Yordania: Perbedaan antara revisi

|9 ||[[KarakKegubernuran GovernorateKarak|Karak]] ||[[Al-Karak]] ||316.629

|11 ||[[Kegubernuran Ma'an|Ma'an]] ||[[Ma'an]] ||144.083

Total utang luar negeri Yordania pada tahun 2011 adalah $19 miliar, mewakili 60% dari PDB-nya. Pada tahun 2016, utang mencapai $35,1 miliar yang mewakili 93% dari PDB.<ref name="instability1">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061|title=Jordan is Sliding Toward Insolvency|access-date=20 March 2016|date=18 March 2016|first=Kirk|last=Sowell|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321092157/http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=63061|archive-date=21 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Peningkatan substansial ini dikaitkan dengan efek ketidakstabilan regional yang menyebabkan penurunan aktivitas turis, penurunan investasi asing, peningkatan pengeluaran militer, serangan terhadap jaringan pipa Mesir, runtuhnya perdagangan dengan Irak dan Suriah, biaya menampung pengungsi Suriah, dan akumulasi bunga dari pinjaman.<ref name="instability1"/> Menurut Bank Dunia, pengungsi Suriah telah merugikan Yordania lebih dari $2,5 miliar per tahun, sebesar 6% dari PDB dan 25% dari pendapatan tahunan pemerintah.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/syrian-refugees-cost-kingdom-25-billion-year-%E2%80%94-report|title=Syrian refugees cost Kingdom $2.5 billion a year — report|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=30 July 2016|date=6 February 2016|first=Khetam|last=Malkawi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612040635/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/syrian-refugees-cost-kingdom-25-billion-year-%E2%80%94-report|archive-date=12 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Bantuan asing hanya mencakup sebagian kecil dari biaya ini, 63% dari total biaya ditanggung oleh Yordania.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/gov%E2%80%99t-readying-refugee-donor-conference|access-date=12 October 2015|date=5 October 2015|work=The Jordan Times|title=Gov't readying for refugee donor conference|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106061021/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/gov%E2%80%99t-readying-refugee-donor-conference|archive-date=6 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Program penghematan diadopsi oleh pemerintah yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi rasio utang terhadap PDB Yordania menjadi 77 persen pada tahun 2021.<ref>{{cite web|work=The Jordan Times|access-date=9 March 2017|first=Omar|last=Obeidat|title=IMF programme to yield budget surplus in 2019|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/imf-programme-yield-budget-surplus-2019%E2%80%99|date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111022238/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/imf-programme-yield-budget-surplus-2019%E2%80%99|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Program tersebut berhasil mencegah kenaikan utang di atas 95% pada 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/75865|title=Slowing Jordan's Slide Into Debt|access-date=31 May 2018|date=22 March 2018|work=Kirk Sowell|publisher=Carnegie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525102243/http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/75865|archive-date=25 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Druze|Orang Druze]] diyakini merupakan sekitar 0,5% dari total populasi Yordania, yaitu sekitar 32.000.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = [[US State Department]] | url = https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51602.htm | title = International Religious Freedom Report | year = 2005}}</ref> Druze, yang menyebut diri mereka sebagai ''al-Muwahhideen'', atau "penganut satu Tuhan", terkonsentrasi di pedesaan, daerah pegunungan di barat dan utara Amman. Meskipun keyakinan awalnya berkembang dari [[Ismailiyah|Islam Ismaili]], kebanyakan Druze tidak mengidentifikasi diri sebagai [[Muslim]],{{efn|Sumber:<ref>{{cite book|title=America & Islam: Soundbites, Suicide Bombs and the Road to Donald Trump|first=Lawrence|last= Pintak|year= 2019| isbn= 9781788315593| page =86|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Templar Spirit: The Esoteric Inspiration, Rituals and Beliefs of the Knights Templar|first=Margaret|last= Jonas|year= 2011| isbn= 9781906999254| page =83|publisher=Temple Lodge Publishing|quote=[Druze] often they are not regarded as being Muslim at all, nor do all the Druze consider themselves as Muslim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are |url=https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/ |website=Arab America |publisher=Arab America |access-date=13 April 2020 |language=en |date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives| first=Dona|last= J. Stewart|year=2008| isbn=9781135980795| page = 33|publisher=Routledge|quote= Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199862634_s2g7| first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad|year=2014| isbn=9780199862634| page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199862634_s2g7/page/142 142]|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is consider distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..}}</ref>}} dan mereka tidak menerima [[Rukun Islam|lima rukun Islam]].<ref>{{cite book|title= The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East|first=Ronald|last= De McLaurin|year= 1979| isbn= 9780030525964| page =114 |publisher=Michigan University Press|quote= Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..}}</ref>

Ada juga [[Afro Yordania|Afro-Yordania]] yakni orang Yordania keturunan Afrika. Mereka berjumlah kurang dari 60.000<ref name="africanviews.org">http://www.africanviews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105 Jordan</ref> dan sebagian besar terkonsentrasi di bagian Barat Daya Yordania.<ref>http://www. name="africanviews.org"/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105 Jordan</ref> Kemudian ada sekitar 5.000 orang [[Armenia Yordania|Armenia]] yang tinggal di negara tersebut pada tahun 2009.<ref name="looklex">{{cite web|url=http://i-cias.com/e.o/jordan_4.htm|title=Jordan: Religions & Peoples<!-- Bot generated title -->|website=i-cias.com|access-date=2011-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220121/http://i-cias.com/e.o/jordan_4.htm|archive-date=2017-12-22|url-status=live}}</ref> Minoritas lainnya ialah orang [[Asiria Yordania|Asiria]] (10.000-15.000),<ref name="Jordan: Assyrian Policy Institute">{{cite web |title= Jordan: Assyrian Policy Institute|url=https://www.assyrianpolicy.org/jordan}}</ref>{{efn|Namun, orang Asiria Yordania sebagian besar bersifat sementara karena mereka adalah pengungsi.<ref name="Jordan: Assyrian Policy Institute">{{cite web |title= Jordan: Assyrian Policy Institute|url=https://www.assyrianpolicy.org/jordan}}</ref>}} orang [[Sirkasia Yordania|Sirkasia]] (100.000–170.000){{efn|Sumber:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Circassians in Jordan|url=https://www.integrationresearch.net/circassians-in-jordan.html|access-date=2020-06-27|website=ImmiSoft – Integration Research Institute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McNeil|first=Sam|title=Jordan royals' Circassian guards a symbol of thriving minority|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/jordan-royals-circassian-guards-a-symbol-of-thriving-minority/|access-date=2020-06-27|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://izrus.co.il/dvuhstoronka/article/2009-04-10/4250.html |title=Израйльский сайт ИзРус |access-date=8 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030205448/http://izrus.co.il/dvuhstoronka/article/2009-04-10/4250.html |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhemukhov|first1=Sufian|title=Circassian World Responses to the New Challenges|journal=PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 54|date=2008|page=2|url=http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/pepm_054.pdf|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref>}} serta orang [[Chechnya Yordania|Chechnya]] (12.000–30.000).<ref>{{cite web |title=Jordan willing to assist Chechnya - King |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/russian-federation/jordan-willing-assist-chechnya-king}}</ref>

Minoritas agama yang lebih kecil termasuk [[Druze]], [[Baháʼí|Baháʼís]]s dan [[Mandean|Mandaea]]. Sebagian besar Druze Yordania tinggal di kota oasis timur Azraq, beberapa desa di perbatasan Suriah, dan kota Zarqa, sedangkan sebagian besar Baháʼí Yordania tinggal di desa Adassiyeh yang berbatasan dengan [[Lembah Yordania]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&pg=PA135|title=Minority Rights in the Middle East|access-date=12 October 2015|date=25 April 2013|first1=Joshua|last1=Castellino|first2=Kathleen A.|last2=Cavanaugh|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=135|isbn=9780199679492|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516201435/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5mRxprCL9MC&pg=PA135|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Diperkirakan 1.400 orang Mandaean tinggal di Amman; mereka datang dari Irak setelah melarikan diri dari penganiayaan invasi 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337|title=Jordan's Mandaean minority fear returning to post-ISIS Iraq|work=The National|access-date=9 June 2018|date=9 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142228/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/jordan-s-mandaean-minority-fear-returning-to-post-isis-iraq-1.738337|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Ashton|first=Nigel|title=King Hussein of Jordan: A Political Life|url=https://archive.org/details/kinghusseinofjor00asht|publisher=Yale University Press|date=2008}} [https://www.amazon.com/King-Hussein-Jordan-Political-Life-ebook/dp/B001IDZMA6/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&qid=1585749018&refinements=p_28%3AKing+Hussein+of+Jordan%3A+A+Political+Life&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203913/https://www.amazon.com/King-Hussein-Jordan-Political-Life-ebook/dp/B001IDZMA6/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&qid=1585749018&refinements=p_28%3AKing+Hussein+of+Jordan%3A+A+Political+Life&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1 |date=8 March 2021 }}

* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=El-Anis |first1=Imad H. |title=Jordan and the United States : the political economy of trade and economic reform in the Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/jordanunitedstat0000elan |date=2011 |publisher=Tauris Academic Studies (diedarkan oleh Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) |location=London |isbn=9781848854710}} Studi kasus perdagangan pakaian, obat-obatan, dan jasa keuangan.

* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=Robins |first1=Philip |title=A history of Jordan |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjordan0000robi |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521598958}}

* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=Ryan |first1=Curtis R. |title=Jordan in transition : from Hussein to Abdullah |url=https://archive.org/details/jordanintransiti0000ryan |date=2002 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |location=Boulder, CO |isbn=9781588261038}}

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