen agama seperti patung maupun lukisan.<ref>Cameron J. Anderson, ''The Faithful Artist: A Vision for Evangelicalism and the Arts'', InterVarsity Press, USA, 2016, p. 124</ref> Di banyak tempat dimana gereja ditekan, gereja Evangelikal terpaksa beribadah dengan sembunyi-sembunyi di rumah-rumah.<ref>Allan Heaton Anderson, ''An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity'', Cambridge University Press, UK, 2013, p. 104</ref><ref>Mark A. Lamport, ''Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 364</ref>
In foreign languages, words derived from ''ευαγγελιον evangelion'' should not automatically be equated with "evangelical(ism)". In the German language, the word "evangelisch" means Protestant, contrasted to "evangelikal" (borrowed from English). Germany's union of Protestant churches, including mainstream Lutheran and Reformed churches, is the Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland or [[Evangelical Church in Germany]].
 
Penganut Evangelikal menekankan untuk melarang berhubungan seksual sebelum menikah.<ref>John DeLamater, Rebecca F. Plante, ''Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities'', Springer, USA, 2015, p. 351</ref> Sebagian besar dari gereja Evangelikal menolak aborsi dan membantu badan-badan sosial yang memberi bantuan kepada ibu.<ref>Robert Woods, ''Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture: Pop Goes the Gospel, Volume 1'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 44</ref> Evangelikal menganggap bahwa masturbasi adalah suatu dosa.<ref>David K. Clark, Robert V. Rakestraw, ''Readings in Christian Ethics: Issues and Applications'', Baker Academic, USA, 1994, p. 162</ref> Banyak gereja Evangelikal hanya fokus kepada melarang aktivitas seksual sebelum menikah, dan kurang memberi tuntunan kepada aktivitas seksual dalam pernikahan,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Virginity pledges for men can lead to sexual confusion — even after the wedding day|url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2014/08/16/virginity-pledges-for-men-can-lead-to-sexual-confusion-even-after-the-wedding-day/|website=UW News|language=en|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-11|title=Many churches don't talk about sex beyond virginity, virginity, virginity {{!}} Joy Bennett|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/11/christian-church-obsessed-with-virginity|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> meskipun banyak gereja Evangelikal di Amerika Serikat dan Swiss yang terang-terang menyatakan bahwa hubungan seksual yang memuaskan dengan pasangan dalam pernikahan yang kudus adalah pemberian dari Tuhan dan merupakan komponen yang penting dalam pernikahan Kristiani.<ref>Timothy J. Demy PhD, Paul R. Shockley PhD, ''Evangelical America: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Religious Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2017, p. 371</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Green|first=Emma|date=2014-11-09|title=The Warrior Wives of Evangelical Christianity|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/11/the-warrior-wives-of-evangelical-christianity/382365/|website=The Atlantic|language=en|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-22|title=400 jeunes pour une conférence sur le sexe|url=https://www.christianismeaujourdhui.info/400-jeunes-pour-une-conference-sur-le-sexe/|website=Christianisme Aujourd'hui|language=fr-FR|access-date=2022-07-20}}</ref>
Today, the term has come to represent a particular, conservative brand of Christianity that emphasises the primacy of the Bible as the source of truth and a potent faith-based life. In Europe the term is often used for a conservative movement in the United States.
 
== DoctrineMasuk ke Indonesia ==
Gerakan Injil masuk ke Indonesia pada tahun 1950-an, baik secara langsung dari [[Amerika Serikat]] maupun dari Eropa, dengan didirikannya sekolah-sekolah teologi pada masa itu, antara lain: [[Seminari Alkitab Asia Tenggara]] (SAAT, berdiri tahun 1952) dan [[Institut Injili Indonesia]] (I-3, berdiri tahun 1959). Gerakan Injili di Indonesia juga disuburkan oleh kaum Injili di Jerman yang memberikan dukungan terhadap [[Yayasan Persekutuan Pekabaran Injil di Indonesia]] (YPPII), dan oleh kaum Injili di Inggris melalui [[Overseas Missionary Fellowship]] (OMF) yang mengirimkan para misonari mereka untuk melayani di beberapa gereja dan lembaga Kristen di Indonesia. Sedangkan penyebaran di kalangan mahasiswa dilakukan melalui [[Lembaga Pelayanan Mahasiswa Indonesia]] yang merupakan kepanjangan tangan dari Campus Crusades for Christ.
{{protestant}}
The Bible is accepted by evangelicals as reliable and the ultimate authority in matters of faith and practice. The [[Protestant Reformation]] [[doctrine]]s of ''[[sola scriptura]]'' and ''[[sola fide]]'' are primary. The historicity of the [[miracle]]s of Jesus and the [[Virgin Birth (Christian doctrine)|virgin birth]], [[crucifixion]], [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]], and [[Second Coming]] are asserted, although there are a variety of understandings of the [[end times]] and [[eschatology]].
 
== Daftar tokoh evangelikal ==
Commentators and historians describe four characteristics of evangelicals:
=== Penerbitan ===
* ''[[Christianity Today]]''
* ''[[The Christian Post]]''
 
=== Kelompok-kelompok regional dan nasional ===
# Emphasis on the [[conversion]] experience, also called being ''saved'', or ''[[New Birth|new birth]]'' or ''[[born again]]'' after John 3:3. Thus evangelicals often refer to themselves as ''born-again Christians.'' This experience is said to be received by "faith alone" and to be given by God as the result of "grace alone".
* [[Evangelical Fellowship of Canada]]
# The Protestant [[Biblical Canon|canon]] of the [[Bible]] as the primary, or only, source of religious authority, as God's revelation to humanity. Thus, the doctrine of ''[[sola scriptura]]'' is often affirmed and emphasized. [[Bible prophecy]], especially as interpreted according to [[dispensationalism]], is often emphasized.
* [[Evangelical Movement of Wales]]
# Encouragement of evangelism (the act of sharing one's beliefs) -- in organized missionary work or by personal encounters and relationships with others.
* [[Perhimpunan Evangelikal Nasional]]
# A central focus on Christ's redeeming work on the cross as the only means for salvation and the forgiveness of [[sin]]s.
* [[Sydney Anglicans]] (''Diosis [[Sydney]] adaalh sebuah kelompok berpengaruh di kalangan Komuni [[Anglikan]]'')
* [[Evangelical Truth Ireland]]
* [[History of Independent Evangelical Churches in Australia]]
* [[Gereja Reformed Injili Indonesia]]
* [[Reformed Institute]]
 
== Gerakan evangelikalisme ==
These characteristics are similar to the ''Bebbington quadrilateral'' identified in his study of British evangelicalism.
 
*[[Gerakan Karismatik]]
John C. Green, director of the Ray C. Bliss Institute of Applied Politics at the [[University of Akron]] in [[Ohio]], found in the 2004 American Religious Landscape Report [http://pewforum.org/publications/surveys/green-full.pdf] that despite many variations, evangelicals in the United States generally adhere to four core beliefs:
* [[Ekumenisme Kristen|Ekumenisme]]
* [[Fundamentalisme Kristen|Fundamentalisme]]
* [[Gerakan Mengaku]]
* [[Evangelikal kiri]]
* [[Neo-evangelicalism]]
* [[Ortodoksi Kuno]]
* [[Pentakostalisme]]
* [[Pietisme]]
* [[Transformasionalisme]]
 
== Gerakan kontra-evangelisme ==
# [[Biblical inerrancy]]
# Salvation comes only through faith in Jesus and not good works. (in particular the belief in [[atonement]] [http://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Atonement] for sins at the cross and the [[resurrection]] [http://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus] of Christ)
# Individuals (above an age of accountability) must personally trust in Jesus Christ for salvation.
# All Christians are commissioned to evangelize and should be publicly [[baptized]] [http://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Baptized] as a confession of faith.
 
*[[Anglo-Katolisisme]]
In regard to "Biblical inerrancy", a notable American summit on Bible inerrancy was held in Chicago in 1978. The [[Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy]] was signed by nearly 300 noted American evangelical scholars (see ''[[Biblical inerrancy|main article]]''). There is no absolute consensus among evangelicals regarding Biblical inerrancy; however there is a general acceptance of Biblical authority.
* [[Lutheranisme Gereja Tinggi]]
* [[Gereja Tinggi]]
* [[Ritualisme]]
* [[Gerakan Oxford]]
* [[Gereja Luas]]
* [[Kristen Liberal]]
 
== DevelopmentLihat pula ==
* [[Pemercaya Alkitab]]
=== Roots of evangelical movement ===
* [[Apologetika Kristen]] - pembelaan terhadap agama Kristen
In its early years, what was to become known as evangelicalism was largely a hybrid of the Reformed emphasis on doctrinal orthodoxy, and the pietist emphasis on the heart and a "personal relationship" with God. The movement saw a variety of liturgical styles and ministry approaches, though strong preaching, personal conversion and evangelism were common features.
* [[Kristen kiri]]
* [[Kristen kanan]]
* [[Kristen Konservatif]]
* [[Penginjilan]]
* ''[[Jesus Camp]]'' - film dokumenter 2006 tentang anak-anak evangelikal di AS
* [[Misi (Kristen)|Misi]]
* [[Ortodoksi]]
* [[Protestantisme]]
* [[Summary of Christian eschatological differences]]
* [[Stephen H. Webb]]
* [[Daftar gereja injili terbesar]]
 
== Referensi ==
The contemporary evangelical movement has its origins in the [[18th century]], when the [[First Great Awakening]] was deeply influencing American religious life, while the [[Methodist]] movement was beginning to renew parts of British Christianity, although this was at first resisted by the majority of the [[Anglican]] [[established church]].
 
=== Kutipan ===
Much of this religious fervor was a reaction to [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] thinking and the deistic writings of many of the western philosophical elites. The chief emphases of the fledgling Methodist movement as well as the Awakening were individual [[conversion]], personal piety and [[Bible study]], public morality often including [[temperance]] and [[family values]], and [[abolitionism]], a broadened role for [[layman|lay people]] and women in worship, [[evangelism]], and cooperation in evangelism across denominational lines, (that is, [[interdenominational]]ly).
{{Reflist}}
 
=== Sumber ===
Key figures included John Wesley, Anglican priest and originator of the Methodist movement; [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]], American [[Puritan]] preacher/theologian; [[George Whitefield]], Anglican priest and chaplain to [[Selina Hastings|Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon]], founder of many revivalist chapels and promoter of associated causes; [[Robert Raikes]], who established the first [[Sunday school]] to prevent children in the slums entering a life of crime; popular hymn writer [[Charles Wesley]], and American Methodist bishop, [[Francis Asbury]].
 
=== 19th century ===
Evangelical Christians were a diverse group, coming from denominations which included Methodists, [[dissenters]], [[Quakers]], [[Congregationalists]] and Anglicans (some of whom increasingly embraced evangelical doctrine). Some were at the forefront of movements such as [[missions]], [[abolitionism|abolition]] of slavery, [[prison reform]], [[orphanage]] establishment, [[hospital]] building and founding [[schools|educational institutions]].
 
In [[1846]], eight hundred Christians from ten countries met in [[London]] and set up the ''[[Evangelical Alliance]]''. They saw this as a "new thing in church history, a definite organization for the expression of unity amongst Christian individuals belonging to different churches." However, the Alliance floundered on the issue of [[slavery]]. Despite this difficulty, it provided a strong impetus for the establishment of national and regional evangelical fellowships.
 
Evangelicals, along with [[trade unionists]], [[Chartists]], members of co-operatives, the self-help movement and the Church of England were involved in setting up the [[temperance movement]]s in the U.S., Ireland, Scotland and England.
 
[[William Booth]], a [[Methodism|Methodist]] [[Religious minister|minister]], founded the ''Christian Mission'' in London on [[July 5]] [[1865]]. This became [[The Salvation Army]] in [[1878]] as it took on a quasi-[[military]] style, with an emphasis on personal [[holiness]], temperance and marching bands of supporters.
 
=== 20th century ===
Evangelicals today are as varied as ever. Some work entirely within their own denominations; others pay less heed to denominational differences and may be members of less formal and locally based, independent churches. Many churches have grown to large sizes and are often called [[megachurch]]es. There is a long-standing evangelical tradition of taking to needy areas for practical assistance (e.g. medical, educational) along with the gospel, though eschewing attempts, at home or abroad, to influence society by means other than the gospel.
 
Others, particularly in the USA, are engaged in attempts at social improvement through political means. Evangelical activism might be expressed in literacy training, inner-city relief and food banks, adoption agencies, marriage counseling and spousal abuse mediation, day-care centers for children, and counsel and care for unwed mothers, or any number of other help and advocacy works. The popular perception seems to locate all of evangelicalism on the 'right' of political controversies, such as [[abortion]], or the expansion of the legal definitions of "[[family]]", "[[marriage]]", or "[[civil union]]" to include same-sex couples. This supposed uniformity is not actually the case; however there is some correspondence between theological and religious conservatism, and social conservatism.
 
The [[World Evangelical Alliance|World Evangelical Fellowship (now Alliance)]] (WEA) was formed in 1951 by believers from 21 countries. It has worked to support its members to work together globally.
 
Within the broad denominations (often called ''"mainline denominations"'') evangelical movements are organizing within various structures, which are often referred to as the [[Confessing Movement]]. The theological call for the mainline churches to return to their evangelical roots is known as [[Paleo-Orthodoxy]], especially within Methodism, where [[Thomas Oden]] is one of its best known spokesmen.
 
The movement represents a range of Protestant understandings of the Bible, liturgical forms, and church traditions - some of which are very non-traditional, and artistically conceived or innovative. On the average, evangelicals tend to be distrustful of reliance upon historical definitions of belief, if they are not qualified as being subordinate to the Bible; and yet, they may be inclined to refer to these documents of faith in defense of their understanding of the Bible. In controversies with those who favor a more highly structured liturgy, the evangelical party is usually the one in favor of a relatively more simple, casual and participatory form of worship, centered on preaching and sometimes the [[Lord's Supper]] ([[Eucharist]]), rather than more elaborate ceremony.
 
Especially toward the end of the 20th century, the secular media tended to describe traditional Christian believers as [[fundamentalist Christians|fundamentalists]], including most evangelicals. However, in both movements, these terms ''fundamentalist'' and ''evangelical'' are not synonymous; the labels represent very distinct differences of approach which both groups are diligent to maintain.
 
==== Fundamentalism ====
{{main|Christian Fundamentalism}}
 
At the turn of the 20th century, in light of modern scholarship gaining the majority view, [[Modernist Christianity]] in the Protestant denominations was producing novel understandings and/or interpretations of the role of the Bible for a Christian, and the Bible's teachings. These trends were seen by their opponents as a threat to Christian faith and the welfare of society, as accommodations to [[the Enlightenment]] and an abandonment of the principles of the [[Protestant Reformation]].
 
The [[Fundamentalist Christianity|Fundamentalist]] Movement was a [[Conservative Christianity|conservative]] Protestant response in the USA to [[Liberal Christianity|liberal]] trends in their churches. It was a movement to preserve what they saw as being a minimum orthodoxy, a ''fundamental Christianity'', over against the liberals' abandonment of such basic features of a traditional understanding of the faith as the inerrancy of the Bible, the virgin birth of Christ, the bodily resurrection of Jesus, the authenticity of His miracles, and the belief that His death on the cross takes away sins. This was called ''Fundamentalism'', with the intent of identifying a minimum orthodoxy as found in the official statements of faith of the various Protestant denominations in which this movement arose.
 
Some Fundamentalists strongly advocated separation from those denominations and institutions in which modernism was dominant. Many of these identified the Fundamentalist cause with certain specific doctrines, approaches to culture, and styles of worship, preaching, or plans of church governance, which were not shared by their fellows - some of which, in fact, had only arisen in the previous century. Others strongly reacted against separatism and exclusiveness. They sought to distinguish their agenda to defend the fundamental orthodoxy familiar to their forebears, from the Fundamentalists who sought to establish a new orthodoxy. Some of the leaders of this broader party called themselves 'neo-evangelicals'.
 
==== Renewed Evangelicalism: ''Neo-evangelicalism'' ====
{{main|Neo-evangelicalism}}
 
The '''Neo-Evangelical''' movement was a response among traditionally orthodox [[Protestantism|Protestants]] to [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist Christianity's]] [[Separatism#Religious separatism|separatism]], beginning in the 1920s and 1930s.
 
Neo-evangelicals held the view that the modernist and liberal parties in the Protestant churches had surrendered their heritage as evangelicals by accommodating the views and values of the world. However they saw the Fundamentalists' separatism and rejection of the [[Social gospel]] as an over-reaction. They charged the modernists with having lost their identity as evangelicals, and attacked the Fundamentalists as having lost the Christ-like heart of evangelicalism. They argued that the Gospel needed to be reasserted to distinguish it from the innovations of the liberals and the Fundamentalists; thus they coined the term, 'Neo-' (new or renewed) 'evangelicalism'.
 
They sought to engage the modern world and the liberals in a positive way, remaining separate from worldliness but not from the world — a middle way, between modernism and the separating variety of Fundamentalism. They sought allies in denominational churches and liturgical traditions, among non-[[Dispensationalism|dispensationalists]], and Trinitarian varieties of [[Pentecostalism]]. They believed that in doing so, they were simply re-acquainting Protestantism with its own recent tradition. The movement's aim at the outset was to reclaim the evangelical heritage in their respective churches, not to begin something new; and for this reason, following their separation from Fundamentalists, the same movement has been better known as merely, "evangelicalism". By the end of the 20th century, this was the most influential development in American Protestant Christianity.
 
The term ''neo-evangelicalism'' no longer has any reliable meaning except for historical purposes. It is still self-descriptive of the movement to which it used to apply, to distinguish the parties in the developing fundamentalist split prior to the 1950s. The term is now used almost exclusively by conservative critics to distinguish their idea of evangelicalism from this movement. Some liberal writers, speaking critically, might refer to ''neo-evangelicalism'', or ''neo-fundamentalism'', with comparably variable meanings.
 
==== ''"Post-evangelicalism"'' ====
{{POV-section}}
 
'''The Post-Evangelical''' is the name of a book by Dave Tomlinson, published in 1995, in which the British author attempts to characterize as a movement various trends of dissatisfaction among evangelicals. The term is used by others with comparable intent, often to distinguish from ex-evangelicals, or anti-evangelicals, those evangelicals in the so-called [[emerging church movement]]. "Linguistically, the distinction ''[between evangelical and post-evangelical]'' is similar to the one that sociologists make between the modern and [[postmodernism|postmodern]] eras." <ref>''The Post-Evangelical'', Dave Tomlinson, ISBN 0-310-25385-3, p 28</ref>
 
Post-evangelicals view the church as fundamentally flawed by human activity, yet still a divine institution.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} They still hold the same authoritative view of the Bible as do evangelicals {{Fact|date=February 2007}}, but reject exclusive right and wrong distinctions between interpretive choices, which lead to denominationalism.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Post-evangelicals allege that relationship with God and fellow humans cannot be simply equated with a relationship to a particular church {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. They characterize the activities of gathered worship as empty rituals, if the truth is not lived out at other times {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
 
With variation, post-evangelicalism in general rejects the "institutionalism, politicized, bigoted, power struggles of the overly-structured" church {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Typically assuming that the earliest church was characterized by less structure, and more free and spontaneous communities, they often form small [[house church|house groups]] or meet in informal groups.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} There is a distrust of authority and "organized religion", according to which the formally organized church is derided as a command and control structure {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. These trends have brought many into contact with a widening variety of Christian groups (mainstream, evangelical, and others) with whom they would not formerly have mixed, resulting in a broadening of theology and mutual understanding, while they do not abandon their identity as evangelical Christians nor necessarily associate with any evangelical church. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
=== Evangelical politics in the United States ===
{{main|Christian right|Evangelical left}}
 
Evangelicalism in the United States was prominently active in political movements which are now popularly considered to be important social advancements, such as Women's Rights and Suffrage, and [[Abolitionism]]. Evangelical influence was also evident in past movements which are now unpopular, such as [[prohibition]] and [[anti-immigration]]. But ''[[Roe v Wade]]'', the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] decision rendered in [[1973]] preventing states from making laws that prohibit [[abortion]], is the most prominent landmark of a new era of conservative evangelical political action, unprecedented in its intensity and coordination.
 
In the U.S. the [[Religious Right]] is especially influential in the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], which is sometimes perceived to be the political wing of the conservative Evangelical movement. [[George W. Bush]], elected president of the U.S. in 2000, is a self-identified born again Christian who received strong support from evangelical voters. The [[George W. Bush administration|Bush Administration]] is guided by the President's values which often reflect core evangelical beliefs. Consequently, criticism of controversial conservative political stances frequently falls on the U.S. evangelical movement as a whole.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
 
The mass-appeal of the Christian right in the so-called [[red states]], and its success in rallying resistance to certain social agendas, is sometimes characterized as an attempt to impose [[theocracy]] on an otherwise unwilling and [[secular]] society, although most evangelicals deny this. There are indications that the belief is widespread among conservative evangelicals in the USA that Christianity should enjoy a privileged place in American public life according its importance in American life and history. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} Accordingly, those evangelicals often strenuously oppose the expression of other faiths in schools or in the course of civic functions. For example, when [[Venkatachalapathi Samuldrala]] became the first Hindu priest to offer an invocation before Congress in [[2000]], the [[September 21]] edition of the online publication operated by the [[Family Research Council]], ''Culture Facts'', raised objection:
<blockquote>
While it is true that the United States of America was founded on the sacred principle of religious freedom for all, that liberty was never intended to exalt other religions to the level that Christianity holds in our country's heritage. The USA's founders expected that Christianity--and no other religion--would receive support from the government as long as that support did not violate peoples' consciences and their right to worship. They would have found utterly incredible the idea that all religions, including paganism, be treated with equal deference.
</blockquote>
However, the Christian Right is not made completely (or even a majority) of Evangelical Christians. According to an article in the [[November 11th]], [[2004]] issue of ''[[The Economist]]'', entitled "The Triumph of the Religious Right", "The implication of these findings is that Mr Bush's moral majority is not, as is often thought, just a bunch of right-wing evangelical Christians. Rather, it consists of traditionalist and observant church-goers of every kind: Catholic and mainline Protestant, as well as evangelicals, Mormons, [[Church of God with Signs Following|Sign Followers]], you name it. Meanwhile, modernist evangelicals (yes, there are a few) tend to be Democratic."
 
=== Parachurch organizations ===
 
{{Main|Parachurch organizations}}
 
Parachurch organizations are a vehicle by which evangelical [[Christianity|Christians]] work collaboratively, both outside and across their [[Christian denominations|denominations]], to engage with the world in [[mission (Christian)|mission]], [[social welfare]] and evangelism.
 
Through many decentralized organizations, parachurch organizations function to bridge the gap between the church and culture. These are organizations "alongside" (Grk: para-) church structures, meaning that they usually seek to define their specific task as more or less subordinate to the institution and the general task of the local church, intended to support and enhance the effectiveness of the church.
 
==== Roles and organizations ====
 
{{main|List of parachurch organisations|:Category:Evangelical parachurch organisations}}
 
Roles undertaken by parachurch organizations include:
 
* Evangelical crusade associations (patterned after the [[Billy Graham]] Association)
* Evangelical and [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciple]]ship ministries (such as The Navigators, [[Campus Crusade for Christ]])
* Music and print [[publisher]]s, radio and television stations, film studios and online ministries
* Study centers and institutes, [[school]]s, [[college]]s and [[university|universities]]
* Political and social [[activist]] groups
* [[social welfare|Welfare]] and social services, including, [[homeless shelters]], [[child care]], and [[domestic violence]], [[disaster relief]] programs, and food pantries and clothing closets and emergency aid centers
* [[Self-help|Self help]] groups
* [[Bible]] study groups
* [[house church]]es
 
== Globally ==
 
Globally, evangelicalism and [[Pentecostalism]] are among the most influential Christian movements. Growth in [[Africa]] is rapid, and because it is not dependent on European and North American evangelical sources allowing greater diversity. An example of this can be seen in the [[List of Christian denominations#African Independent Churches|African Independent Churches]].
 
=== World Evangelical Alliance ===
 
The '''[[World Evangelical Alliance]]''' is "a network of churches in 127 nations that have each formed an evangelical alliance and over 100 international organizations joining together to give a worldwide identity, voice and platform to more than 420 million evangelical Christians" [http://www.worldevangelicalalliance.com/wea/].
 
===United States ===
 
[[George Barna|Barna Research Group]] [http://www.barna.org/FlexPage.aspx?Page=Topic&TopicID=17] surveyed Christians in the United States in 2004 and asked nine questions to determine whether the respondent was an evangelical Christian. Seven of the questions asked were:
 
# Are you a born again Christian?
# Is your faith very important in your life today?
# Do you believe you have a personal responsibility to share your religious beliefs about Christ with non-Christians?
# Do you believe that Satan exists?
# Do you believe that eternal salvation is possible only through faith, not works?
# Do you believe that Jesus Christ lived a sinless life on earth?
# Do you believe that God is the all-knowing, all-powerful, perfect deity who created the universe and still rules it today?
 
The survey methodology was not given on this website. The questions asked by the group do not necessarily represent all the characteristics of evangelical Christians. This survey found evangelicals to be a subset of the [[Born again]]s.
 
Although evangelicals are currently seen as being on the [[Christian Right]] in the United States, there are those in the center and [[Christian Left]] as well. In other countries there is no particular political stance associated with evangelicals. Many evangelicals have little practical interest in politics.
 
== Demographics ==
 
A 1992 survey (Green) showed that in the United States evangelicals make up both the largest and the most active group of Christians (surpassing both Catholics and Mainline or non-Evangelical Protestant groups).
 
On a worldwide scale evangelical Churches are (together with [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]]) the most rapidly growing Christian churches. The two are even beginning to overlap, in a movement sometimes called [[Transformationalism]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}-->
 
== Masuk ke Indonesia ==
Gerakan Injil masuk ke Indonesia pada tahun 1950-an, baik secara langsung dari [[Amerika Serikat]] maupun dari Eropa, dengan didirikannya sekolah-sekolah teologi pada masa itu, antara lain: [[Seminari Alkitab Asia Tenggara]] (SAAT, berdiri tahun 1952) dan [[Institut Injili Indonesia]] (I-3, berdiri tahun 1959). Gerakan Injili di Indonesia juga disuburkan oleh kaum Injili di Jerman yang memberikan dukungan terhadap [[Yayasan Persekutuan Pekabaran Injil di Indonesia]] (YPPII), dan oleh kaum Injili di Inggris melalui [[Overseas Missionary Fellowship]] (OMF) yang mengirimkan para misonari mereka untuk melayani di beberapa gereja dan lembaga Kristen di Indonesia. Sedangkan penyebaran di kalangan mahasiswa dilakukan melalui [[Lembaga Pelayanan Mahasiswa Indonesia]] yang merupakan kepanjangan tangan dari Campus Crusades for Christ.
 
== Referensi ==
* {{cite book
|last = Bebbington
Baris 179 ⟶ 83:
|authorlink = David Bebbington
|title = Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s
|url = https://archive.org/details/evangelicalismin0000bebb
|publisher = [[Allen & Unwin|Unwin Hyman]]
|date = 1989
Baris 198 ⟶ 103:
| publisher = Bliss Institute University of Akron
| date = 1992
| url = http://pewforum.org/publications/surveys/green-full.pdf
| accessdate = 02/15/2007 }} As quoted in {{cite book
| archive-date = 2009-03-04
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304020453/http://pewforum.org/publications/surveys/green-full.pdf
| dead-url = yes
}} As quoted in {{cite book
|last = Noll
|first = Mark
Baris 208 ⟶ 117:
|isbn = 0802837158 }}
 
*
== Catatan kaki ==
 
<div class="references-small">
 
{{reflist}}
 
</div>
 
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Pemercaya Alkitab]]
* [[Apologetika Kristen]] - pembelaan terhadap agama Kristen
* [[Kristen kiri]]
* [[Kristen kanan]]
* [[Kristen Konservatif]]
* [[Penginjilan]]
* ''[[Jesus Camp]]'' - film dokumenter 2006 tentang anak-anak evangelikal di AS
* [[Misi (Krisen)|Misi]]
* [[Ortodoksi]]
* [[Protestantisme]]
* [[Summary of Christian eschatological differences]]
* [[Stephen H. Webb]]
 
=== Gerakan ===
* [[Gerakan Karismatik]]
* [[Ekumenisme Kristen|Ekumenisme]]
* [[Fundamentalisme Kristen|Fundamentalisme]]
* [[Gerakan Mengaku]]
* [[Evangelikal kiri]]
* [[Neo-evangelicalism]]
* [[Ortodoksi Kuno]]
* [[Pentakostalisme]]
* [[Pietisme]]
* [[Transformasionalisme]]
 
=== Gerakan Tandingan ===
* [[Anglo-Katolisisme]]
* [[Lutheranisme Gereja Tinggi]]
* [[Gereja Tinggi]]
* [[Ritualisme]]
* [[Gerakan Oxford]]
* [[Gereja Luas]]
* [[Kristen Liberal]]
 
=== Daftar tokoh evangelikal: tokoh historis, sarjana, pengarang, pendidik dan pemimpin ===
 
{{main|Daftar Kristen evangelikal}}
 
=== Penerbitan ===
* ''[[Christianity Today]]''
* ''[[The Christian Post]]''
* ''[[Lark News]]'' newsletter berisi satire tentang evangelikalisme
* ''[[Sojourners]]''
 
=== Seminari dan sekolah teologi ===
* [http://www.africanbiblecolleges.com/ Sekolah Alkitab Afrika] (Malawi; Uganda)
* [[Seminari Teologi Asbury]] (Kentucky)
* [http://www.calvinseminary.edu/ Seminari Teologi Calvin]
* [http://www.cityseminary.org Seminari Kota Sacramento]
* [[Seminari Teologi Covenant]] (Missouri)
* [[Semiari Teologi Dallas]] (Texas)
* [http://www.denverseminary.edu/ Seminari Denver] (Colorado)
* [http://www.emmaus.edu/ Sekolah Alkitab Emmaus] (Iowa)
* [[Semiari Teologi Fuller]] (California)
* [[Seminari Teologi Gordon-Conwell]] (Massachusetts)
* [http://www.graceu.edu/ Universitas Grace] (Nebraska)
* [http://www.mbts.edu/ Seminari Teologi Baptis Midwestern] (Missouri)
* [[Sekolah Teologi Moore]] (Sydney, Australia)
* [http://www.moody.edu/ Sekolah Alkitab Moody] (Chicago, Illinois)
* [[Seminari Teologi Baptis New Orleans]] (Louisiana)
* [[Seminari Teologi Reformasi]] (Mississippi; Florida; North Carolina)
* [[Regent College]] (Vancouver, Canada)
* [[Seminari Teologi Baptis Tenggara]] (North Carolina)
* [[Seminari Teologi Baptis Selatan]] (Kentucky)
* [[Seminari Teologi Baptis Barat Daya]] (Texas)
* [http://www.smbc.com.au/ Sekolah Alkitab dan Misi Sydney] (Sydney, Australia)
* [http://www.tbs.edu/ Seminari Baptis Toronto] (Toronto, Canada)
* [[Seminari Teologi Talbot]] (California)
* [http://www.spcm.org/online/index.php?browse=/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Theology Christian Theology](AS, Eropa, Afrika, Asia)
* [[Sekolah Teologi Evangelikal Trinity]] (Illinios)
* [[Seminari Barat]] (California)
* [[Seminari Westminster California]] (California)
* [[Seminari Teologi Westminster]] (Pennsylvania)
* [[Westmont College]] (California)
* [[Wheaton College, Illinois|Wheaton College]] (Illinois)
* [http://www.spcm.org/annuaires/index.php?cat_id=678&page=1 Sekolah-sekolah Kristen terakreditasi] (AS)
 
=== Kelompok-kelompok regional dan nasional ===
* [[Evangelical Fellowship of Canada]]
* [[Evangelical Movement of Wales]]
* [[Perhimpunan Evangelikal Nasional]]
* [[Sydney Anglicans]] (''Diosis [[Sydney]] adaalh sebuah kelompok berpengaruh di kalangan Komuni [[Anglikan]]'')
* [[Evangelical Truth Ireland]]
* [[History of Independent Evangelical Churches in Australia]]
* [[Gereja Reformed Injili Indonesia]]
* [[Reformed Institute]]
 
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 315 ⟶ 130:
 
=== Penelitian tentang kelompok Evangelikal ===
* [http://www.barna.org/ Barna Research Group]
* [http://pewforum.org/publications/surveys/green-full.pdf 2004 American Religious Landscape Report PDF di ''The Pew Forum on Religion in American Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304020453/http://pewforum.org/publications/surveys/green-full.pdf |date=2009-03-04 }}
* [http://www.wheaton.edu/isae/ Institute for the Study of American Evangelicalism - Wheaton College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020806201711/http://www.wheaton.edu/isae/ |date=2002-08-06 }}
* [http://www.methodist.org.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.content&cmid=693 Evangelicals in Methodism: Mainstream, Marginal or Misunderstood?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003100025/http://www.methodist.org.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.content&cmid=693 |date=2006-10-03 }} (Perspektif Britania)
 
[[Kategori:Evangelikalisme| ]]
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