Buckminster Fuller: Perbedaan antara revisi
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|image = BuckminsterFuller1.jpg
|image_size = 220px
|caption = Richard Buckminster Fuller 1972.
|birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1895|07|12}}
|birth_place = [[Milton, Massachusetts]], Amerika Serikat
Baris 10:
|occupation = Desainer, penulis, pencipta
|spouse = {{marriage|Anne Hewlett|1917}}
|education=[[Universitas Harvard]]
|parents =
|children = 2: Allegra Fuller Snyder dan Alexandra yang meninggal saat masih anak-anak}}
[[File:BuckminsterFuller cropped.jpg|thumb|Buckminster Fuller ca 1910.]]
'''Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller''' (
Fuller telah menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku, menciptakan atau mempopulerkan istilah-istilah seperti
▲'''Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller''' ([[12 Juli]] [[1895]] - [[1 Juli]] [[1983]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9365050 |title=Fuller, R. Buckminster |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |author=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2007 |accessdate=20-04-2007}}</ref> adalah seorang [[arsitek]], [[teoretikus sistem]], [[penulis]], [[visioner]], [[desainer]], dan [[pencipta]] berkebangsaan [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]].
Buckminster Fuller adalah
▲Fuller menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku, menciptakan atau mempopulerkan istilah-istilah seperti [[Spaceship Earth]], [[ephemeralization]], dan [[synergetic]]. Dia juga mengembangkan berbagai penemuan, terutama desain-desain arsitektur, dan mempopulerkan "[[kubah geodesik]]". Molekul karbon, yang dikenal sebagai [[fulerena]], dinamakan demikian oleh para ilmuwan karena kemiripannya dengan bola geodesik.
▲Buckminster Fuller adalah presiden kedua di [[Mensa]] dari tahun 1974 hingga 1983.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mensa: The Society for the Highly Intelligent |pages=299, 304 |author=Serebriakoff, Victor |publisher=Stein and Day |year=1986 |isbn=0-8128-3091-1 }}</ref>
== Biografi ==
Fuller lahir pada tanggal 12 Juli 1895 di [[Milton, Massachusetts]], putra dari Richard Buckminster Fuller dan Caroline Wolcott Andrews, dan juga cucu keponakan dari [[Transendentalisme|Transendentalis Amerika]] [[Margaret Fuller]].
Bertahun-tahun kemudian,
=== Pendidikan ===
Fuller kuliah di [[Akademi Milton]] di Massachusetts, dan setelah itu mulai belajar di [[Universitas Harvard]].
=== Pengalaman masa perang ===
Di
|last=Sieden
|first=Lloyd Steven
Baris 34 ⟶ 35:
|year=2000
|title= Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work
|url=https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfulle0000sied
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfulle0000sied/page/84 84]-85
|publisher =Perseus Books Group
|language = Inggris
|quote = However, in 1927 his own financial difficulties forced Mr. Hewlett to sell his stock in the company. Within weeks Stockade Building Systems became a subsidiary of Celotex Corporation, whose primary motivation was akin to that of other conventional companies: making a profit. Celotex management took one look at Stockade's financial records and called for a complete overhaul of the company. The first casualty of the transition was Stockade's controversial president [Buckminster Fuller, who was fired].
Baris 47 ⟶ 49:
|date=01-08-1999
|title= Your Private Sky: R. Buckminster Fuller
|url=https://archive.org/details/yourprivateskyrb0000unse
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/yourprivateskyrb0000unse/page/27 27]
|publisher =Lars Müller Publishers
|language = Inggris
}}</ref> sebelum ulang
Pada tahun 1927, Fuller kehilangan pekerjaannya di Stockade. Keluarga Fuller tidak mempunyai simpanan untuk bangkit kembali, dan kelahiran putrinya, Allegra, pada tahun yang sama menambah beban keuangannya. Selama musim gugur 1927, Fuller bermaksud bunuh diri, sehingga keluarganya dapat memperoleh hasil dari asuransinya.<ref name="Sieden-p87">{{cite book
|last=Sieden
|year=1989
|title= Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work
|url=https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfulle0000sied|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfulle0000sied/page/87 87]
|publisher =Perseus Books Group
|language = Inggris
|quote = ...during 1927, Bucky found himself unemployed with a new daughter to support as winter was approaching. With no steady income the Fuller family was living beyond its means and falling further and further into debt. Searching for solace and escape, Bucky continued drinking and carousing. He also tended to wander aimlessly through the Chicago streets pondering his situation. It was during one such walk that he ventured down to the shore of Lake Michigan on a particularly cold autumn evening and seriously contemplated swimming out until he was exhausted and ending his life.
}}</ref>
Pada khalayak, Fuller terus menceritakan kisah pengalamannya itu dan dampaknya terhadap hidupnya.<ref name="Sieden-1989-Buckminster-Fuller's-Universe" /> Para sejarawan tidak mampu mengidentifikasi bukti langsung pengalaman ini dalam arsip Chronofile Fuller (buku yang berisikan dokumen-dokumen Fuller yang dikumpulkannya sebagai upaya untuk mendokumentasikan hidupnya selengkapa mungkin) tahun 1927, yang disimpan di [[Universitas Stanford]]. Sejarawan Stanford, Barry Katz, berpendapat bahwa cerita bunuh diri ini mungkin mitos yang diciptakan oleh Fuller untuk meringkas periode formatif tersebut dalam kariernya.<ref name="2008-NYTimes-Fuller-Whitney-Museum-of-American-Art">{{cite news
=== Pemulihan ===
Hingga 1928, Fuller tinggal di [[Greenwich Village]] dan menghabiskan banyak waktunya di kafe milik [[Romany Marie]] yang populer,<ref name="HaberGlueck">{{cite web |url= http://www.haberarts.com/fuller.htm |title= Before Buckyballs |first=John |last= Haber |website=Haberarts |quote= [[Isamu Noguchi|Noguchi]], then twenty-five, had already had enough influences for a lifetime — from birth in Los Angeles, to childhood in Japan and [[Barat Tengah Amerika Serikat|the Midwest]], to premedical classes at [[Universitas Columbia|Columbia]], to academic sculpture on the [[Lower East Side]], to Brancusi's circle in Paris. Now his exposure to Modernism and "the American century" received a decidedly New York influence.<br/> "Only two years before, on the brink of suicide, Fuller had decided to remake his life and the world. Why not begin on Minetta Street? In 1929, he was shopping around his first major design, plans for an inexpensive, modular home that others air-lift right where desired. Now, in exchange for meals, he took on the interior decoration and chairs for Marie's new location. He must have stood out in person, too, ever the talkative, handsome visionary in tie and starched collar." <br/> Lihat pula: {{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/19/arts/design/19nogu.html |title= The Architect and the Sculptor: A Friendship of Ideas |first= Grace |last=Glueck |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19-05-2006 | accessdate=27-04-2010 |language=bahasa Inggris}}}}</ref> tempat ia pernah berbincang suatu malam dengan Marie dan [[Eugene O'Neill]] beberapa tahun sebelumnya.<ref name="Sieden-p74">{{cite book|first=Lloyd Steven |last=Sieden |title=Buckminster Fuller's Universe: His Life and Work |url=https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfulle0000sied |pages=[https://archive.org/details/buckminsterfulle0000sied/page/74 74], 119–142 |location=New York |publisher=Perseus Books Group |year=2000 |isbn=0-7382-0379-3 |quote=Although O'Neill soon became well known as a major American playwright, it was Romany Marie who would significantly influence Bucky, becoming his close friend and confidante during the most difficult years of his life. |language=bahasa Inggris}} (kutipan p.74)</ref> Ia menerima pekerjaan mendekorasi interior kafe yang dibayar dengan makanan,<ref name="HaberGlueck"/> memberikan ceramah informal beberapa kali seminggu,<ref name="Sieden-p74"/><ref name="Haskell">{{cite web |url= http://www.kgbbar.com/lit/features/buckminster_ful.html |title= Buckminster Fuller and Isamu Noguchi |first= John |last=Haskell |work= Kraine Gallery Bar Lit |year=2007 |accessdate=09-08-2016|language=bahasa Inggris |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609040231/http://www.kgbbar.com/lit/features/buckminster_ful.html |archivedate=09-06-2008 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> dan memamerkan model rumah Dimaksi, singkatan dari dinamis, maksimum, dan tensi (bertekanan) di kafe tersebut. [[Isamu Noguchi]] mendatangi kafe itu tahun 1929 karena diarahkan oleh [[Constantin Brâncuși]], seorang teman lama Marie.<ref name="HaberGlueck"/><ref name="Biography">{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Schulman |title=Romany Marie: The Queen of Greenwich Village |url=https://archive.org/details/romanymariequeen0000robe |pages=[https://archive.org/details/romanymariequeen0000robe/page/85 85]–86, 109–110 |location=[[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] |publisher=Butler Books |year=2006 |isbn=1-884532-74-8}}</ref> Noguchi dan Fuller dengan cepat berkolaborasi dalam beberapa proyek,<ref name="Haskell"/><ref name="Interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-isamu-noguchi-11906 |title= Oral history interview with Isamu Noguchi, 1973 Nov. 7-Dec. 26 |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |work=Archives of American Art |language=bahasa Inggris |accessdate=09-08-2016}}</ref> termasuk membuat model mobil Dimaksi berdasarkan karya terbaru [[Aurel Persu]].<ref name="Gorman">{{cite web |url= http://hotgates.stanford.edu/Bucky/dymaxion/noguchi.htm |title= Passenger Files: Isamu Noguchi, 1904–1988 |first= Michael John |last= Gorman |work= Towards a cultural history of Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Car |publisher= [[Stanford University|Stanford]] Humanities Lab |date= 12-03-2002 |access-date= 2016-08-10 |archive-date= 2007-06-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070613214749/http://hotgates.stanford.edu/Bucky/dymaxion/noguchi.htm |dead-url= yes }} Termasuk beberapa gambar.</ref> Itu adalah awal dari persahabatan mereka yang abadi.
== Konsep dan bangunan ==
Konsep dan bangunan yang dibuatnya termasuk:
{|
|
*
* Rumah Fuller - Carbondale, Illinois [http://www.loc.gov/item/il0995/]
* [[Peta Dymaxion]] dunia ([[1946]]) ▼
*
*
* Struktur [[tensegritas]] ([[1949]])
|
* [[Kubah geodesik]] untuk Ford Motor Company ([[1953]])
* Paten untuk kubah-kubah geodesik ([[1954]])
* [[World Game]] ([[1961]]) dan [[World Game Institute]] ([[1972]])
* Paten untuk [[
* Kubah Geodesik Dewan Tunku, KOMTAR, [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pht.org.my/penang-story-lecture-komtar-and-the-buckminster-fuller-connection/ |title=Penang Story Lecture: KOMTAR and the Buckminster Fuller Connection |website=Penang Heritage Trust |language=bahasa Inggris |accessdate=09-08-2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://penangmonthly.com/raising-komtar/ |title=Raising KOMTAR |website=Penang Monthly |language=bahasa Inggris |accessdate=09-08-2016 |archive-date=2016-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021050918/http://penangmonthly.com/raising-komtar/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* Ilmu desain antisipatif komprehensif<ref>{{cite web |last=Salsbury |first=Patrick G. |year=2000 |url=http://www.miqel.com/fuller_design_science/design_science_basics.html |title=Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science; An Introduction |website=Miqel.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315004657/http://miqel.com/fuller_design_science/design_science_basics.html |archivedate=15-03-2016 |language=bahasa Inggris |accessdate=09-08-2016}}</ref>
|}
==
* ''4-D Timelock'' (1928)
* ''Nine Chains to the Moon'' (1938)
* ''Untitled Epic Poem on the History of Industrialization'' (1962)
* ''Education Automation: Freeing the Scholar to Return to his Studies'' (1962, ISBN 0-8093-0137-7)
* ''Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth'' (1969, ISBN 0-525-47433-1) - online at http://www.bfi.org/operating_manual.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030603210742/http://www.bfi.org/operating_manual.htm |date=2003-06-03 }}
* ''Your Private Sky'' (ISBN 3-907044-88-6)
* ''Ideas and Integrities'' (1969, ASIN 0020926308)
Baris 115 ⟶ 124:
* [[Shoji Sadao]]
* [[Kenneth Snelson]]
== Referensi ==▼
{{Reflist|2}}▼
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 123 ⟶ 135:
* [http://www.zometool.com/ Build Genius: Zome System]
* [http://www.cjfearnley.com/fuller-faq.html FAQ - R. Buckminster Fuller]
* [http://www.newciv.org/worldtrans/whole/bucky.html Fuller, R. Buckminster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010803013138/http://newciv.org/worldtrans/whole/bucky.html |date=2001-08-03 }} - mencantumkan daftar buku yang ditulis tentang dan oleh Fuller
* [http://www.thirteen.org/bucky R. Buckminster Fuller on PBS]
* [http://www.usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2004/sr04_043.htm USPS Press Release] - Information tentang prangko mengenang Fuller
* [http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,64155,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_5 Wired News Article]
{{Authority control}}
▲== Referensi ==
▲{{Reflist|2}}
{{lifetime|1895|1983|Fuller, Buckminster}}
[[Kategori:
[[Kategori:Arsitek Amerika Serikat|Fuller, Richard]]
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