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Baris 1:
{{inuse}}
{{Yordania infobox}}
 
Baris 106 ⟶ 105:
!colspan="5"|Wilayah selatan
|-
|9 ||[[KarakKegubernuran GovernorateKarak|Karak]] ||[[Al-Karak]] ||316.629
|-
|10 ||[[Kegubernuran Aqaba|Aqaba]] ||[[Aqaba]] ||188.160
|-
|11 ||[[Kegubernuran Ma'an|Ma'an]] ||[[Ma'an]] ||144.083
|-
|12 ||[[Kegubernuran Tafilah|Tafilah]] ||[[Tafila]] ||96.291
Baris 121 ⟶ 120:
[[File:GDP per capita development of Jordan.svg|thumb|Perkembangan PDB per kapita Yordania, 1950–2018]]
 
Yordania diklasifikasikan oleh [[Bank Dunia]] sebagai negara "berpenghasilan menengah-atas".<ref name="data.worldbank.org"/> Namun, sekitar 14,4% penduduk hidup di bawah [[garis kemiskinan]] nasional dalam jangka panjang (hingga 2010),<ref name="data.worldbank.org">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/jordan|title=Jordan Data|publisher=World Bank|access-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014193114/https://data.worldbank.org/country/jordan|archive-date=14 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> sementara hampir sepertiganya jatuh di bawah garis kemiskinan nasional selama beberapa waktu dalam setahun—dikenal sebagai kemiskinan sementara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/third-jordan%E2%80%99s-population-lives-below-poverty-line-some-point-one-year-%E2%80%94-study|title=Third of Jordan's population lives below poverty line at some point of one year — study|access-date=1 January 2017|date=2 July 2014|work=The Jordan Times|first=Omar|last=Obeidat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101231919/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/third-jordan%E2%80%99s-population-lives-below-poverty-line-some-point-one-year-%E2%80%94-study|archive-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Perekonomian, yang memiliki PDB sebesar $39,453 miliar (pada 2016),<ref name=GDP/> tumbuh dengan rata-rata 8% per tahun antara tahun 2004 dan 2008, dan sekitar 2,6% pada tahun 2010 dan seterusnya.<ref name="CIA factbook"/> PDB per kapita naik 351% pada 1970-an, turun 30% pada 1980-an, dan naik 36% pada 1990-an—saat ini $9.406 per kapita berdasarkan [[Keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja|paritas daya beli]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept |title=Jordan : Technical Assistance Report – Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2017/12/18/Jordan-Technical-Assistance-Report-Public-Investment-Management-Assessment-PIMA-45461 |website=IMF |language=en |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125115629/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2017/12/18/Jordan-Technical-Assistance-Report-Public-Investment-Management-Assessment-PIMA-45461 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Perekonomian Yordania adalah salah satu ekonomi terkecil di kawasan ini, dan penduduk negara itu menderita tingkat pengangguran dan kemiskinan yang relatif tinggi.<ref name="CIA factbook"/>
 
Perekonomian Yordania relatif [[Diversifikasi (ekonomi)|terdiversifikasi]] dengan baik. Gabungan perdagangan dan keuangan menyumbang hampir sepertiga dari PDB; transportasi dan komunikasi, utilitas publik, dan konstruksi menyumbang seperlima, dan pertambangan dan manufaktur merupakan hampir seperlima lainnya.<ref name=washington>{{cite web|title=Jordan's Economy Surprises|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordans-economy-surprises|publisher=Washington Institute|access-date=9 April 2016|date=29 June 2015|work=Washington Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010122524/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/jordans-economy-surprises|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bantuan Pembangunan Resmi|Bantuan pembangunan resmi]] bersih ke Yordania pada tahun 2009 berjumlah US$761 juta; menurut pemerintah, kira-kira dua pertiganya dialokasikan sebagai hibah, setengahnya adalah dukungan anggaran langsung.<ref name=oecd-jord>{{cite web |title=Jordan |url=http://www.oecd.org/dac/aideffectiveness/Jordan%203.pdf |date=2012|access-date=20 March 2016|publisher=OECD}}</ref>
Baris 133 ⟶ 132:
[[File:Amman towers in cloudy day.jpg|thumb|240px|Kota Amman]]
 
Total utang luar negeri Yordania pada tahun 2011 adalah $19 miliar, mewakili 60% dari PDB-nya. Pada tahun 2016, utang mencapai $35,1 miliar yang mewakili 93% dari PDB.<ref name="instability1">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061|title=Jordan is Sliding Toward Insolvency|access-date=20 March 2016|date=18 March 2016|first=Kirk|last=Sowell|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321092157/http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061|archive-date=21 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Peningkatan substansial ini dikaitkan dengan efek ketidakstabilan regional yang menyebabkan penurunan aktivitas turis, penurunan investasi asing, peningkatan pengeluaran militer, serangan terhadap jaringan pipa Mesir, runtuhnya perdagangan dengan Irak dan Suriah, biaya menampung pengungsi Suriah, dan akumulasi bunga dari pinjaman.<ref name="instability1"/> Menurut Bank Dunia, pengungsi Suriah telah merugikan Yordania lebih dari $2,5 miliar per tahun, sebesar 6% dari PDB dan 25% dari pendapatan tahunan pemerintah.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/syrian-refugees-cost-kingdom-25-billion-year-%E2%80%94-report|title=Syrian refugees cost Kingdom $2.5 billion a year — report|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=30 July 2016|date=6 February 2016|first=Khetam|last=Malkawi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612040635/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/syrian-refugees-cost-kingdom-25-billion-year-%E2%80%94-report|archive-date=12 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Bantuan asing hanya mencakup sebagian kecil dari biaya ini, 63% dari total biaya ditanggung oleh Yordania.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/gov%E2%80%99t-readying-refugee-donor-conference|access-date=12 October 2015|date=5 October 2015|work=The Jordan Times|title=Gov't readying for refugee donor conference|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106061021/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/gov%E2%80%99t-readying-refugee-donor-conference|archive-date=6 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Program penghematan diadopsi oleh pemerintah yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi rasio utang terhadap PDB Yordania menjadi 77 persen pada tahun 2021.<ref>{{cite web|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=9 March 2017|first=Omar|last=Obeidat|title=IMF programme to yield budget surplus in 2019|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/imf-programme-yield-budget-surplus-2019%E2%80%99|date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111022238/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/imf-programme-yield-budget-surplus-2019%E2%80%99|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Program tersebut berhasil mencegah kenaikan utang di atas 95% pada 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/75865|title=Slowing Jordan's Slide Into Debt|access-date=31 May 2018|date=22 March 2018|work=Kirk Sowell|publisher=Carnegie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525102243/http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/75865|archive-date=25 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Proporsi pekerja terdidik dan terampil di Yordania termasuk yang tertinggi di kawasan ini di sektor-sektor seperti TIK dan industri, karena sistem pendidikan yang relatif modern. Hal ini telah menarik investasi asing yang besar ke Yordania dan memungkinkan negara tersebut mengekspor tenaga kerjanya ke negara-negara [[Teluk Persia]].<ref name="skwf">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYosBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|page=88|title=Management and International Business Issues in Jordan|first1=Hamed|last1=El-Said|first2=Kip|last2=Becker|access-date=15 June 2016|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136396366|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128083534/https://books.google.com/books?id=IYosBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Aliran pengiriman uang ke Yordania berkembang pesat, khususnya selama akhir tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an, dan tetap menjadi sumber penting pendanaan eksternal.<ref>Al-Assaf, G. and Al-Malki, A., (2014), "Modelling the Macroeconomic Determinants of Workers' Remittances: The Case of Jordan", ''International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues'', Vol. 4, issue 3, p.&nbsp;514–526.</ref> Pengiriman uang dari ekspatriat Yordania mencapai $3,8 miliar pada tahun 2015, peningkatan yang mencolok dalam jumlah transfer dibandingkan dengan tahun 2014 di mana pengiriman uang mencapai lebih dari $3,66 miliar, menjadikan Yordania sebagai penerima terbesar keempat di wilayah tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-ranks-fourth-region-recipient-remittances#sthash.F8OBJNnd.dpuf|title=Jordan ranks fourth in the region in recipient remittances|access-date=11 January 2016|date=11 January 2016|work=The Jordan Times|first=Khetam|last=Malkawi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111104952/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-ranks-fourth-region-recipient-remittances#sthash.F8OBJNnd.dpuf|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
Baris 170 ⟶ 169:
[[Orang Arab]] merupakan mayoritas dengan jumlah 95% dari populasi. Orang Arab Yordania adalah keturunan dari keluarga dan klan yang tinggal di kota besar dan kecil di [[Transyordania (wilayah)|Transyordania]] sebelum perang tahun 1948, terutama di kegubernuran Jerash, Ajlun, Balqa, Irbid, Madaba, Al Karak, Aqaba, Amman dan beberapa kota lain di negara itu, atau dari keluarga [[Orang Palestina|Palestina]] yang mencari perlindungan di Yordania pada waktu yang berbeda di abad ke-20, sebagian besar selama dan setelah perang tahun 1948 dan 1967. Banyak orang Kristen adalah keturunan penduduk asli terutama di kota-kota seperti Fuhies, Madaba, Al Karak, Ajlun, atau memiliki asal [[Suku Badui (Arab)|Badui]], dan jumlah yang signifikan datang pada tahun 1948 dan 1967 terutama dari Yerusalem, [[Jaffa]], [[Lod|Lydda]], [[Betlehem|Bethlehem]], dan kota-kota Palestina dan Israel lainnya.<ref name="CIA factbook"/>
 
[[Druze|Orang Druze]] diyakini merupakan sekitar 0,5% dari total populasi Yordania, yaitu sekitar 32.000.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = [[US State Department]] | url = https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51602.htm | title = International Religious Freedom Report | year = 2005}}</ref> Druze, yang menyebut diri mereka sebagai ''al-Muwahhideen'', atau "penganut satu Tuhan", terkonsentrasi di pedesaan, daerah pegunungan di barat dan utara Amman. Meskipun keyakinan awalnya berkembang dari [[Ismailiyah|Islam Ismaili]], kebanyakan Druze tidak mengidentifikasi diri sebagai [[Muslim]],{{efn|Sumber:<ref>{{cite book|title=America & Islam: Soundbites, Suicide Bombs and the Road to Donald Trump|first=Lawrence|last= Pintak|year= 2019| isbn= 9781788315593| page =86|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Templar Spirit: The Esoteric Inspiration, Rituals and Beliefs of the Knights Templar|first=Margaret|last= Jonas|year= 2011| isbn= 9781906999254| page =83|publisher=Temple Lodge Publishing|quote=[Druze] often they are not regarded as being Muslim at all, nor do all the Druze consider themselves as Muslim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are |url=https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/ |website=Arab America |publisher=Arab America |access-date=13 April 2020 |language=en |date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives| first=Dona|last= J. Stewart|year=2008| isbn=9781135980795| page = 33|publisher=Routledge|quote= Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199862634_s2g7| first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad|year=2014| isbn=9780199862634| page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199862634_s2g7/page/142 142]|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is consider distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..}}</ref>}} dan mereka tidak menerima [[Rukun Islam|lima rukun Islam]].<ref>{{cite book|title= The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East|first=Ronald|last= De McLaurin|year= 1979| isbn= 9780030525964| page =114 |publisher=Michigan University Press|quote= Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..}}</ref>
 
Ada juga [[Afro Yordania|Afro-Yordania]] yakni orang Yordania keturunan Afrika. Mereka berjumlah kurang dari 60.000<ref name="africanviews.org">http://www.africanviews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105 Jordan</ref> dan sebagian besar terkonsentrasi di bagian Barat Daya Yordania.<ref>http://www. name="africanviews.org"/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105 Jordan</ref> Kemudian ada sekitar 5.000 orang [[Armenia Yordania|Armenia]] yang tinggal di negara tersebut pada tahun 2009.<ref name="looklex">{{cite web|url=http://i-cias.com/e.o/jordan_4.htm|title=Jordan: Religions & Peoples<!-- Bot generated title -->|website=i-cias.com|access-date=2011-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220121/http://i-cias.com/e.o/jordan_4.htm|archive-date=2017-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref> Minoritas lainnya ialah orang [[Asiria Yordania|Asiria]] (10.000-15.000),<ref name="Jordan: Assyrian Policy Institute">{{cite web |title= Jordan: Assyrian Policy Institute|url=https://www.assyrianpolicy.org/jordan}}</ref>{{efn|Namun, orang Asiria Yordania sebagian besar bersifat sementara karena mereka adalah pengungsi.<ref name="Jordan: Assyrian Policy Institute">{{cite web |title= Jordan: Assyrian Policy Institute|url=https://www.assyrianpolicy.org/jordan}}</ref>}} orang [[Sirkasia Yordania|Sirkasia]] (100.000–170.000){{efn|Sumber:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Circassians in Jordan|url=https://www.integrationresearch.net/circassians-in-jordan.html|access-date=2020-06-27|website=ImmiSoft – Integration Research Institute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McNeil|first=Sam|title=Jordan royals' Circassian guards a symbol of thriving minority|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jordan-royals-circassian-guards-a-symbol-of-thriving-minority/|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://izrus.co.il/dvuhstoronka/article/2009-04-10/4250.html |title=Израйльский сайт ИзРус |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030205448/http://izrus.co.il/dvuhstoronka/article/2009-04-10/4250.html |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhemukhov|first1=Sufian|title=Circassian World Responses to the New Challenges|journal=PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 54|date=2008|page=2|url=http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/pepm_054.pdf|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref>}} serta orang [[Chechnya Yordania|Chechnya]] (12.000–30.000).<ref>{{cite web |title=Jordan willing to assist Chechnya - King |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/russian-federation/jordan-willing-assist-chechnya-king}}</ref>
 
=== Bahasa ===
Baris 178 ⟶ 177:
 
=== Agama ===
[[File:Aqaba Mosque.jpg|thumb|240px|left|Masjid [[Marsa Zayed]] di Aqaba]]
 
[[Sunni|Islam Sunni]] adalah agama dominan di Yordania. [[Islam di Yordania|Muslim]] membentuk sekitar 95% dari populasi negara; pada gilirannya, 93% dari mereka mengidentifikasi diri sebagai Sunni.<ref name="pewforum">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|date=9 August 2012|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Ada juga sejumlah kecil [[Ahmadiyаh|Muslim Ahmadi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|title=Propagation of Islam|work=Al Islam|first=Ahmad|last=Kurshid|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513024917/https://www.alislam.org/library/history/ahmadiyya/56.html|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> dan beberapa [[Syiah]]. Banyak Syiah adalah pengungsi Irak dan Lebanon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|title=Shiites in Jordan maintained low profile while marking Ashura observance|access-date=16 March 2016|date=27 November 2012|work=The Jewish Journal|first=Adam|last=Nicky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325000103/http://www.jewishjournal.com/live_from_the_arab_spring/article/shiites_in_jordan_maintained_low_profile_while_marking_ashura_observance|archive-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Yordania memiliki beberapa komunitas [[Kristen Yordania|Kristen]] tertua di dunia, yang berasal dari abad ke-1 M setelah penyaliban [[Yesus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucc.org/news_middle_east_delegation_refugee_families_04292015|title=Four refugee families living in Jordan share their stories with Mid-East delegation|first=Anthony|last=Moujaes|publisher=United Church of Christ|access-date=27 July 2016|date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924072503/http://www.ucc.org/news_middle_east_delegation_refugee_families_04292015|archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> Umat Kristiani saat ini berjumlah sekitar 4% dari populasi,<ref name="abouna"/> turun dari 20% pada tahun 1930, meskipun jumlah absolut mereka telah bertambah.<ref name="thenational.ae">{{cite news |last=Vela |first=Justin |date=14 February 2015 |title=Jordan: The safe haven for Christians fleeing ISIL |work=The National |url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153700/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/jordan-the-safe-haven-for-christians-fleeing-isil#full |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Hal ini disebabkan tingginya tingkat imigrasi Muslim ke Yordania, tingkat emigrasi Kristen yang lebih tinggi ke [[Dunia Barat|Barat]] dan tingkat kelahiran yang lebih tinggi bagi umat Islam.<ref name=lat>{{cite news |first=Jeffrey |last=Fleishman |title=For Christian enclave in Jordan, tribal lands are sacred |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/10/world/fg-tribal-catholic10 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=10 May 2009 |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184643/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/10/world/fg-tribal-catholic10 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Orang Kristen Yordania berjumlah sekitar 250.000, semuanya berbahasa Arab, menurut perkiraan tahun 2014 oleh [[Ortodoksi|Gereja Ortodoks]], meskipun penelitian tersebut mengecualikan kelompok Kristen minoritas dan ribuan orang Kristen Barat, Irak, dan Suriah yang tinggal di Yordania.<ref name="abouna">{{cite web|title=الأب د. حنا كلداني: نسبة الأردنيين المسيحيين المقيمين 3.68%|first=Hanna|last=Kildani|publisher=Abouna.org|access-date=17 July 2016|date=8 July 2015|url=http://www.abouna.org/holylands/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-368-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83|language=ar|trans-title=Father Hanna Kildani: the percentage of Christians residing in Jordan is 3.68%|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230434/http://www.abouna.org/holylands/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8-%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86-368-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Orang-orang Kristen sangat terintegrasi dengan baik dalam masyarakat Yordania dan menikmati tingkat kebebasan yang tinggi.<ref name="angilican">{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=Duane Alexander|title=The Episcopal Church in Jordan: Identity, Liturgy, and Mission|journal=[[Journal of Anglican Studies]]|date=November 2011|volume=9|issue=2|pages=134–153|url=https://www.academia.edu/1482555|access-date=16 June 2016|doi=10.1017/S1740355309990271|s2cid=144069423|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713085729/https://www.academia.edu/1482555|url-status=live}}</ref> Umat Kristen secara tradisional menduduki dua jabatan kabinet, dan mendapat sembilan kursi dari 130 kursi di parlemen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanforum.net/country/jordan|title=Jordan|publisher=European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity|access-date=12 October 2015|date=16 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930075539/http://www.europeanforum.net/country/jordan|archive-date=30 September 2013}}</ref> Jabatan politik tertinggi yang dicapai oleh seorang Kristen adalah Wakil Perdana Menteri, yang saat ini dipegang oleh [[Rajai Muasher]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sultan-sooud-alqassemi/shameful-plight-of-the-mi_b_203319.html|title=Shameful Plight of the Middle East's Christians|work=The Huffington Post|date=14 June 2009|access-date=26 October 2015|first=Sultan Sooud|last=Al-Qassemi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925010959/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sultan-sooud-alqassemi/shameful-plight-of-the-mi_b_203319.html|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Umat Kristen juga berpengaruh di media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/07/world/jordan-s-christian-arabs-a-small-minority-play-a-major-role.html|title=Jordan's Christian Arabs, A Small Minority, Play A Major Role|work=The New York Times|date=7 January 1987|access-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526214650/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/07/world/jordan-s-christian-arabs-a-small-minority-play-a-major-role.html|archive-date=26 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[File:Orthodox church in Amman1.jpg|thumb|240px|Sebuah [[Kristen Yordania|Gereja Ortodoks Timur]] selama badai salju di Amman]]
Minoritas agama yang lebih kecil termasuk [[Druze]], [[Baháʼí|Baháʼís]] dan [[Mandean|Mandaea]]. Sebagian besar Druze Yordania tinggal di kota oasis timur Azraq, beberapa desa di perbatasan Suriah, dan kota Zarqa, sedangkan sebagian besar Baháʼí Yordania tinggal di desa Adassiyeh yang berbatasan dengan [[Lembah Yordania]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&pg=PA135|title=Minority Rights in the Middle East|access-date=12 October 2015|date=25 April 2013|first1=Joshua|last1=Castellino|first2=Kathleen A.|last2=Cavanaugh|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=135|isbn=9780199679492|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516201435/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&pg=PA135|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Diperkirakan 1.400 orang Mandaean tinggal di Amman; mereka datang dari Irak setelah melarikan diri dari penganiayaan invasi 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337|title=Jordan's Mandaean minority fear returning to post-ISIS Iraq|work=The National|access-date=9 June 2018|date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142228/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>▼
 
▲Minoritas agama yang lebih kecil termasuk [[Druze]], [[Baháʼí|Baháʼís]]s dan [[Mandean|Mandaea]]. Sebagian besar Druze Yordania tinggal di kota oasis timur Azraq, beberapa desa di perbatasan Suriah, dan kota Zarqa, sedangkan sebagian besar Baháʼí Yordania tinggal di desa Adassiyeh yang berbatasan dengan [[Lembah Yordania]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&pg=PA135|title=Minority Rights in the Middle East|access-date=12 October 2015|date=25 April 2013|first1=Joshua|last1=Castellino|first2=Kathleen A.|last2=Cavanaugh|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=135|isbn=9780199679492|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516201435/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&pg=PA135|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Diperkirakan 1.400 orang Mandaean tinggal di Amman; mereka datang dari Irak setelah melarikan diri dari penganiayaan invasi 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337|title=Jordan's Mandaean minority fear returning to post-ISIS Iraq|work=The National|access-date=9 June 2018|date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142228/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Budaya ==
Baris 216 ⟶ 219:
[[File:Sport City Amman JO 78.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Stadion Internasional Amman]]]]
 
Sementara olahraga tim dan individu dimainkan secara luas di Yordania, Kerajaan telah menikmati pencapaian internasional terbesarnya di [[taekwondo]]. Sorotan datang di Pertandingan [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2016|Olimpiade Rio 2016]] ketika [[Ahmad Abu GhaushAbughaush]] memenangkan medali pertama Yordania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/jordan-s-first-ever-olympic-champion-ahmad-abughaush-looks-forward-to-tokyo-2020|title=Jordan's first ever Olympic champion Ahmad Abughaush looks forward to Tokyo 2020 – Olympic News|date=8 April 2019|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231445/https://www.olympic.org/news/jordan-s-first-ever-olympic-champion-ahmad-abughaush-looks-forward-to-tokyo-2020|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Medali terus dimenangkan di tingkat Dunia dan Asia dalam olahraga ini sejak Taekwondo dijadikan sebagai olahraga favorit Kerajaan bersama sepak bola<ref name="lpgw" /> dan bola basket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joc.jo/en/federations/jordan-basketball-federation/|title=Jordan Basketball Federation|website=Jordan Olympic Committee|language=en|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231458/https://www.joc.jo/en/federations/jordan-basketball-federation/|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[Sepak bola]] adalah olahraga paling populer di Yordania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/jordan.htm|title=Sport in Jordan|website=www.topendsports.com|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231447/https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/jordan.htm|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tim nasional sepak bola Yordania|Tim sepak bola nasional]] ikut serta dalam babak play-offkualifikasi untuk mencapai [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2014|Piala Dunia 2014]] di [[Brasil]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25027589|title=World Cup 2014: Uruguay clinch final spot with Jordan win|date=21 November 2013|access-date=3 June 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603231445/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/25027589|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ketika mereka kalah dalam play-offkualifikasi dua leg melawan [[Tim nasional sepak bola Uruguay|Uruguay]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-remains-82nd-spot-fifa-world-rankings#sthash.jQnvTJE1.dpuf|title=Jordan remains in 82nd spot in FIFA World Rankings|last=Bannayan|first=Aline|date=5 March 2016|access-date=13 March 2016|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313111319/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-remains-82nd-spot-fifa-world-rankings#sthash.jQnvTJE1.dpuf|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Mereka sebelumnya mencapai perempat final [[Piala Asia AFC|Piala Asia]] pada [[Piala Asia AFC 2004|2004]] dan [[Piala Asia AFC 2011|2011]].
 
[[File:Jordan national football team in Tehran - 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Tim nasional sepak bola Yordania]] di [[Tehran]], 2015]]
 
Yordania memiliki kebijakan yang kuat untuk olahraga inklusif dan banyak berinvestasi dalam mendorong anak perempuan dan perempuan untuk berpartisipasi dalam semua olahraga. Tim sepak bola wanita memperoleh reputasi,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/jordan-giant-strides-women-football-150623122130302.html|title=Jordan taking giant strides in women's football|last=El-Shamayleh|first=Nisreen|date=23 June 2015|access-date=13 March 2016|work=Al Jazeera|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312003804/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/jordan-giant-strides-women-football-150623122130302.html|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> dan pada Maret 2016 menduduki peringkat ke-58 dunia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/women|title=Fifa world ranking for women|date=1 March 2016|publisher=FIFA|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063018/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world-ranking/ranking-table/women/|archive-date=20 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada 2016, Yordania menjadi tuan rumah [[Piala Dunia Wanita FIFA U-17 FIFA]], dengan 16 tim yang mewakili enam benua. Turnamen diadakan di empat stadion di tiga kota Yordania Amman, Zarqa dan Irbid. Itu adalah turnamen olahraga wanita pertama di Timur Tengah.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/sports/2014/04/21/Women-s-football-increasingly-popular-in-Jordan.html|title=Women's football increasingly popular in Jordan|last=Omari|first=Raed|date=1 January 2014|access-date=8 March 2016|work=Al Arabiya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015004/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/sports/2014/04/21/Women-s-football-increasingly-popular-in-Jordan.html|archive-date=9 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[Bola basket]] adalah olahraga lain yang terus ditonjolkan Yordania, setelah lolos ke Piala Bola Basket[[Kejuaraan Dunia FIBA 2010]] dan baru-baru ini mencapai [[Piala Dunia Bola Basket FIBA 2019|Piala Dunia 2019]] di [[Tiongkok]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=Transmission Strategy of the Competition −2017 FIBA 3X3 U18 Basketball World Cup|journal=2017 4th International Conference on Literature, Linguistics and Arts (ICLLA 2017)|publisher=Francis Academic Press|doi=10.25236/iclla.2017.43|isbn=9781912407064|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yordania nyaris mencapai [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012|Olimpiade 2012]] setelah kalah di final Piala Asia 2010 dari Tiongkok dengan margin tersempit, 70-69, dan malah memilih perak. Tim bola basket nasional Yordania berpartisipasi dalam berbagai turnamen internasional dan Timur Tengah. Tim basket lokal meliputi: Al-Orthodoxi Club, Al-Riyadi, Zain, Al-Hussein dan Al-Jazeera.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-counts-down-asian-basketball-tourney|title=Jordan counts down to Asian basketball tourney|last=Bannayan|first=Aline|date=14 September 2015|access-date=15 October 2015|work=The Jordan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118011504/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/sports/jordan-counts-down-asian-basketball-tourney|archive-date=18 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[File:Bryce Jordan Center Wrestling.jpg|thumb|240px|left|Pusat Bryce Yordania]]
 
[[Tinju]], [[karate]], [[kickboxing]], [[Muay Thai]], dan [[Jujutsu|ju-jitsu]] juga populer. Olahraga yang kurang umum juga semakin populer. [[Uni rugbi|Rugby]] semakin populer, persatuan rugby diakui oleh Komite Olimpiade Yordania yang membawahi tiga tim nasional.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/sport/jordan-rugby-dubai-sevens-619023|title=Against all odds, Jordan's rugby greats are set to storm the Dubai Sevens|access-date=9 April 2016|date=4 November 2014|work=Al Bawaba|first=Jack|last=Eastwood|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026154217/http://www.albawaba.com/sport/jordan-rugby-dubai-sevens-619023|archive-date=26 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Meskipun [[bersepeda]] tidak tersebar luas di Yordania, olahraga ini berkembang sebagai gaya hidup dan cara baru untuk bepergian terutama di kalangan anak muda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alghad.com/articles/575226-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87|title=مشروع "بسكليتات المدينة الرياضية" يجمع هواة الدراجات لممارسة الرياضة والترفيه|language=ar|access-date=16 July 2016|work=Al-Ghad|date=30 September 2013|trans-title="Project" Bisklitat Sports City "brings together amateur cycling for exercise and recreation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520050951/http://www.alghad.com/articles/575226-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87|archive-date=20 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada tahun 2014, sebuah LSM Make Life Skate Life menyelesaikan pembangunan [[7Hills Skatepark]], taman [[Papan seluncur|skate]] pertama di negara yang terletak di Pusat Kota Amman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/02/volunteers-open-jordan-skate-park-150206102827914.html|title=Volunteers open Jordan's first skate park|date=12 February 2015|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=30 September 2015|first1=Zab|last1=Mustefa|first2=Alisa|last2=Reznick|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001071615/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/02/volunteers-open-jordan-skate-park-150206102827914.html|archive-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Catatan ==
Baris 236 ⟶ 239:
{{reflist|2}}
 
== PustakaBacaan lanjutantambahan ==
{{refbegin}}
* El-Anis, Imad. ''Jordan and the United States: The Political Economy of Trade and Economic Reform in the Middle East'' (I.B. Tauris, diedarkan oleh Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 320 halaman; studi kasus perdagangan pakaian, obat-obatan, dan jasa keuangan.▼
* Robins, Philip. ''A History of Jordan'' (2004)
* Salibi, Kamal S. ''The Modern History of Jordan'' (1998)
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Ashton|first=Nigel|title=King Hussein of Jordan: A Political Life|url=https://archive.org/details/kinghusseinofjor00asht|publisher=Yale University Press|date=2008}} [https://www.amazon.com/King-Hussein-Jordan-Political-Life-ebook/dp/B001IDZMA6/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&qid=1585749018&refinements=p_28%3AKing+Hussein+of+Jordan%3A+A+Political+Life&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203913/https://www.amazon.com/King-Hussein-Jordan-Political-Life-ebook/dp/B001IDZMA6/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&qid=1585749018&refinements=p_28%3AKing+Hussein+of+Jordan%3A+A+Political+Life&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1 |date=8 March 2021 }}
* Teller, Matthew. ''The Rough Guide to Jordan'' (Edisi ke-4 2009)
▲* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=El-Anis, |first1=Imad H. ''|title=Jordan and the United States : Thethe Politicalpolitical Economyeconomy of Tradetrade and Economiceconomic Reformreform in the Middle East'' (I.B|url=https://archive.org/details/jordanunitedstat0000elan |date=2011 |publisher=Tauris, Academic Studies (diedarkan oleh Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 320|location=London halaman;|isbn=9781848854710}} studiStudi kasus perdagangan pakaian, obat-obatan, dan jasa keuangan.
* Goichon, Amélie-Marie. ''Jordanie réelle''. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer (1967–1972). 2 vol., ill.
* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=Robins |first1=Philip |title=A history of Jordan |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjordan0000robi |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521598958}}
* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=Ryan |first1=Curtis R. |title=Jordan in transition : from Hussein to Abdullah |url=https://archive.org/details/jordanintransiti0000ryan |date=2002 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |location=Boulder, CO |isbn=9781588261038}}
* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=Teller |first1=Matthew |title=The Rough Guide to Jordan |date=1998 |publisher=Rough Guides |location=London}} Edisi ke-4 2009.
{{refend}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 265 ⟶ 273:
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Organisasi Kerja Sama Islam]]
[[Kategori:Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
[[Kategori:Negara di Asia Barat Daya]]
 
 
{{timteng-stub}}
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Yordania"