Hilal Subur: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[File:Map_of_fertile_crescentMap of fertile crescent.svg|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Map_of_fertile_crescent.svg|jmpl|319x319px|Peta yang menggambarkan area hilal subur secara umum, termasuk Siprus]]

[[File:Fertile_Crescent_concept_1916Fertile Crescent concept 1916.png|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Fertile_Crescent_concept_1916.png|ka|jmpl|260x260px|Peta Hilal Subur tahun 1916 oleh James Henri Breasted yang pertama kali memperkenalkan istilah ini.]]

Istilah berbahasa Inggris ''fertile crescent'', yang kemudian diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia menjadi ''hilal subur'' atau ''bulan sabit subur'', diperkenalkan oleh seorang arkeolog bernama [[James Henri Breasted]] dalam kedua karyanya, ''Outlines of European History'' (1914) dan ''Ancient Times, A History of the Early World'' (1916).<ref name="Breasted 1914/1916">{{cite book|last=Abt|first=Jeffrey|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEc0bc93LwYC|title=American Egyptologist: the life of James Henry Breasted and the creation of his Oriental Institute|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-0011-04|pages=193–194, 436}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goodspeed|first=George Stephen|year=1904|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00gooduoft|title=A History of the ancient world: for high schools and academies|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00gooduoft/page/5 5]–6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Breasted|first=James Henry|year=1914|title=Outlines of European history, Vol. 1|location=Boston|publisher=Ginn|editor1-last=Robinson|editor1-first=James Harvey|pages=56–57|chapter=Earliest man, the Orient, Greece, and Rome|editor2-last=Breasted|editor2-first=James Henry|editor3-last=Beard|editor3-first=Charles A.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/download/outlinesofeurope01robi/outlinesofeurope01robi.pdf}} "The Ancient Orient" map is inserted between pages 56 and 57.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Breasted|first=James Henry|year=1916|url=https://archive.org/download/cu31924027764996/cu31924027764996.pdf|title=Ancient times, a history of the early world: an introduction to the study of ancient history and the career of early man|location=Boston|publisher=Ginn|pages=100–101}} "The Ancient Oriental World" map is inserted between pages 100 and 101.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Clay|first=Albert T.|year=1924|title=The so-called Fertile Crescent and desert bay|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_1924-09_44/page/186|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=44|pages=186–201|doi=10.2307/593554|jstor=593554}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kuklick|first=Bruce|year=1996|title=Puritans in Babylon: the ancient Near East and American intellectual life, 1880–1930|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02582-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/puritansinbabylo0000kukl/page/241 241]|chapter=Essay on methods and sources|quote=Textbooks...The true texts brought all of these strands together, the most important being James Henry Breasted, ''Ancient Times: A History of the Early World'' (Boston, 1916), but a predecessor, George Stephen Goodspeed, ''A History of the Ancient World'' (New York, 1904), is outstanding. Goodspeed, who taught at Chicago with Breasted, antedated him in the conception of a 'crescent' of civilization.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/puritansinbabylo0000kukl|chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[File:Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BCFertile crescent Neolithic B circa 7500 BC.jpg|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg|jmpl|Peta daerah Hilal Subur sekitar tahun 7500 SM dengan titik-titik penting periode [[Neolitikum Prakeramik]]. Daerah utama Mesopotamia pada waktu itu belum dihidupi manusia. Dalam peta ini juga terdapat [[Göbekli Tepe]], sebuah situs di [[Turki]] modern yang berasal dari sekitar tahun 9000 SM.]]

Genus pohon [[Ficus|''[[ficus'']]'' tak berbiji, yang diperkirakan sudah ada sejak zaman prasejarah, ditemukan di [[Gilgal I]] di [[Lembah Yordania]]. Dengan demikian, genus pohon tersebut diperkirakan sudah ditanam di daerah itu sejak 11.400 tahun yang lalu.<ref>{{cite news|last=Norris|first=Scott|date=1 June 2006|title=Ancient Fig Find May Push Back Birth of Agriculture|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/06/060601-agriculture.html|work=[[National Geographic Society]]|publisher=[[National Geographic News]]|access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> Di Suriah, sereal sudah digunakan sebagai tanaman panen sejak kira-kira 9.000 tahun yang lalu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Genographic Project: The Development of Agriculture|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture/|work=[[National Geographic]]|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Kucing kecil (''Felis silvestris'') juga dijinakkan di daerah ini.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Driscoll|first1=Carlos A.|last2=Menotti-Raymond|first2=Marilyn|last3=Roca|first3=Alfred L.|last4=Hupe|first4=Karsten|last5=Johnson|first5=Warren E.|last6=Geffen|first6=Eli|last7=Harley|first7=Eric H.|last8=Delibes|first8=Miguel|last9=Pontier|first9=Dominique|date=27 July 2007|title=The near eastern origin of cat domestication|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=317|issue=5837|pages=519–523|bibcode=2007Sci...317..519D|doi=10.1126/science.1139518|pmc=5612713|pmid=17600185|first13=David W.|last13=Macdonald|author13-link=David Macdonald (biologist)|author12-link=Stephen J. O'Brien|last12=O'Brien|first12=Stephen J.|last11=Yamaguchi|first11=Nobuyuki|first10=Andrew C.|last10=Kitchener}}</ref> [[Legum]] seperti [[kacang]], [[lentil]] dan [[kacang arab]] juga pertama kali ditumbuhkan di daerah ini.

[[File:Maunsell's_maps map,_Pre Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_AsiaWorld War I British Ethnographical Map of eastern Turkey in Asia,_Syria_and_western_Persia_01 Syria and western Persia 01.jpg|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Maunsell's_map,_Pre-World_War_I_British_Ethnographical_Map_of_eastern_Turkey_in_Asia,_Syria_and_western_Persia_01.jpg|jmpl|Peta Maunsell, sebuah Peta Etnografis Britania Praperang Dunia I yang menunjukkan daerah Hilal Subur]]

[[File:Diffusion_of_agriculture_from_the_Fertile_Crescent_after_9000_BCDiffusion of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent after 9000 BC.jpg|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Diffusion_of_agriculture_from_the_Fertile_Crescent_after_9000_BC.jpg|jmpl|Difusi pertanian dari Hilal Subur setelah tahun 9000 SM]]

Analisis modern<ref name="PNAS">{{cite journal|last1=Brace|first1=C. Loring|last2=Seguchi|first2=Noriko|last3=Quintyn|first3=Conrad B.|last4=Fox|first4=Sherry C.|last5=Nelson|first5=A. Russell|last6=Manolis|first6=Sotiris K.|last7=Qifeng|first7=Pan|year=2006|title=The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA]]|volume=103|issue=1|pages=242–247|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..242B|doi=10.1073/pnas.0509801102|pmc=1325007|pmid=16371462|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ricaut|first1=F. X.|last2=Waelkens|first2=M.|date=Aug 2008|title=Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements|journal=[[Human Biology (journal)|Human Biology]]|volume=80|issue=5|pages=535–564|doi=10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535|pmid=19341322|s2cid=25142338}}</ref> yang membandingkan 24 pengukuran kraniofasial menunjukkan tingkat keberagaman manusia yang tinggi dalam daerah Hilal Subur pada masa pra-[[Neolitikum]], [[Neolitikum]], dan [[zaman Perunggu]].<ref name="PNAS" /> Analisis ini mendukung anggapan bahwa terdapat beberapa jenis masyarakat manusia yang menduduki daerah ini pada masa-masa tersebut.<ref name="PNAS" /><ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003663/ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Barker|first=G.|year=2002|title=Transitions to farming and pastoralism in North Africa|work=Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis|editor-last1=Bellwood|editor-first1=P.|pages=151–161|editor-last2=Renfrew|editor-first2=C.}}</ref><ref>Bar-Yosef O (1987), "Pleistocene connections between Africa and SouthWest Asia: an archaeological perspective", ''The African Archaeological Review''; Chapter 5, pp 29–38</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kislev|first1=ME|last2=Hartmann|first2=A|last3=Bar-Yosef|first3=O|year=2006|title=Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley|journal=Science|volume=312|issue=5778|pages=1372–1374|bibcode=2006Sci...312.1372K|doi=10.1126/science.1125910|pmid=16741119|s2cid=42150441}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lancaster|first=Andrew|year=2009|title=Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35|url=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|volume=5|issue=1|access-date=2022-01-29|archive-date=2016-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150956/http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>Findings include remains of food items carried to the [[Levant]] from [[North Africa]] —— [[Parthenocarpic]] [[Ficus|figs]] and [[Nile]] [[shellfish]] (please refer to [[Natufian culture#Long-distance exchange]]).</ref> Sebaliknya, pada masa yang sama, di daerah [[Basque]] dan [[Kepulauan Canaria]], anggapan tersebut sama sekali tidak berdasar karena berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat kuno di daerah itu "jelas-jelas terhubung dengan orang Eropa modern". Selain itu, meskipun ada beberapa ilmuwan yang berpendapat lain, tidak ada bukti penelitian yang menunjukkan pengaruh [[Cro-Magnon]].<ref name="PNAS" />

Penelitian-penelitian yang ada juga menunjukkan bahwa terjadi suatu difusi: masyarakat beragam yang tinggal di daerah Hilal Subur ini kemudian banyak bermigrasi ke daerah lain. Pada awalnya, mereka berpindah dari [[Timur Dekat]]: ke arah barat menuju [[Eropa]] dan [[Afrika Utara]], arah utara menuju [[Krimea]] dan arah timur laut menuju [[Mongolia]].<ref name="PNAS" /> Sepanjang perjalanan, kelompok-kelompok ini masih menjaga kebiasaan bertani dan mengembangkan keluarga dengan masyarakat pemburu-pengumpul yang mereka temui. Pandangan ini didukung oleh penelitian-penelitian genetis<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chicki|first1=L|last2=Nichols|first2=RA|last3=Barbujani|first3=G|last4=Beaumont|first4=MA|year=2002|title=Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA|volume=99|issue=17|pages=11008–11013|bibcode=2002PNAS...9911008C|doi=10.1073/pnas.162158799|pmc=123201|pmid=12167671|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311042315/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03 Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Semino|first1=O.|last2=Magri|first2=C.|last3=Benuzzi|first3=G.|display-authors=etal|date=May 2004|title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1023–34|doi=10.1086/386295|pmc=1181965|pmid=15069642}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1715849&blobtype=pdf "Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool"], Cavalli-Sforza 1997.</ref><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/95/15/9053 "Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene"], Chikhi 1997.</ref> dan arkeologis.<ref name="PNAS" /><ref>M. Zvelebil, in ''Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming'', M. Zvelebil (editor), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (1986) pp. 5–15, 167–188.</ref><ref>P. Bellwood, ''First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies,'' Blackwell: Malden, MA (2005).</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dokládal|first1=M.|last2=Brožek|first2=J.|year=1961|title=Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1961-12_2_5/page/455|journal=Curr. Anthropol.|volume=2|issue=5|pages=455–477|doi=10.1086/200228|s2cid=161324951}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bar-Yosef|first1=O.|year=1998|title=The Natufian culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture|journal=Evol. Anthropol.|volume=6|issue=5|pages=159–177|doi=10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::aid-evan4>3.0.co;2-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zvelebil|first1=M.|year=1989|title=On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_1989-06_63_239/page/379|journal=Antiquity|volume=63|issue=239|pages=379–383|doi=10.1017/s0003598x00076110}}</ref>

[[Kategori:Wilayah sejarahhistoris]]