Haji: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Haji''' ({{IPAc-en|h|æ|dʒ}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hajj "Hajj"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230150928/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hajj |date=2014-12-30 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{lang-ar|{{large|حج|}}}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Ḥaǧǧ}}'' "[[wikt:ziarah|ziarah]]") adalah ziarah Islam tahunan ke [[Mekkah]], kota suci umat [[Islam]], dan kewajiban wajib bagi umat Islam yang harus dilakukan setidaknya sekali seumur hidup mereka oleh semua orang Muslim dewasa yang secara fisik dan finansial mampu melakukan perjalanan, dan dapat mendukung keluarga mereka selama ketidakhadiran mereka.<ref name=Marshall86>{{cite book |last=Long |first=Matthew |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA86 |access-date=2 September 2014 |year=2011 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nigosian |first=S. A. |title= Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my7hnALd_NkC&pg=PA110|year=2004 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[Indiana]] |isbn= 0-253-21627-3 |page=110}}</ref><ref>[http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs - Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002114437/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/islam |date=2011-10-02 }} See drop-down essay on "Islamic Practices"</ref> Ini adalah satu dari [[Rukun Islam|lima Rukun Islam]], di samping [[Syahadat]], [[Salat]], [[Zakat]], dan ''[[puasa|Sawm]]''. Haji adalah pertemuan tahunan terbesar orang-orang di dunia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mosher |first=Lucinda |title=Praying: The Rituals of Faith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2b7fmfvpYZYC&pg=PA155 |access-date=18 September 2014 |year=2005 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |isbn=9781596270169 |page=155}}</ref><ref name="time 2013"/> Keadaan yang secara fisik dan finansial mampu melakukan ibadah haji disebut ''istita'ah'', dan seorang Muslim yang memenuhi syarat ini disebut ''mustati''. Haji adalah demonstrasi solidaritas orang-orang Muslim, dan ketundukan mereka kepada [[Tuhan]] ([[Allah]]).<ref name=Nigosian111/><ref>{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=M. B. |title=Indonesian Syariah: Defining a National School of Islamic Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-a1k57q6GmwC&pg=PT252 |access-date=6 October 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=9789812308023 |page=228}}</ref> Kata Haji berarti "berniat melakukan perjalanan", yang berkonotasi baik tindakan luar dari perjalanan dan tindakan ke dalam niat.<ref name=Adelowo395>{{cite book | editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |year=2014 |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |location=Ibadan |isbn=9789780814472 |page=395}}</ref>

Setelah salat [[subuh|pagi (subuh)]] di 8 Zulhijah, jamaah pergi ke [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] di mana mereka menghabiskan waktu untuk melaksanakan salat [[zuhur|tengah hari (dzuhur)]], [[Asar|sore (ashar)]], [[maghrib|petang (maghrib)]], dan [[Isya'|malam (isya)]].<ref name=Adelowo403>{{cite book |editor1-first=E. Dada |editor1-last=Adelowo |title=Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 |year=2014 |publisher=HEBN Publishers Plc |location=Ibadan |isbn=9789780814472 |page=403 |access-date=2017-05-09 |archive-date=2023-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813004552/https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA403 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Keesokan paginya setelah salat pagi, mereka meninggalkan Mina menuju Arafat.

Walaupun berbagai upaya keamanan dilakukan, berbagai insiden masih terjadi ketika musim Haji. [[Tragedi Mina 2015|kecelakaan Haji 2015]], menyebabkan 769 meninggal dan melukai 934 lainnya, berdasarkan data pemerintah Arab Saudi.<ref name="Gambrell" /><ref name="BBC-25SEP">{{cite news|title=Hajj stampede: Saudis face growing criticism over deaths|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34357383|accessdate=25 September 2015|work=BBC|date=25 September 2015|archive-date=2020-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331200127/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34357383|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sebuah laporan dari Associated Press menjumlahkan total sedikitnya 1470 korban dari laporan resmi negara lain, membuat kecelakaan tersebut menjadi kecelakaan paling mematikan hingga saat ini.<ref name="Gambrell">{{cite news|title=Saudi crush was deadliest hajj tragedy ever|url=https://news.yahoo.com/ap-exclusive-saudi-hajj-disaster-deadliest-ever-strike-111906027.html|accessdate=10 October 2015|work=Associated Press|date=10 October 2015|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6cAfdtwRo?url=http://news.yahoo.com/ap-exclusive-saudi-hajj-disaster-deadliest-ever-strike-111906027.html|archivedate=2015-10-10|dead-url=no}}</ref> Isu lain muncul di 2013 dan 2014 tentang penyebaran virus [[Middle East respiratory syndrome|MERS]] karena antrian massa Haji.<ref name="time 2013">{{cite news | url=http://science.time.com/2013/10/16/as-the-hajj-unfolds-in-saudi-arabia-a-deep-look-inside-the-battle-against-mers/ | title=As the Hajj Unfolds in Saudi Arabia, A Deep Look Inside the Battle Against MERS | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=16 October 2013 | accessdate=17 October 2013 | last=Katz | first=Andrew | archive-date=2020-02-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229080716/https://science.time.com/2013/10/16/as-the-hajj-unfolds-in-saudi-arabia-a-deep-look-inside-the-battle-against-mers/ | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Eaves |first1=Elisabeth |title=WHO's Maurizio Barbeschi Talks About MERS and Mass Events |url=http://thebulletin.org/whos-maurizio-barbeschi-talks-about-mers-and-mass-events7230 |publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |date=9 June 2014 |accessdate=9 June 2014 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200759/http://thebulletin.org/whos-maurizio-barbeschi-talks-about-mers-and-mass-events7230 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Menteri Kesehatan Arab Saudi Abdullah Al-Rabia mengatakan bahwa otoritasnya tidak menemukan kasus MERS pada jamaah sejauh ini.<ref name="vancouversun">{{cite news | url=http://www.vancouversun.com/health/Spain+reports+first+MERS+case+woman+travelled+Saudi+Arabia+Hajj/9133754/story.html | title=Spain reports its first MERS case; woman travelled to Saudi Arabia for Hajj | newspaper=The Vancouver Sun | date=7 November 2013 | accessdate=12 November 2013 | last=Branswell | first=Helen | agency=The Canadian Press | archive-date=2018-12-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120349/http://www.vancouversun.com/health/Spain+reports+first+MERS+case+woman+travelled+Saudi+Arabia+Hajj/9133754/story.html%20 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ia juga berkata bahwa, dari sekian banyak kasus MERS, Arab Saudi siap untuk musim Haji 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barasheed|first1=Osamah|last2=Rashid|first2=Harunor|last3=Heron|first3=Leon|last4=Ridda|first4=Iman|last5=Haworth|first5=Elizabeth|last6=Nguyen-Van-Tam|first6=Jonathan|last7=Dwyer|first7=Dominic E.|last8=Booy|first8=Robert|title=Influenza Vaccination Among Australian Hajj Pilgrims: Uptake, Attitudes, and Barriers|journal=Journal of Travel Medicine|date=November 2014|volume=21|issue=6|pages=384–390|doi=10.1111/jtm.12146 |issn=1195-1982}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hajj pilgrimage to continue despite deadly MERS Epidemic|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/hajj-pilgrimage-to-continue-despite-deadly-mers-epidemic/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=23 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425003041/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/hajj-pilgrimage-to-continue-despite-deadly-mers-epidemic/|dead-url=no}}</ref>