Throffer: Perbedaan antara revisi

Dalam [[filsafat politik]], '''''throffer''''' adalah proposal (disebut juga intervensi{{refn|Tawaran, ancaman dan ''throffer'' adalah "intervensi, oleh orang lain, dalam pertimbangan praktis individu".{{sfn|Steiner|1974–75|p=36}}|group=note}}) yang mencampurkan tawaran dengan ancaman yang akan dilakukan jika tawaran tersebut tidak diterima. Istilah ini pertama kali digunakan di media cetak oleh filsuf politik [[Hillel Steiner]]; sementara penulis lain mengikuti, ''throffer'' belum diadopsi secara universal dan kadang-kadang dianggap identik dengan ''[[wortel dan tongkat]]''. Meskipun aspek ancaman dari ''throffer'' tidak perlu terlihat nyata, atau bahkan diartikulasikan sama sekali, contoh jelasnya adalah

 

* {{cite book|last=Alexandrowicz|first=Alex|last2=Wilson|first2=David|date=1999|title=The Longest Injustice: The Strange Story of Alex Alexandrowicz|url=https://archive.org/details/longestinjustice0000alex|publisher=Waterside Press|isbn=9781872870458|author-link2=David Wilson (criminologist)|url-status=live}}

* {{Cite book|last=Arboleda-Flórez|first=Julio|date=2011|url=https://archive.org/details/coercivetreatmen00kall|title=Coercive Treatment in Psychiatry: Clinical, Legal and Ethical Aspects|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780470978658|editor-last=Kallert|editor-first=Thomas W.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/coercivetreatmen00kall/page/n102 83]–96|chapter=Psychiatry and the law – do the fields agree in their views on coercive treatment?|editor-last2=Mezzich|editor-first2=Juan E.|editor-link2=Juan Mezzich|editor-last3=Monahan|editor-first3=John|url-access=limited|url-status=live}}

* {{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Scott|date=2011|title=Coercion|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/coercion/|work=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|access-date=22 Maret 2021}}

* {{cite book|last=Ayto|first=John|date=2010|title=Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_e8w8|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199543786|url-status=live}}

* {{cite journal|last=Riley|first=Jonathan|date=1989|title=Rights to liberty in purely private matters: Part 1|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economics-and-philosophy_1989-10_5_2/page/121|journal=Economics and Philosophy|volume=5|issue=2|pages=121–66|doi=10.1017/S0266267100002364}}

* {{cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Daniel|date=2007|title=Is the Welfare State Justified?|url=https://archive.org/details/iswelfarestateju0000shap|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780511295201|url-status=live}}

* {{cite journal|last=Steiner|first=Hillel|author-link=Hillel Steiner|date=1974–75|title=Individual liberty|journal=[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]|volume=75|pages=33–50|doi=10.1093/aristotelian/75.1.33|jstor=4544864}}

* {{cite journal|last=Stevens|first=Robert|date=1988|title=Coercive offers|journal=[[Australasian Journal of Philosophy]]|volume=66|issue=1|pages=84–95|doi=10.1080/00048408812350261}}

* {{cite news|last=Wilson|first=David|author-link=David Wilson (kriminologis)|date=1 Februari 2001|title=Parole chances slim for innocent prisoners|url=http://society.guardian.co.uk/crimeandpunishment/story/0,8150,431944,00.html|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030123195440/http://society.guardian.co.uk/crimeandpunishment/story/0%2C8150%2C431944%2C00.html|archive-date=23 Januari 2003|access-date=3 September 2003|url-status=dead}}

* {{cite book|last=Zimmerling|first=Ruth|date=2005|url=https://archive.org/details/influencepowerva0000zimm|title=Influence and Power: Variations on a Messy Theme|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781402029868|url-access=registration|url-status=live}}

 

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