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{{Redirect|Geosentrik|orbit yang mengitari Bumi|Orbit Geosentrik}}
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'''Geosentrisme''' atau disebut '''Teori Geosentrik''', '''Model Geosentrik''' (bahasa Inggris: '''geocentric model''' atau '''geocentrism''', '''Ptolemaic system''') adalah istilah [[astronomi]] yang menggambarkan alam semesta dengan [[bumi]] sebagai pusatnya dan pusat pergerakan semua benda-benda langit. Model ini menjadi sistem kosmologi predominan pada budaya kuno misalnya
Dua pengamatan umum mendukung pandangan bahwa Bumi adalah pusat dari alam semesta. Pengamatan pertama adalah bintang-bintang, matahari dan planet-planet
Model geosentrik biasanya dikombinasi dengan suatu Bumi yang bulat oleh filsuf Romawi kuno dan abad pertengahan. Ini tidak sama dengan pandangan model [[Bumi datar]] yang disiratkan dalam sejumlah [[mitologi]], sebagaimana juga dalah kosmologi kitab-kitab suci dan Latin kuno.{{refn|group=n|Alam semesta Mesir secara isi sama dengan alam semesta Babel, yaitu digambarkan seperti kotak persegi panjang dengan orientasi utara-selatan dan dengn permukaan sedikit cembung, di mana Mesir adalah pusatnya. Pandangan astronomi Ibrani kuno yang serupa dapat dilihat dari tulisan-tulisan kitab suci, misalnya teori penciptaan semesta dan berbagai [[mazmur]] yang menyebut "cakrawala", bintang-bintang, matahari dan bumi. Orang Ibrani memandang bumi seakan-akan sebagai permukaan datar yang terdiri dari bagian padat dan cair, dan langit sebagai alam cahaya di mana benda-benda langit bergerak. Bumi ditopang oleh batu-batu penjuru dan tidak dapat digerakkan selain oleh [[Yahweh]] (misalnya dalam kaitan dengan gempa bumi). Menurut orang Ibrani, matahari dan bulan berjarak dekat satu sama lain<ref>{{cite book
However, the ancient Greeks believed that the motions of the planets were circular and not elliptical, a view that was not challenged in [[Western culture]] until the 17th century through the synthesis of theories by [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] and [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]].
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The astronomical predictions of Ptolemy's geocentric model were used to prepare astrological charts for over 1500 years. The geocentric model held sway into the [[early modern]] age, but from the late 16th century onward was gradually [[Superseded scientific theories#Superseded astronomical and cosmological theories|superseded]] by the [[heliocentrism|heliocentric model]] of [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]], [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] and [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]]. However, the transition between these two theories met much resistance, not only from Christian theologians, who were reluctant to reject a theory that was in agreement with Bible passages (e.g. "Sun, stand you still upon Gibeon", Joshua 10:12 - King James 2000 Bible), but also from those who saw geocentrism as an accepted consensus that could not be subverted by a new, unknown theory.
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== Yunani kuno ==
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Teori atau model Geosentrik memasuki [[astronomi]] dan [[filsafat]] Yunani sejak dini; dapat ditelusuri pada peninggalan filsafat sebelum zaman [[Sokrates]]. Pada abad ke-6 SM, [[Anaximander]] mengemukakan suatu kosmologi dengan bumi berbentuk seperti potongan suatu tiang (sebuah tabung), berada di awang-awang di pusat segala sesuatu. Matahari, Bulan, and planet-planet adalah lubang-lubang dalam roda-roda yang tidak kelihatan yang mengelilingi bumi; melalui lubang-lubang ini manusia dapat melihat api yang tersembunyi. Pada waktu yang sama, para pengikut [[Pythagoras]], yang disebut kelompok [[Pythagorean]], berpendapat bahwa bumi adalah suatu bola (menurut pengamatan gerhana-gerhana), tetapi bukan sebagai pusat, melainkan bergerak mengelilingi suatu api yang tidak
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In the 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers, [[Plato]] and his student [[Aristotle]], wrote works based on the geocentric model. According to Plato, the Earth was a sphere, stationary at the center of the universe. The stars and planets were carried around the Earth on [[Celestial spheres|spheres or circles]], arranged in the order (outwards from the center): Moon, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Yupiter, Saturn, fixed stars, with the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere. In his "[[Myth of Er]]", a section of the ''[[Republic (dialogue)|Republic]]'', Plato describes the cosmos as the [[Spindle of Necessity]], attended by the [[Siren (mythology)|Siren]]s and turned by the three [[Moirai|Fates]]. [[Eudoxus of Cnidus]], who worked with Plato, developed a less mythical, more mathematical explanation of the planets' motion based on Plato's [[dictum]] stating that all [[phenomena]] in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system.
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Adherence to the geocentric model stemmed largely from several important observations. First of all, if the Earth did move, then one ought to be able to observe the shifting of the fixed stars due to stellar [[parallax]]. In short, if the earth was moving, the shapes of the [[constellation]]s should change considerably over the course of a year. If they did not appear to move, the stars are either much further away than the Sun and the planets than previously conceived, making their motion undetectable, or in reality they are not moving at all. Because the stars were actually much further away than Greek astronomers postulated (making movement extremely subtle), stellar parallax was not detected until the 19th century. Therefore, the Greeks chose the simpler of the two explanations. The lack of any observable parallax was considered a fatal flaw in any non-geocentric theory. Another observation used in favor of the geocentric model at the time was the apparent consistency of Venus' luminosity, which implies that it is usually about the same distance from Earth, which in turn is more consistent with geocentrism than heliocentrism. In reality, that is because the loss of light caused by Venus' phases compensates for the increase in apparent size caused by its varying distance from Earth. Objections to heliocentrism utilized the natural tendency of terrestrial bodies to come to rest as near as possible to the center of the earth, and barring the opportunity to fall closer the center, not to move unless forced by an outside object, or transformed to a different element by heat or moisture.
Atmospheric explanations for many phenomena were preferred because the Eudoxan–Aristotelian model based on perfectly concentric spheres was not intended to explain changes in the brightness of the planets due to a change in distance.<ref name=
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== Model Ptolemaik ==
Meskipun prinsip dasar geosentrisme Yunani sudah tersusun pada zaman [[Aristoteles]], detail sistem ini belum menjadi standar. '''Sistem Ptolemaik''', yang diutarakan oleh
Ptolemy berpendapat bahwa bumi adalah pusat alam semesta berdasarkan pengamatan sederhana yaitu setengah jumlah bintang-bintang terletak di atas horizon dan setengahnya di bawah horizon pada waktu manapun (bintang-bintang pada bulatan orbitnya), dan anggapan bahwa bintang–bintang semuanya terletak pada suatu jarak tertentu dari pusat semesta. Jika bumi terletak cukup jauh dari pusat semesta, maka pembagian bintang-bintang yang tampak dan tidak tampak tidaklah akan sama. l.{{refn|group=n|Argumen ini ditulis pada iBuku I, Bab 5, ''Almagest''.<ref>{{harvnb|Crowe|1990|pp=60–2}}</ref>}}
=== Sistem Ptolemaik ===
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Dalam Sistem Ptolemaik, setiap planet digerakkan oleh suatu sistem yang memuat dua bola atau lebih: satu disebut "deferent" yang lain "epicycle" .
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Sekalipun model geosentrik digantikan oleh model heliosentrik. Namun, model deferent dan epicycle tetap dipakai karena menghasilkan prediksi yang akurat dan lebih sesuai dengan pengamatan dibanding sistem-sistem lain. ''Epicycle'' Venus dan Mercurius selalu berpusat pada suatu garis antara Bumi dan Matahari (Merkurius lebih dekat ke Bumi), yang menjelaskan mengapa kedua planet itu selalu dekat di langit. Model ini digantikan oleh model eliptik Kepler hanya ketika metode pengamatan (yang dikembangkan oleh [[Tycho Brahe]] dan lain-lain) menjadi cukup akurat untuk meragukan model epicycle.
Urutan lingkaran-lingkaran orbit dari bumi ke luar adalah:<ref name=
# [[Bulan]]
# [[Merkurius]]
# [[Venus]]
# [[Matahari]]
# [[Mars]]
# [[Yupiter]]
# [[Saturnus]]
# Bintang-bintang tetap
# ''[[Primum Mobile]]'' ("Yang pertama bergerak").
Urutan ini tidak diciptakan atau merupakan hasil karya Ptolemaeus, melainkan diselaraskan dengan kosmologi agamawi "Tujuh Langit" yang umum ditemui pada tradisi agamawi Eurasia utama.
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Dikarenakan dominansi ilmiah sistem Ptolemaik dalam astronomi Islam, para astronom Muslim menerima bulat model geosentrik.{{refn|group=n|"Semua astronom Islam dari Thabit ibn Qurra pada abad ke-9 sampai Ibn al-Shatir pada abad ke-14, dan semua filsuf alamiah dari al-Kindi sampai Averroes dan seterusnya, diketahui telah menerima ... gambaran dunia menurut budaya Yunani yang terdiri dari dua bulatan, di mana salah satunya, bulatan selestial ... secara bulat membungkus yang lain."<ref>{{cite journal |first= A. I. |last= Sabra |title= Configuring the universe: Aporetic, problem solving, and kinematic modeling as themes of Arabic astronomy |journal= Perspectives on Science |volume= 6 |issue= 3 |year= 1998 |pages= 317–8}}</ref>}}
Pada abad ke-12, [[Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī|Arzachel]] meninggalkan ide Yunani kuno "pergerakan melingkar uniform" (''[[uniform circular motion]]'') dengan membuat hipotesis bahwa planet [[Merkurius]] bergerak dalam orbit eliptik,<ref name=
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The "Maragha Revolution" refers to the Maragha school's revolution against Ptolemaic astronomy. The "Maragha school" was an astronomical tradition beginning in the [[Maragheh observatory|Maragha observatory]] and continuing with astronomers from the [[Umayyad Mosque|Damascus mosque]] and [[Ulugh Beg Observatory|Samarkand observatory]]. Like their [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] predecessors, the Maragha astronomers attempted to solve the [[equant]] problem (the circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of an [[epicycle]] was conceived to move uniformly) and produce alternative configurations to the Ptolemaic model without abandoning geocentrism. They were more successful than their Andalusian predecessors in producing non-Ptolemaic configurations which eliminated the equant and eccentrics, were more accurate than the Ptolemaic model in numerically predicting planetary positions, and were in better agreement with empirical observations.<ref name=
<ref name=
However, the Maragha school never made the [[paradigm shift]] to heliocentrism.<ref name="Huff2003"/> The influence of the Maragha school on [[Copernicus]] remains speculative, since there is no documentary evidence to prove it. The possibility that Copernicus independently developed the Tusi couple remains open, since no researcher has yet demonstrated that he knew about Tusi's work or that of the Maragha school.<ref name="Huff2003">{{cite book |last= Huff |first= Toby E. |title= The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West |year= 2003 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 9780521529945 |page= [http://books.google.com/books?id=DA3fkX5wQMUC&pg=PA58 58]}}</ref><ref name="KirmaniSingh2005">{{cite book |last1= Kirmani |first1= M. Zaki |last2= Singh |first2= Nagendra Kr |title= Encyclopaedia of Islamic Science and Scientists: A-H |year= 2005 |publisher= Global Vision | isbn=9788182200586}}</ref>
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== Geosentrisme dan sistem-sistem saingan ==
[[
Tidak semua orang Yunani setuju dengan model geosentrik. Sistem Pythagorean yang sudah disinggung sebelumnya meyakini bahwa Bumi merupakan salah satu dari beberapa planet yang bergerak mengelilingi suatu api di tengah-tengah.<ref name=
=== Sistem Kopernikan ===
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In 1543, the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of [[Copernicus|Copernicus']] ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]]'' (''On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres''), which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards, as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system, and it posed problems for both [[natural philosophy]] and scripture. The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, because it still used circular orbits. This was not altered until [[Johannes Kepler]] postulated that they were elliptical (Kepler's [[Kepler's laws of planetary motion#First Law|first law of planetary motion]]).
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Dengan penemuan [[teleskop]] pada tahun 1609, pengamatan yang dilakukan oleh [[Galileo Galilei]] (antara lain bahwa [[Yupiter]] memiliki sejumlah bulan) mempertanyakan sejumlah prinsip geosentrisme tetapi tidak secara serius mengancamnya. Karena ia mengamati adanya "titik-titik" gelap pada Bulan, kawah-kawah, ia berkomentar bahwa Bulan bukanlah benda langit sempurna sebagaimana anggapan sebelumnya. Ini pertama kalinya orang dapat melihat cacat pada suatu benda langit yang dianggap terbuat dari [[aether]] yang sempurna. Sedemikian, karena cacatnya bulan sekarang dapat dikaitkan dengan apa yang dilihat di Bumi, orang dapat berargumen bahwa keduanya tidak unik, melainkan terbuat dari bahan yang serupa. Galileo juga dapat melihat bulan-bulan yang mengitari Yupiter, yang didedikasikannya kepada [[
[[
Pada bulan Desember 1610, [[Galileo Galilei]] menggunakan teleskopnya untuk mengamati semua fase planet [[Venus]], sebagaimana fase-fase Bulan. Ia berpikir bahwa pengamatan ini tidak kompatibel dengan sistem Ptolemaik, tetapi merupakan
Ptolemaeus menempatkan [[deferent]] dan [[epicycle]] Venus seluruhnya di dalam bulatan Matahari (antara Matahari dan Merkurius), tetapi ini hanya sekadar penempatan; dapat saja tempat Venus dan Merkurius ditukar, selama mereka selalu berada pada satu garis yang menghubungkan Bumi ke Matahari, seperti penempatan pusat epicycle Venus dekat dengan Matahari. Dalam kasus ini, jika Matahari menjadi sumber semua cahaya, di bawah sistem Ptolemaik:
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Namun Galileo melihat Venus mulanya kecil dan purnama, kemudian besar dan bayangannya berbentuk sabit.
[[
Ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan kosmologi Ptolemaik, epicycle Venus tidak dapat sepenuhnya di dalam maupun di luar orbit matahari. Akibatnya, pada sistem Ptolemaik pandangan bahwa epicycle Venus sepenuhnya di dalam matahari ditinggalkan, dan kemudian pada abad ke-17 kompetisi antara kosmologi astronomi berfokus pada variasi [[sistem Tychonik]] yang dikemukakan oleh [[Tycho Brahe]], di mana Bumi masih menjadi pusat alam semesta, dikitari oleh matahari, tetapi semua planet lain berputar mengelilingi matahari sebagi suatu himpunan epicycle masif), atau variasi-variasi Sistem Kopernikan.
== Gravitasi ==
[[Johannes Kepler]],setelah
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In 1687, [[Isaac Newton]] devised his [[law of universal gravitation]], which introduced gravitation as the force that both kept the Earth and planets moving through the heavens and also kept the air from flying away, allowing scientists to quickly construct a plausible heliocentric model for the solar system. In his ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]'', Newton explained his system of how gravity, previously considered to be an occult force, conducted the movements of celestial bodies, and kept our solar system in its working order. His descriptions of centripetal force<ref name=
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Pada tahun 1838, astronom [[Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel]] dengan sukses mengukur [[paralaks]] bintang [[61 Cygni]], membuktikan bahwa Ptolemaeus keliru dalam berpendapat bahwa gerakan paralaks tidak ada. Ini akhirnya menguatkan pernyataan Copernicus dengan pengamatan ilmiah yang akurat dan dapat diandalkan, serta menunjukkan betapa jauhnya bintang-bintang dari bumi.
Kerangka geosentrik berguna untuk aktivitas sehari-hari dan kebanyakan eksperimen laboratorium, namun kurang cocok untuk mekanika tata surya dan perjalanan di ruang angkasa. Meskipun kerangka heliosentrik berguna untuk hal-hal tersebut, astronomi galaksi maupun di luar galaksi menjadi lebih mudah jika matahari dianggap tidak diam
== Penganut geosentrisme agamawi dan kontemporari ==
[[
Model Ptolemaik mengenai tata surya masih terus dianut sampai ke awal zaman modern. Sejak akhir abad ke-16 dan seterusnya perlahan-lahan digantikan sebagai penggambaran konsensus oleh model heliosentrisme. Geosentrisme sebagai suatu kepercayaan agamawi terpisah, tidak pernah padam. Di Amerika Serikat antara tahun 1870-1920, misalnya, berbagai anggota [[Gereja Lutheran – Sinode Missouri]] menerbitkan artikel-artikel yang menyerang sistem astronomi Kopernikan, dan geosentrisme banyak diajarkan di dalam sinode dalam periode tersebut.<ref name=
Artikel-artikel yang mendukung geosentrisme sebagai pandangan Alkitab muncul pada sejumlah surat kabar sains penciptaan yang berhubungan dengan [[Creation Research Society]]. Umumnya menunjuk kepada beberapa nas [[Alkitab]], yang secara harfiah mengindikasikan pergerakan harian Matahari dan Bulan yang dapat diamati mengelilingi Bumi, bukan karena rotasi Bumi pada aksisnya, misalnya pada {{Alkitab|Yosua 10:12}} di mana Matahari dan Bulan dikatakan berhenti di langit, dan {{Alkitab|Mazmur 93:1}} di mana dunia digambarkan tidak bergerak.<ref name=
{{quote|Dari semuanya, Kopernikanisme merupakan kemenangan besar pertama sains atas agama, sehingga tidak dapat dihindari bahwa sejumlah orang berpikir semua yang salah dengan dunia ini bermula dari sana. (Steven Dutch dari [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]) <ref>
[[Morris Berman]] mengutip bahwa hasil survei menyatakan saat ini sekitar 20% penduduk Amerika Serikat percaya bahwa matahari mengitari bumi (geosentrisme) bukan bumi mengitari matahari (heliosentrisme), sementara 9% mengatakan tidak tahu.<ref name="Berman2006">{{cite book
[[Albert Einstein]] berpendapat:
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=== Posisi historis hierarki Katolik Roma ===
[[Galileo affair]] yang terkenal menghadapkan model geosentrik dengan pernyataan [[Galileo]]. Mengenai basis teologi dari argumen semacam itu, dua orang Paus membahas pertanyaan apakah penggunaan bahasa fenomenologi (berdasarkan pengamatan) akan memaksa orang mengakui kesalahan Alkitab. Keduanya mengajarkan bahwa tidak demikian halnya.
:we have to contend against those who, making an evil use of physical science, minutely scrutinize the Sacred Book in order to detect the writers in a mistake, and to take occasion to vilify its contents. . . . There can never, indeed, be any real discrepancy between the theologian and the physicist, as long as each confines himself within his own lines, and both are careful, as St. Augustine warns us, "not to make rash assertions, or to assert what is not known as known." If dissension should arise between them, here is the rule also laid down by St. Augustine, for the theologian: "Whatever they can really demonstrate to be true of physical nature, we must show to be capable of reconciliation with our Scriptures; and whatever they assert in their treatises which is contrary to these Scriptures of ours, that is to Catholic faith, we must either prove it as well as we can to be entirely false, or at all events we must, without the smallest hesitation, believe it to be so." To understand how just is the rule here formulated we must remember, first, that the sacred writers, or to speak more accurately, the Holy Ghost "Who spoke by them, did not intend to teach men these things (that is to say, the essential nature of the things of the visible universe), things in no way profitable unto salvation." Hence they did not seek to penetrate the secrets of nature, but rather described and dealt with things in more or less figurative language, or in terms which were commonly used at the time, and which in many instances are in daily use at this day, even by the most eminent men of science. Ordinary speech primarily and properly describes what comes under the senses; and somewhat in the same way the sacred writers-as the Angelic Doctor also reminds us – `went by what sensibly appeared," or put down what God, speaking to men, signified, in the way men could understand and were accustomed to. ([[Providentissimus Deus]] 18).
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:The first and greatest care of Leo XIII was to set forth the teaching on the truth of the Sacred Books and to defend it from attack. Hence with grave words did he proclaim that there is no error whatsoever if the sacred writer, speaking of things of the physical order "went by what sensibly appeared" as the Angelic Doctor says,[5] speaking either "in figurative language, or in terms which were commonly used at the time, and which in many instances are in daily use at this day, even among the most eminent men of science." For "the sacred writers, or to speak more accurately – the words are St. Augustine's – [6] the Holy Spirit, Who spoke by them, did not intend to teach men these things – that is the essential nature of the things of the universe – things in no way profitable to salvation"; which principle "will apply to cognate sciences, and especially to history,"[7] that is, by refuting, "in a somewhat similar way the fallacies of the adversaries and defending the historical truth of Sacred Scripture from their attacks ([[Divino Afflante Spiritu]] 3).
In 1664 [[Alexander VII]] republished the ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'' (''List of Prohibited Books'') and attached the various decrees connected with those books, including those concerned with heliocentrism. He stated in a [[Papal Bull]] that his purpose in doing so was that "the succession of things done from the beginning might be made known [''quo rei ab initio gestae series innotescat'']."<ref name=
The position of the curia evolved slowly over the centuries towards permitting the heliocentric view. In 1757, during the papacy of Benedict XIV, the Congregation of the Index withdrew the decree which prohibited ''all'' books teaching the earth's motion, although the ''Dialogue'' and a few other books continued to be explicitly included. In 1820, the Congregation of the Holy Office, with the pope's approval, decreed that Catholic astronomer [[Joseph Settele]] was allowed to treat the earth's motion as an established fact. In 1822, the Congregation of the Holy Office removed the prohibition on the publication of books treating of the earth's motion in accordance with modern astronomy and Pope Pius VII ratified the decision. The 1835 edition of the Catholic Index of Prohibited Books for the first time omits the ''Dialogue'' from the list.<ref name="Finocchiaro1989"/> In a [[papal encyclical]] written in 1921 [[Pope Benedict XV]] stated that, "though this earth on which we live may not be the center of the universe as at one time was thought, it was the scene of the original happiness of our first ancestors, witness of their unhappy fall, as too of the Redemption of mankind through the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ."<ref name=
:Cardinal Poupard has also reminded us that the sentence of 1633 was not irreformable, and that the debate which had not ceased to evolve thereafter, was closed in 1820 with the imprimatur given to the work of Canon Settele. . . . The error of the theologians of the time, when they maintained the centrality of the earth, was to think that our understanding of the physical world's structure was, in some way, imposed by the literal sense of Sacred Scripture. Let us recall the celebrated saying attributed to Baronius "Spiritui Sancto mentem fuisse nos docere quomodo ad coelum eatur, non quomodo coelum gradiatur". In fact, the Bible does not concern itself with the details of the physical world, the understanding of which is the competence of human experience and reasoning. There exist two realms of knowledge, one which has its source in Revelation and one which reason can discover by its own power. To the latter belong especially the experimental sciences and philosophy. The distinction between the two realms of knowledge ought not to be understood as opposition.<ref name=
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=== Yudaisme Ortodoks ===
Sejumlah pemimpin [[Yudaisme Ortodoks]], terutama [[Lubavitcher Rebbe]], mempertahankan model geosentrik alam semesta berdasarkan ayat-ayat [[Alkitab]] dan penafsiran [[Maimonides]] sehingga ia mengajarkan bahwa bumi dikitari oleh matahari.<ref name="Nussbaum2007"/><ref name=
Meskipun geosentrisme penting untuk perhitungan kalender Maimonides,<ref name=
=== Islam ===
Kasus-kasus prominent geosentrisme modern dalam [[Islam]] sangat terisolasi. Hanya sedikit individu yang mengajarkan suatu pandangan geosentrik alam semesta. Salah satunya adalah Grand Mufti Saudi Arabia tahun 1993-1999, [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz]] (
Menurut Bin Baz, ”Telah tersebar pada zaman ini di kalangan para penulis dan pengajar bahwasanya [[bumi]] itu berputar sedangkan matahari itu tetap, dan pendapat ini diikuti oleh banyak orang, maka banyak sekali pertanyaan. Seputar masalah ini… Maka saya katakan: "[[Al-Quran]] dan [[as-Sunnah]] serta kesepakatan para [[ulama]] dan realita yang ada menunjukan bahwa [[matahari]] itu beredar di garis edarnya sebagaimana yang ditetapkan oleh Allah Ta’ala sedangkan bumi tetap tidak bergerak, yang mana Allah menyiapkan sebagai tempat tinggal dan Allah memantapkan dengan gunung-gunung agar tidak bergerak bersama mereka.”
Syaikh [[al-Utsaimin]], ”Adapun pendapat kami tentang peredaran matahari mengelilingi bumi yang dengannya akan terjadi perubahan siang dan malam, maka kami berpegang dengan zhohir dari nash al-Kitab dan as-Sunnah bahwasanya matahari yang bergerak mengelilingi bumi yang dengannya terjadi pergeseran waktu siang dengan malam. Sehingga ada dalil yang qoth’I yang bisa dijadikan hujjah untuk bisa memalingkan dhohir nash al-Kitab dan as-Sunnah, dan manakah dalil itu?"
Menurut [[Muhammad Nashiruddin Al-Albani|Syaikh Albani]], "Dalam [[ilmu Geograf]]i bumi memang bulat dan berputar, akan tetapi dalam ilmu agama, ia lebih cenderung memilih pendapat bahwa bumi dalam keadaan tetap dan datar, dengan dalil yang tersirat (bukan dalil tegas), karena tidak ada dalil yang tegas bahwa bumi itu bulat.
== Planetarium ==
Model geosentrik (Ptolemaik) [[tata surya]] terus digunakan oleh para pembuat [[planetarium]] karena berdasarkan alasan teknis pergerakan tipe Ptolemaik untuk aparatus cahaya planet memiliki sejumlah kelebihan dibandingkan teori pergerakan Kopernikus.<ref name=
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== Geocentric models in fiction ==
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== Lihat pula ==
* [[Cakrawala]]
* [[Celestial spheres]]
* [[Firmament]]
* [[Religious cosmology]]
* [[Flat Earth]]
== Catatan ==
Baris 161 ⟶ 168:
== Referensi ==
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<ref name="Lindberg2010">{{cite book
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<ref name="Nussbaum2007">{{Cite journal
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<ref name="SchneersohnGotfryd2003">{{cite book
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== Pustaka ==
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== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~zhu/ast210/geocentric.html Another demonstration of the complexity of observed orbits when assuming a geocentric model of the solar system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330002544/http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~zhu/ast210/geocentric.html |date=2009-03-30 }}
* [http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Movies/#ptolemaic Geocentric Perspective animation of the Solar System in 150AD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508074738/http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Movies/#ptolemaic |date=2021-05-08 }}
* [http://library.thinkquest.org/29033/history/ptolemy.htm Ptolemy’s system of astronomy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015162256/http://library.thinkquest.org/29033/history/ptolemy.htm |date=2007-10-15 }}
* [http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/ptolemaic_system.html The Galileo Project – Ptolemaic System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231957/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/ptolemaic_system.html |date=2014-04-08 }}
{{Astronomi Yunani}}
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