Los Angeles: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Kegunaan lain|Los Angeles (disambiguasi)}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name =
|official_name =
|settlement_type =
|nickname =
|website = [http://www.lacity.org/ lacity.org]
| image_skyline
|
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg
| caption1 = Pencakar langit Los Angeles
| image2 = Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg
| caption2 = [[Hollywood Sign]]
| image3 = Echo Park Lake.jpg
| caption3 = [[:en:Echo Park|Taman Echo]]
| image4 = Olvera st los angeles (cropped2).jpg
| caption4 = [[:en:Calle Olvera|Calle Olvera]]
| image5 = Los Angeles City Hall 2013 (cropped).jpg
| caption5 = [[Balai Kota Los Angeles]]
| image6 = Griffith observatory 2006.jpg
| caption6 = [[:en:Griffith Observatory|Griffith Observatory]]
| image7 = Venice Beach, Los Angeles, CA 01 (cropped2).jpg
| caption7 = [[:en:Venice, Los Angeles#Venice Beach|Pantai Venice]]
}}
|image_flag = Flag of Los Angeles, California.svg
|image_seal = Seal of Los Angeles.svg
Baris 21 ⟶ 40:
|subdivision_type = Negara
|subdivision_name = Amerika Serikat
|subdivision_type1 =
Negara bagian
|subdivision_name1 = [[California]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Daftar county di California|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[County Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]
|government_type = [[Pemerintahan wali kota-dewan|Wali kota-Dewan]]
|governing_body =
|leader_title = [[Wali kota Los Angeles, California|Wali kota]]
|leader_name = [[Eric Garcetti]]
|leader_title1 = [[Jaksa Kota Los Angeles|Jaksa Kota]]
|leader_name1 = [[:en:Mike Feuer|Mike Feuer]]
|leader_title2 = [[Pengawas Kota Los Angeles|Pengawas Kota]]
|leader_name2 = [[Ron Galperin]]
Baris 45 ⟶ 65:
|area_water_percent = 6,77
|area_note =
|population_as_of =
|population_note = [[Sensus Amerika Serikat 2010]]
|population_total =
|population_rank = ([[Daftar kota di Amerika Serikat menurut jumlah penduduk|ke-2 di AS]], [[Daftar batas kota menurut jumlah penduduk|ke-48 di dunia]])<!--Do ''not'' change this to the 4.0 million that the CA Dept of Finance has. For more info, see the talk page archives on the English Wikipedia-->
|population_urban =
|population_metro =
|population_blank1_title = [[Wilayah statistik gabungan|CSA]]
|population_blank1 = 17786419
Baris 73 ⟶ 93:
|footnotes =
}}
'''Los Angeles''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-los-angeles.ogg|l|ɒ|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|ə|l|ə|s}} {{respell|loss|AN|jə-ləs}}; {{IPA-es|los ˈaŋxeles|lang}}, ditulis ''Los Ángeles''; pengucapan Britania {{IPAc-en|l|ɒ|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|ə|l|iː|z}} {{respell|loss|AN|jə-leez}}) dengan jumlah penduduk sebanyak 3.
wilayah statistik metropolitan Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana Los Angeles didirikan tanggal 4 September 1781 oleh gubernur Spanyol [[Felipe de Neve]].<ref name="CaliforniaCounty1899">{{cite book|last=Barrows|first=H.D.|title=Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JMg1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA151|accessdate=September 28, 2011|year=1899|page=151ff|chapter=Felepe de Neve|volume=4}}</ref> Kota ini menjadi bagian dari [[Meksiko]] pada tahun 1821 setelah [[Perang Kemerdekaan Meksiko]].<ref name="Estrada2008">{{cite book|last=Estrada|first=William D.|title=The Los Angeles Plaza: sacred and contested space|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eJu4Wau5G5UC&pg=PA43|accessdate=September 28, 2011|date=April 15, 2008|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-71755-8|page=43}}</ref> Tahun 1848, pada akhir [[Perang Meksiko-Amerika Serikat]], Los Angeles dan seluruh California dibeli sebagai bagian dari [[Traktat Guadalupe Hidalgo]], sehingga menjadi bagian dari Amerika Serikat.<ref name="Spencer1866">{{cite book|last=Spencer|first=Jesse Ames|title=History of the United States: From the earliest period to the administration of James Buchanan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4k5XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA453|accessdate=September 28, 2011|year=1866|publisher=Johnson, Fry and company|page=453}}</ref> Los Angeles [[penggabungan munisipal|disatukan]] menjadi munisipalitas pada tanggal 4 April 1850, lima bulan sebelum California mendapat status [[negara bagian Amerika Serikat|negara bagian]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ceo.lacounty.gov/forms/09-10%20cities%20alpha.pdf | title = Cities Within the County of Los Angeles | publisher = Los Angeles County | accessdate = September 28, 2011 | archive-date = 2014-06-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140628033840/http://ceo.lacounty.gov/forms/09-10%20cities%20alpha.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
Dijuluki ''City of Angels'', Los Angeles adalah [[kota global|pusat dunia]] bisnis, perdagangan internasional, hiburan, budaya, media, mode, ilmu pengetahuan, olahraga, teknologi, dan pendidikan terdepan, serta merupakan kota terkaya ketiga di dunia dan kota paling kuat dan berpengaruh kelima di dunia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/BUSINESS/04/10/cities.dominate.world/index.html?thisSpeed=30000|title=Revealed: Cities that rule the world|publisher=CNN |date=April 10, 2010|accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/node/373401 |title=The Global Cities Index 2010 |publisher=Foreign Policy |year=2010 |accessdate=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=2012-02-02 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/659S16ErP?url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/node/373401 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Kota ini adalah tempat berdirinya berbagai institusi yang mencakup berbagai bidang profesional dan budaya dan merupakan salah satu mesin ekonomi terpenting di Amerika Serikat.
== Sejarah ==
Baris 101 ⟶ 122:
Pada tahun 1910, tidak cuma Los Angeles menganeksasi Hollywood, tetapi di kota ini sudah ada 10 perusahaan film yang beroperasi. Pada tahun 1921, lebih dari 80 persen industri film dunia terkonsentrasi di L.A.<ref name="Buntin2010">{{cite book|last=Buntin|first=John|title=L.A. Noir: The Struggle for the Soul of America's Most Seductive City|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y6ZlIkYXjiMC&pg=PA18|accessdate=September 30, 2011|date=April 6, 2010|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-35208-8|page=18}}</ref> Uang yang dihasilkan industri ini melindungi kota dari guncangan ekonomi yang menyebar di seluruh Amerika Serikat selama [[Depresi Besar di Amerika Serikat|Depresi Besar]].<ref name="YoungYoung2007">{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=William H.|last2=Young|first2=Nancy K.|title=The Great Depression in America: a cultural encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QYYMqXUyjnUC&pg=PA21|accessdate=September 30, 2011|date=March 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33521-1|page=21}}</ref>
<!-- i'm leaving out the bit about the aviation industry arriving in the 1920s pending further research, as the part about the movies turned out to be somewhat inaccurate; and it was all unsourced anyway.-->
Pada tahun 1930, populasinya melewati angka satu juta jiwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab16.txt |title=Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1930 |accessdate=October 1, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205005417/http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab16.txt |archivedate=2008-02-05 |publisher=U.S. Census |unused_data=publisher U.S. Census |dead-url=no }}</ref> Pada tahun 1932, kota ini mengadakan [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1932]] setelah terpilih dan ditetapkan sebagai tuan rumah pada tahun 1923.<ref>{{Cite book|
[[Berkas:Olympic Torch Tower of the Los Angeles Coliseum.jpg|jmpl|250px|[[Los Angeles Coliseum]] menjadi tempat penyelenggaraan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1932 dan 1984.]]
Setelah akhir [[Perang Dunia II]], Los Angeles tumbuh dengan sangat cepat, [[persebaran kota|menyebar]] hingga [[San Fernando Valley]].<ref name="Bruegmann2006">{{cite book|last=Bruegmann|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Bruegmann|title=Sprawl: A Compact History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HFjLm2BauZ8C|accessdate=October 1, 2011|date=November 1, 2006|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-07691-1|page=133}}</ref> Pada tahun 1969, Los Angeles menjadi salah satu tempat kelahiran Internet, karena transmisi [[ARPANET]] pertama dikirimkan dari [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) ke [[SRI International|SRI]] di [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]].<ref name="HafnerLyon1999">{{cite book|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|authorlink1=Katie Hafner|last2=Lyon|first2=Matthew|title=Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RLKxSvCBQZcC|accessdate=October 1, 2011|date=August 1, 1999|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-87216-2|page=153}}</ref>
Baris 309 ⟶ 330:
Los Angeles adalah rumah bagi Hollywood, yang dikenal secara global sebagai pusat industri perfilman. Sebagai bukti dominasinya dalam perfilman, kota ini menjadi tempat penyelenggaraan acara tahunan [[Academy Awards]], acara penghargaan tertua dan berpengaruh di dunia. Los Angeles adalah rumah bagi [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]], [[sekolah film]] tertua di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sharon|last=Waxman|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/movies/31film.html|title= At U.S.C., a Practical Emphasis in Film|publisher = New York Times|date= January 31, 2006|accessdate =October 14, 2011}}</ref>
Seni panggung memainkan peran utama dalam identitas budaya Los Angeles. Menurut USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "ada lebih dari 1.100 produksi teatrikal setiap tahunnya dan 21 pementasan setiap minggunya."<ref name="Only In LA"/> [[Los Angeles Music Center]] merupakan "satu dari tiga pusat seni panggung terbesar di negara ini," dengan lebih dari 1,3 juta pengunjung setiap tahun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musiccenter.org/visit/index.html |title=Explore the Center |publisher=Music Center of Los Angeles County |accessdate=October 14, 2011 |archive-date=2012-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224204136/http://www.musiccenter.org//visit/index.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Walt Disney Concert Hall]], bagian utama dari Music Center, adalah rumah bagi [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]]. Organisasi ternama seperti [[Center Theatre Group]], [[Los Angeles Master Chorale]], dan [[Los Angeles Opera]] juga menjadi perusahaan tetap di Music Center. Bakat masyarakat terus dikembangkan di institusi-institusi utama seperti [[Colburn School]] dan [[USC Thornton School of Music]].
=== Museum dan galeri ===
{{See also|Daftar museum di California#Los Angeles|l1=Los Angeles City Museums}}
Ada 841 museum dan galeri seni di [[Los Angeles County]].<ref name=lmu>{{cite web |url=http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm |title=The Los Angeles Region |publisher=Loyola Marymount University |date=May 5, 2008 |accessdate=October 20, 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018115613/http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Faktanya, Los Angeles memiliki lebih banyak museum per kapita daripada kota-kota lain di dunia.<ref name=lmu /> Sejumlah museum ternama di sana mencakup [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] (museum seni terbesar di Amerika Serikat Barat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacma.org/overview|publisher=LACMA|title=Overview|accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref>), [[Getty Center]] (bagian dari [[J. Paul Getty Trust]], institusi seni terkaya di dunia<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Los Angeles Times|date = March 16, 2009|last=Boehm|first=Mike|title=Getty slashes operating budget after severe investment losses|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/16/entertainment/et-getty16|accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref>), dan [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles|Museum of Contemporary Art]]. Sejumlah galeri seni berdiri di [[Gallery Row]], dan puluhan ribu orang mengunjungi Downtown Art Walk yang diadakan setiap bulan di sana.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Los Angeles Times|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/05/local/la-me-0805-art-walk-20110805|date=August 5, 2011|first=Kate|last=Mather|title=Downtown L.A. Art Walk safety changes planned|accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref>
=== Media ===
Baris 397 ⟶ 418:
[[Port of Los Angeles]] dan [[Port of Long Beach]] bersama membentuk ''Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor''.<ref>[http://www.portoflosangeles.org/facilities/pilot_station.asp Facilities] – The Port of Los Angeles site</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/108th%20HSC%20Mtg%20Apr%205%202006.pdf |title=Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Safety Committee |format=PDF |accessdate=March 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harboremployers.com/web/ |title=Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Employers Association |publisher=Harboremployers.com |accessdate=March 16, 2011}}</ref> Kedua pelabuhan tersebut membentuk pelabuhan [[kontainer (kargo)|kontainer]] tersibuk kelima di dunia, dengan volume perdagangan senilai lebih dari 14,22 juta [[satuan ekuivalen dua puluh kaki|TEU]] pada tahun 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf |title=AAPA World Port Rankings 2008 |format=PDF |accessdate=March 16, 2011}}</ref> Port of Los Angeles sendiri adalah pelabuhan kontainer tersibuk di Amerika Serikat dan puast kapal pesiar terbesar di [[Pesisir Barat Amerika Serikat]] – The Port of Los Angeles' World Cruise Center melayani sekitar 800.000 penumpang pada tahun 2009.<ref>[http://www.portoflosangeles.org/about/faqs.asp#9 About the Port] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613000526/http://portoflosangeles.org/about/faqs.asp#9 |date=2010-06-13 }} – The Port of Los Angeles site</ref>
Ada pula pelabuhan-pelabuhan non-industri yang lebih kecil di sepanjang pesisir Los Angeles. Penjaga pantai berpengalaman dari Los Angeles City hanya ada di pantai-pantai yang dimiliki pemerintah kota.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lacitylifeguards.pyroinnovations.com/ |title=Los Angeles City Lifeguards |publisher=Lacitylifeguards.pyroinnovations.com |accessdate=April 13, 2010 |archive-date=2009-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406041022/http://lacitylifeguards.pyroinnovations.com/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Pelabuhan ini memiliki empat jembatan, yaitu [[Vincent Thomas Bridge]], [[Henry Ford Bridge]], [[Gerald Desmond Bridge]], dan [[Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge]].
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[[Berkas:Los Angeles, CA from the air.jpg|jmpl|250px|Pemandangan pusat kota Los Angeles dari udara.]]
Berdasarkan Sensus AS tahun 2020 melaporkan Los Angeles memiliki populasi 3.792.621 jiwa. Kepadatan penduduk adalah
=== Sensus
{{Historical populations
|type=USA
Baris 429 ⟶ 450:
|2000|3694820
|2010|3792621
|2020|3898747
|2023|3820914
| estref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2023|access-date=2024-05-19|archive-date=July 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711040810/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite book|last=Moffatt|first=Riley|title=Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow|year=1996|page=41}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-01.csv|title = Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2009 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009|format = [[comma-separated values|CSV]]|publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date = July 1, 2009|accessdate = June 28, 2010|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100627001318/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-01.csv|archivedate = 2010-06-27|dead-url = no}}</ref>
|}}
Baris 438 ⟶ 462:
== Kota kembar ==
<!--No more links-->
[[
Los Angeles memiliki 25 [[kota kembar]],<ref name=Sistercities>{{cite web|url=http://sistercities.lacity.org/ |title=Sister Cities of Los Angeles|publisher=sistercities.lacity.org|accessdate=September 29, 2011}}</ref> diurutkan secara kronologis menurut tahun bergabung:
{{Colbegin}}
Baris 471 ⟶ 495:
* {{flagicon|ISR}} Los Angeles juga memiliki kemitraan bersama [[Tel Aviv]], Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm|title=Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership|year=2007|publisher=The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles|accessdate=August 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623075353/http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm|archivedate=2008-06-23|dead-url=no}}</ref>
Selain itu, Los Angeles memiliki "kota sahabat" berikut ini:<ref name="Manchester">{{cite web|url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1128076_twinning_link_with_la|title=Twinning link with LA|publisher=Manchester Evening News|accessdate=July 28, 2009|archive-date=2011-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224852/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1128076_twinning_link_with_la|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sistercitiesofla.com/|title=Sister cities of Los Angeles, Inc|year=2010|accessdate=February 8, 2010}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], Inggris, Britania Raya
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Łódź]], Polandia
Baris 489 ⟶ 513:
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California]]
==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
;Umum
* {{cite book|author=[[Carey McWilliams (journalist)|Carey McWilliams]]|publisher=Peregrine Smith|title = Southern California: An Island on the Land|url=https://archive.org/details/southerncaliforn00mcwi|edition = 9th|year = 2009|isbn = 978-0-87905-007-8}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]]|title = [[It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own]]: A New History of the American West|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year = 1991|isbn = 978-0-8061-2567-1}}
* {{cite book|author =[[David Rieff]]|title = Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World|publisher = Touchstone|year = 1992|isbn = 978-0-671-79210-7}}
Baris 505 ⟶ 529:
* {{cite book|author=[[Reyner Banham]]|title = Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies|url=https://archive.org/details/losangelesarchit0000banh|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|place = Berkeley|year = 2009|edition = 2nd|isbn = 978-0-520-26015-3}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]]|title = [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]]|publisher=Verso|year = 2006|isbn = 978-1-84467-568-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Robert M. Fogelson|title = The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930|url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentedmetrop0000foge_l1o1|publisher=University of California Press|place = Berkeley|year = 1993|isbn = 978-0-520-08230-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Norman M. Klein|title = The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofforgett0000klei|publisher=Verso|year = 1997|isbn = 978-1-84467-242-4}}
* {{cite book|author = Sam Hall Kaplan|title = L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles|publisher = Hennessey and Ingalls|year = 2000|isbn = 978-0-940512-23-8}}
Baris 561 ⟶ 585:
{{Kota Penyelenggara Olimpiade Musim Panas}}
{{Kota besar di AS}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Los Angeles, California| ]]
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