Geosentrisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dikarenakan dominansi ilmiah sistem Ptolemaik dalam astronomi Islam, para astronom Muslim menerima bulat model geosentrik.{{refn|group=n|"Semua astronom Islam dari Thabit ibn Qurra pada abad ke-9 sampai Ibn al-Shatir pada abad ke-14, dan semua filsuf alamiah dari al-Kindi sampai Averroes dan seterusnya, diketahui telah menerima ... gambaran dunia menurut budaya Yunani yang terdiri dari dua bulatan, di mana salah satunya, bulatan selestial ... secara bulat membungkus yang lain."<ref>{{cite journal |first= A. I. |last= Sabra |title= Configuring the universe: Aporetic, problem solving, and kinematic modeling as themes of Arabic astronomy |journal= Perspectives on Science |volume= 6 |issue= 3 |year= 1998 |pages= 317–8}}</ref>}}

 

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The "Maragha Revolution" refers to the Maragha school's revolution against Ptolemaic astronomy. The "Maragha school" was an astronomical tradition beginning in the [[Maragheh observatory|Maragha observatory]] and continuing with astronomers from the [[Umayyad Mosque|Damascus mosque]] and [[Ulugh Beg Observatory|Samarkand observatory]]. Like their [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] predecessors, the Maragha astronomers attempted to solve the [[equant]] problem (the circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of an [[epicycle]] was conceived to move uniformly) and produce alternative configurations to the Ptolemaic model without abandoning geocentrism. They were more successful than their Andalusian predecessors in producing non-Ptolemaic configurations which eliminated the equant and eccentrics, were more accurate than the Ptolemaic model in numerically predicting planetary positions, and were in better agreement with empirical observations.<ref name="Saliba1994">{{cite book |last= Saliba |first= George |authorlink= George Saliba |year= 1994 |title= A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabica0000sali |pages= [https://archive.org/details/historyofarabica0000sali/page/233 233]–234, 240 |publisher= [[New York University Press]] |isbn= 0814780237}}</ref> The most important of the Maragha astronomers included [[Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi]] (d. 1266), [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī]] (1201–1274), [[Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi]] (1236–1311), [[Ibn al-Shatir]] (1304–1375), [[Ali Qushji]] (c. 1474), [[Al-Birjandi]] (d. 1525), and Shams al-Din al-Khafri (d. 1550).<ref name="Dallal1999">{{cite book |first= Ahmad |last= Dallal |year= 1999 |chapter= Science, Medicine and Technology |title= The Oxford History of Islam |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |page= [https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/171 171] |editor-first= John |editor-last= Esposito |editor-link= John Esposito |location= New York |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> [[Ibn al-Shatir]], the Damascene astronomer (1304–1375 AD) working at the [[Umayyad Mosque]], wrote a major book entitled ''Kitab Nihayat al-Sul fi Tashih al-Usul'' (''A Final Inquiry Concerning the Rectification of Planetary Theory'') on a theory which departs largely from the Ptolemaic system known at that time. In his book, "Ibn al-Shatir, an Arab astronomer of the fourteenth century," E. S. Kennedy wrote "what is of most interest, however, is that Ibn al-Shatir's lunar theory, except for trivial differences in parameters, is identical with that of [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] (1473–1543 AD)." The discovery that the models of Ibn al-Shatir are mathematically identical to those of Copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models to Europe.<ref name="Guessoun2008">{{cite journal |last= Guessoum |first= N. |date=June 2008 |title= Copernicus and Ibn Al-Shatir: Does the Copernican revolution have Islamic roots? |journal= The Observatory |volume= 128 |pages= 231–9}}</ref> At the Maragha and [[Ulugh Beg Observatory|Samarkand observatories]], the [[Earth's rotation]] was discussed by al-Tusi and [[Ali Qushji]] (b. 1403); the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth's motion.<ref name="Ragep2001a">{{Cite journal |last= Ragep |first= F. Jamil |year= 2001 |title= Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's motion in context |journal= Science in Context |volume= 14 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 145–163 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref>

[[Berkas:Orlando-Ferguson-flat-earth-map edit.jpg|ka|jmpl|300px|''Map of the Square and Stationary Earth'' (Peta Bumi bujursangkar dan stasioner/tidak bergerak), karya Orlando Ferguson (1893)]]

 

 

 

 

[[Albert Einstein]] berpendapat:

|publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn= 1851095349|ref={{Harvid|Lawson|2004}}}}</ref>

<ref name="Fraser2006">{{cite book|last= Fraser|first= Craig G.|title= The Cosmos: A Historical Perspective|url= https://archive.org/details/cosmoshistorical00fras_616|year= 2006|page= [https://archive.org/details/cosmoshistorical00fras_616/page/n26 14]}}</ref>

<ref name="Goldstein1972">{{cite journal|first= Bernard R.|last= Goldstein|year= 1972|title= Theory and observation in medieval astronomy|journal= Isis|volume= 63|issue= 1|page= 41}}</ref>

<ref name="Setia2004">{{Cite journal|title= Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi on physics and the nature of the physical world: A preliminary survey|first= Adi|last= Setia|journal= Islam & Science|volume= 2|year= 2004}}</ref>

<ref name="Lindberg2010">{{cite book|last= Lindberg|first= David C.|title= The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450|edition= 2nd|year= 2010|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 9780226482040|page= [http://books.google.com/books?id=dPUBAkIm2lUC&pg=PA197 197]}}</ref>

<ref name="Russell1945">{{cite book|last= Russell|first= Bertrand|authorlink= Bertrand Russell|title= [[A History of Western Philosophy]]|origyear= 1945|year= 2013|publisher= Routledge|page= 215|isbn= 9781134343676}}</ref>

<ref name="Nussbaum2002">{{cite journal|first= Alexander|last= Nussbaum|title= Creationism and geocentrism among Orthodox Jewish scientists|journal= Reports of the National Center for Science Education|date=January–April 2002|pages= 38–43}}</ref>

<ref name="SchneersohnGotfryd2003">{{cite book|last1= Schneersohn|first1= Menachem Mendel|authorlink1= Menachem Mendel Schneerson|last2= Gotfryd|first2= Arnie|title= Mind over Matter: The Lubavitcher Rebbe on Science, Technology and Medicine|pages= [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmabnhsgSVAC&pg=PA76 76ff.]; cf. xvi-xvii, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmabnhsgSVAC&pg=PA69 69], [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmabnhsgSVAC&pg=PA100 100–1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmabnhsgSVAC&pg=PA171 171–2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=FmabnhsgSVAC&pg=PA408 408ff.]|year= 2003|publisher= Shamir|isbn= 9789652930804}}</ref>

<ref name="Rabinowitz1987">{{cite web|url= http://www.pages.nyu.edu/%7Eair1/GeoCentrism%20&%20EgoCentrism,%20Existentialist%20Despair%20&%20Significance.htm|first= Avi|last= Rabinowitz|year= 1987|title= EgoCentrism and GeoCentrism; Human Significance and Existential Despair; Bible and Science; Fundamentalism and Skepticalism|work= Science & Religion|accessdate= 2013-12-01|archive-date= 2011-03-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110314150928/http://www.pages.nyu.edu/~air1/GeoCentrism|dead-url= yes}} Published in {{cite book|editor1-last= Branover|editor1-first= Herman|editor2-last= Attia|editor2-first= Ilana Coven|title= Science in the Light of Torah: A B'Or Ha'Torah Reader|url= https://archive.org/details/scienceinlightof0000unse|year= 1994|publisher= Jason Aronson|isbn= 9781568210346}}</ref>

<ref name="Hort1822">{{cite book|first= William Jillard|last= Hort|title= A General View of the Sciences and Arts|url= https://archive.org/details/ageneralviewsci01hortgoog|year= 1822|page= [https://archive.org/details/ageneralviewsci01hortgoog/page/n196 182]}}</ref>

* {{cite book|last= Evans|first= James|title= The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy|location= New York|publisher= Oxford University Press|year= 1998|ref={{Harvid|Evans|1998}}}}

* {{cite book|last= Heath|first= Thomas|authorlink= T. L. Heath|title= Aristarchus of Samos|url= https://archive.org/details/aristarchusofsam0000heat|location= Oxford|publisher= Clarendon Press|year= 1913|ref={{Harvid|Heath|1913}}}}

* {{cite book|authorlink= Arthur Koestler|last= Koestler|first= Arthur|title= The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe|origyear= 1959|publisher= Penguin Books|year= 1986|isbn= 014055212X|ref={{Harvid|Koestler|1959}}}} 1990 reprint: ISBN 0-14-019246-8.

* {{cite book|authorlink= Thomas Samuel Kuhn|last= Kuhn|first= Thomas S.|title= The Copernican Revolution|url= https://archive.org/details/copernicanrevolu0008kuhn|location= Cambridge|publisher= Harvard University Press|year= 1957|isbn= 0674171039|ref={{Harvid|Kuhn|1957}}}}

* {{cite book|title= From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy|last= Linton|first= Christopher M.|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year= 2004|location= Cambridge|isbn= 9780521827508|ref={{Harvid|Linton|2004}}}}

 

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~zhu/ast210/geocentric.html Another demonstration of the complexity of observed orbits when assuming a geocentric model of the solar system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330002544/http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~zhu/ast210/geocentric.html |date=2009-03-30 }}

* [http://library.thinkquest.org/29033/history/ptolemy.htm Ptolemy’s system of astronomy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015162256/http://library.thinkquest.org/29033/history/ptolemy.htm |date=2007-10-15 }}

 

{{Astronomi Yunani}}