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[[Berkas:Pipettes.jpg|jmpl|ka|350px|Berbagai macam pipet]]
{{inuse}}
[[Berkas:Pipettes.jpg|jempol|kanan|350px|Berbagai macam pipet]]
'''Pipet''', atau alat penetes [[kimia|cairan kimia]], adalah alat laboratorium yang digunakan untuk memindahkan volume cairan terukur.
== Penggunaan dan keanekaragaman ==
[[Berkas:RIAN archive 407191 Volgodonsk Nuclear Power Station.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Ilmuwan menggunakan pipet di sebuah laboratorium di Rusia.]]
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[[File:RIAN archive 407191 Volgodonsk Nuclear Power Station.jpg|left|thumb|Scientists using pipettes in a laboratory in Russia.]]
Pipettes are commonly used in [[molecular biology]], [[analytical chemistry]] as well as [[medical]] tests. Pipettes come in several designs for various purposes with differing levels of [[accuracy and precision]], from single piece glass pipettes to more complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Many pipette types work by creating a partial [[vacuum]] above the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense.
Pipet biasa digunakan dalam pengujian-pengujian [[biologi molekular]], [[kimia analitik]], juga [[kedokteran]]. Pipet dibuat dalam berbagai macam jenis untuk tujuan yang berbeda-beda dengan tingkat ketelitian dan ketepatan yang berbeda-beda pula, mulai dari pipet beling tunggal sampai ke pipet yang dapat ditala secara kompleks, atau juga pipet elektronik. Banyak jenis pipet bekerja dengan membuat [[hampa udara|ruang hampa]] sebagian di atas ruang tampung cairan dan secara selektif melepaskan ruang hampa ini untuk menghentikan dan melepaskan cairan.
Pipettes that dispense between 1 and 1000 [[microlitre|μl]] are termed [[micropipette]]s, while ''macropipettes'' dispense a greater volume of liquid. Two types of micropipettes are generally used: air-displacement pipettes and positive-displacement pipettes. In particular, piston-driven air-displacement pipettes are micropipettes which dispense an adjustable volume of liquid from a disposable tip. The pipette body contains a plunger, which provides the suction to pull liquid into the tip when the piston is compressed and released. The maximum displacement of the plunger is set by a dial on the pipette body, allowing the delivery volume to be changed.
Larger capacity tubular pipettes, such as volumetric or graduated pipettes, are used by temporarily attaching a pipetting dispenser.
'''''Pipetting syringes''''' typically handle volumes in the 0.5mL to 25mL range, for aliquot transfer and incremental dispensing in titrations, with a positive displacement method of operation. No disposable tips or pipetting aids are needed with the pipetting syringe.
-->
Pipet yang melepaskan 1 sampai 1000 [[mikroliter|μl]] cairan diistilahkan sebagai [[mikropipet]], sedangkan ''makropipet'' melepaskan volume cairan yang lebih banyak. Dua jenis mikropipet yang umum digunakan: pipet pemindahan udara dan pipet pemindahan positif. Secara khusus, pipet pemindahan udara berbantuan piston adalah mikropipet yang melepaskan volume cairan terukur dari sebuah ujung yang sekali pakai. Badan pipet memiliki sebuah penyelam, yang menyediakan alat isap untuk menarik cairan ke ujung ketika piston ditekan dan dilepaskan. Perpindahan maksimum penyelam ini diatur oleh alat tekan di atas badan pipet, memungkinkan volume kiriman dapat diubah-ubah. Pipet tabung berdaya tampung lebih besar, seperti volumetrik atau pipet graduat, digunakan secara sementara dengan menyertakan sebuah dispenser pipet.
== Pipet pemindah udara berbantuan piston ==
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[[File:Single channel rack.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Single-Channel Pipettes designed to handle 1-5ml and 100-1000µl with locking system]]
{{main|Air displacement pipette}}
'''''Pipet jarum suntik''''' biasanya menangani volume cairan antara 0,5 ml sampai 25 ml, untuk transfer alikuot dan pelepasan tambahan pada proses titrasi, dengan suatu metode operasi pemindahan positif. Tidak ada kiat atau bantuan pemipetan sekali pakai yang diperlukan pada pipet jarum suntik.
These pipettes operate by [[piston]]-driven [[air]] displacement. A vacuum is generated by the vertical travel of a metal or ceramic piston within an airtight sleeve. As the piston moves upward, driven by the depression of the plunger, a vacuum is created in the space left vacant by the piston. Air from the tip rises to fill the space left vacant, and the tip air is then replaced by the liquid, which is drawn up into the tip and thus available for transport and dispensing elsewhere. These pipettes are capable of being very precise and accurate, however, being air displacement, are subject to inaccuracies caused by the changing environment, particularly temperature and user technique. For these reasons this equipment must be carefully maintained and calibrated, and users must be trained to exercise correct and consistent technique.
These micropipette were invented and patented 1960 by Dr. Hanns Schmitz ([[Marburg]]/ Germany). Afterwards, the co-founder of the biotechnology company [[Eppendorf (company)|Eppendorf]], Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited the rights and initiated the global and general use of micropipettes in labs. In 1972, the adjustable micropipette was invented at the University of Wisconsin-Madison by several people, primarily Warren Gilson and Henry Lardy.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Zinnen
| first = Tom
| author-link =
| title = The Micropipette Story
| date = June 2004
| year =
| url = http://www.biotech.wisc.edu/outreach/pipettestory.html
| accessdate = November 12, 2011}}</ref>
== Pipet pemindahan udara berbantuan piston ==
Several different type of air displacement pipettes exist:
[[Berkas:Single channel rack.jpg|ka|jmpl|100px|Pipet bercelah tunggal dirancang untuk menangani 1-5 ml dan 100-1.000 µl dengan sistem penguncian.]]
* '''adjustable''' or '''fixed'''
* '''volume''' handled
* '''Single-channel''', '''multi-channel''' or '''repeater'''
* '''conical tips''' or '''cylindrical tips'''
* '''standard''' or '''locking'''
* '''manual''' or '''electronic'''
* '''manufacturer'''
-->
Pipet jenis ini bekerja dengan metode pemindahan [[udara]] berbantuan [[piston]]. Ruang hampa dihasilkan dengan menggerakkan piston logam atau keramik pada arah vertikal di dalam lengan yang kedap udara. Ketika piston bergerak ke atas, dikendalikan oleh penurunan penyelam, ruang hampa yang tercipta di dalam ruang itu ditinggalkan tetap kosong oleh piston. Udara dari ujung naik memenuhi sisa ruang yang kosong itu, dan udara di ujung kemudian digantikan oleh cairan, yakni dipaksa naik ke ujung dan dengan demikian menjadi tersedia untuk proses pengangkutan dan pelepasan di manapun. Pipet jenis ini memiliki kemampuan yang sangat tepat dan teliti, tetapi justru pemindahan udara menjadi faktor ketidaktelitian, yang disebabkan oleh berubahnya lingkungan, khususnya suhu dan kecakapan teknis pengguna. Untuk alasan inilah alat ini mesti dipelihara dan dikalibrasi secara saksama, dan pengguna mesti dilatih untuk menjalakan teknik yang tepat dan konsisten.
== Pipet pemindah positif ==
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These are similar to air displacement pipettes, but are less commonly used and are used to avoid contamination and for volatile or viscous substances at small volumes, such as DNA. The major difference is that the disposable tip is a microsyringe (plastic), composed of a plunger which directly displaces the liquid.
<gallery>
File:Positive displacement.jpg|Positive displacement pipette
File:Pos pipette showing grappler.jpg|The [[Chuck (engineering)|chuck]] which will be used to move the plunger
File:early pipette.jpg|An early pipette
</gallery>
-->
Mikropipet ini ditemukan dan dipatenkan pada tahun 1960 oleh Dr. Hanns Schmitz ([[Marburg]], [[Jerman]]). Setelah itu, mitra penemu dari perusahaan bioteknologi [[Eppendorf (perusahaan)|Eppendorf]], Dr. Heinrich Netheler, mewarisi hak-hak yang melekat pada paten itu dan memulai penggunaan mikropipet secara umum dan luas di laboratorium-laboratorium di dunia. Pada tahun 1972, mikropipet yang dapat ditala ditemukan di [[Universitas Wisconsin–Madison]] oleh beberapa orang, terkhusus Warren Gilson dan Henry Lardy.<ref>{{Citation | last = Zinnen | first = Tom | author-link = | title = The Micropipette Story | date = June 2004 | year = | url = http://www.biotech.wisc.edu/outreach/pipettestory.html | accessdate = November 12, 2011 | archive-date = 2009-12-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091226211741/http://biotech.wisc.edu/outreach/pipettestory.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
== Kalibrasi pipet ==
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'''Pipette recalibration'''<ref>[http://www.accumaximum.com/pipette_calibration.html '''What is Pipette Calibration?''']</ref> is one of the significant parts in maintaining high quality standards that every laboratory strives for. It is the act of examining or adjusting the quality of being near to the true value of a measuring device by comparison with a standard. Pipette calibration is essential to ensure that the instrument is working according to expectations and as per the defined regimes or work protocols. Pipette calibration is considered to be a complex affair because it includes many elements of calibration procedure and several calibration protocol options as well as makes and models of pipettes to consider.
Beberapa jenis pipet pemindahan udara:
'''Factors to consider while calibrating pipettes'''
* '''yang dapat ditala''' atau '''yang tidak dapat ditala'''
* ramah '''volume'''
* '''bercelah tunggal''', '''bercelah banyak''' atau '''pengulang'''
* '''berujung kerucut''' atau '''berujung silinder'''
* '''standar''' atau '''berkunci'''
* '''manual''' atau '''elektronik'''
* '''untuk penggunaan industri/pabrik'''
== Pipet pemindahan positif ==
There are numerous things to consider during pipette calibration, either if the laboratory performs the process themselves or if undertaken by a third party. It includes the following;<ref>[http://www.accumaximum.com/pipette_calibration.html Different types of calibration with process overview]</ref>
Pipet pemindahan positif adalah serupa dengan pipet pemindahan udara, tetapi jarang dipergunakan dan biasanya digunakan untuk menghindari pencemaran dan untuk senyawa-senyawa yang mudah menguap atau terlalu kental pada volume yang sedikit, seperti [[Asam deoksiribonukleat|ADN]]. Perbedaan yang besar adalah bahwa ujung sekali pakai yang digunakan merupakan sebuah jarum suntik mikro berbahan plastik, tersusun atas sebuah penyelam yang secara langsung memindahkan cairan.
== Kalibrasi pipet ==
* Operator training applications
[[Kalibrasi]] pipet<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accumaximum.com/pipette_calibration.html |title='''Apakah arti dari kalibrasi pipet?''' |access-date=2012-05-29 |archive-date=2013-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630135245/http://www.accumaximum.com/pipette_calibration.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> adalah salah satu bagian terpenting dalam pemeliharaan baku mutu yang tinggi yang mesti dijaga oleh pihak laboratorium. Kalibrasi pipet adalah tindakan pemeriksaan atau pengaturan ulang nilai sejati [[alat ukur]], dalam hal ini pipet, dengan cara dibandingkan dengan alat standar/tolok ukur. Kalibrasi adalah penting untuk memastikan bahwa alat yang digunakan dapat bekerja dengan benar dan baik menurut pengharapan dan berdasarkan aturan-aturan yang telah mapan atau protokol-protokol kerja lainnya. Kalibrasi pipet dipandang sebagai urusan yang rumit karena ia melibatkan banyak unsur prosedur kalibrasi dan beberapa pilihan protokol kalibrasi, juga menentukan model pipet yang dijadikan tolak ukur.
* Accuracy and precision of liquid volumes
* Other external factors
-->
=== Faktor-faktor yang perlu diperhatikan ===
== Pipet berbantuan vakum ==
Ada banyak hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada saat kalibrasi pipet, baik itu dilakukan oleh pihak laboratorium sendiri maupun oleh pihak ketiga. Beberapa di antaranya adalah;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accumaximum.com/pipette_calibration.html |title=Jenis-jenis kalibrasi beserta tinjauan proses |access-date=2012-05-29 |archive-date=2013-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630135245/http://www.accumaximum.com/pipette_calibration.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
<!--
* Aplikasi pelatihan operator
[[File:Serological pippette.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Serological pipettes are used for large volumes and for sterile work, but require a pipette dispenser]]
* Ketelitian dan ketepatan volume cairan
* Faktor-faktor lainnya
Non-piston-driven vacuum assisted pipettes are hollow narrow cylinders which work like a straw and require the use of some kind of additional suction device.
Originally pipettes were made of soda-lime glass, but currently many are made of borosilicate glass which is tougher and more chemically resistant. Disposable and single use pipettes are often made of polystyrene. All of these are commonly used in chemistry, mainly with aqueous solutions. There are two types. One type, the volumetric(or bulb)pipette, has generally a large bulge with a long narrow portion above with a single graduation mark as it is calibrated for a single volume. Typical volumes are 10, 25, and 50 mL. The second type, the graduated pipette, is straight-walled and as the name implies has graduation marks along most of its length.
The pipette is filled by dipping the tip in the fluid, then drawing up the liquid by using a pipette filler to create a partial vacuum above the fluid. The surface of the fluid inside the pipette is generally concave and this is called the fluid meniscus. The fluid level is read at the bottom of the meniscus and by aligning it with the graduation marks while holding the pipette at eye level. Liquid is dispensed by releasing the vacuum created by the pipette filler ; slow release for gradual dispensing and complete removal for fast dispensing. With safe fluids the finger may be used on the open end of the pipette to control the vacuum. While moving the pipette to the receiving vessel, care must be taken not to shake the pipette because the column of fluid may "bounce". Complete emptying of the pipette is accomplished by either blowing the pipette out with air from the filler (blow-out pipettes), or touching the tip against the side of the receiving vessel, according to pipette type.
-->
=== Pipet volumetrik ===
<!--
{{main|Volumetric pipettes}}
[[Volumetric pipettes]] allow the user to measure a volume of solution extremely accurately and then add it to something else. They are commonly used to make laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as prepare solutions for [[titration]]. They are typically marked to indicate one single volume in a particular size pipette (as are volumetric flasks). Many different sizes are available.
-->
=== Pipet ukur ===
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Graduated pipettes use a series of marked lines (as on a [[graduated cylinder]]) to indicate different calibrated volumes. These also come in a variety of sizes. These are used much like a burette, in that the volume is found by calculating the difference of the liquid level before and after liquid is dispensed. Historically, the accuracy of a graduated pipette was not as good as that of a volumetric pipette; however, with improved manufacturing methods, the accuracies listed by the manufacturer can equal volumetric pipets. {{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}
Two types of graduated pipettes exist:
* [[Mohr pipette]]s or drain-out pipettes have a 0ml mark before the start of the conical end, which is a dead volume.
* serological or blow-out pipettes have no 0ml mark as that corresponds to an empty pipette.
Graduated pipettes have +/- tolerances that range from 0.6% to 0.4% of the nominal volume when measured at 20C.Graduated pipettes are manufactured according to ISO specifications for accuracy and the arrangement of the graduations. A grade pipettes are more accurate than B grade pipettes and Volumetric pipettes are the most accurate of all.
-->
=== Dispenser pipet ===
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Various methods exist to handle the liquids inside a pipette. Before the advent of more sophisticated pipette dispensers, it was common practice to "mouth pipette" i.e. to aspirate fluid into the pipette by applying suction with one's mouth. Mouth pipetting is now considered unsafe due to the possibility of accidentally ingesting or inhaling toxic chemicals or [[pathogens]]. The main three types of pipette dispenser are the bulb filler, pipette pump and the electronic controller.
<gallery>
File:Bulb controller.jpg|Bulb fillers are the simplest cylindrical pipette controllers, employing pinch-valves.
File:Manual controller.jpg|Pipette pumps allow more accurate handling of the volume inside a cylindrical pipette.
File:Electronic controller.jpg|Electronic dispensers are expensive (200-300GB£), but allow easy, accurate handling.
</gallery>
-->
=== Aksesoris pipet ===
<!--
*'''Pipette fillers''' are used to fill the pipette easily, avoiding the need for mouth pipetting.
*'''Pipette dispensers''' are battery-operated and are designed to be used with disposable pipette tubes. These pipettes cannot be calibrated and their accuracy is determined by that of the printed graduations on the disposable tubes.
*'''Light-guided pipetting systems''' are pipetting accessories which are computer based. They utilize flat screen LCD monitors or LED arrays to light up source and destination wells in microplates or vials for accurate well to well pipetting. Some of these systems use text to speech to alert the operator during plate or volume changes when pipetting lab protocols.
*'''Pipette tips'''. The pipettors and injection molded plastic disposable tips form together a reliable pipetting system. It is recommended to use original manufacturers tips to guarantee the precision and accuracy of the pipettes. The precision-made pipettor tips provide excellent reproducibility and accuracy. Pipettor tips are available in autoclavable boxes, refills and bulk packaging. Non-sterile, pre-sterilized and filtered tips are usually available in single trays as RNase, DNase and endotoxin certified free.
-->
== Pipet pasteur ==
[[Berkas:20070422 dispensible pipett.jpg|150px|jmpl|ka|Pipet dispensabel.]]
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[[Pipet pasteur]], juga dikenal sebagai pipet pentil atau '''penetes''', adalah pipet plastik atau beling yang digunakan untuk memindahkan sedikit cairan, tetapi tidak dikalibrasi untuk suatu volume tertentu. Pipet transfer, juga disebut pipet beral, adalah serupa dengan pipet pasteur. Namun, mereka terbuat dari satu picis plastik dan pentolan mereka dapat berperan sebagai ruang penahan cairan.
[[File:20070422 dispensible pipett.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Dispensable pipettes.]]
[[Pasteur pipette]]s, also known as teat pipettes or '''droppers''', are plastic or glass pipettes used to transfer small amounts of liquids, but are not graduated or calibrated for any particular volume. [[Transfer pipette]]s, also known as Beral pipettes, are similar to Pasteur pipettes. However, they are made from a single piece of plastic and their bulb can serve as the liquid-holding chamber.
<br>
A commercial variant of the pasteur pipette is the dispensable pipettes which are often made of plastic and intended to be used to administer medicine into the eye or ear of a patient (see image).
-->
== Pipet terkecil ==
Pipet [[zeptoliter]] telah dikembangkan di [[Brookhaven National Laboratory|Laboratorium Nasional Brookhaven]], Negara Bagian [[New York]], [[Amerika Serikat]]. Pipet ini dibuat dari cangkang karbon, yang di dalamnya merupakan [[aloi]] [[emas]]-[[germanium]]. Pipet ini digunakan untuk mempelajari kelangsungan [[kristalisasi]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher = Science News|url = http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070421/fob4.asp|volume = 171,|pages = 244–245|title = A New Low: Lilliputian pipette releases tiniest drops|author = Aimee Cunningham|date = 2007-04-18}}</ref>
<!--
A [[zeptoliter]] pipette has been developed at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]]. The pipette is made of a carbon shell, within which is an alloy of gold-germanium. The pipette was used to learn about how [[crystallization]] takes place.<ref>{{cite news | publisher = Science News | url = http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070421/fob4.asp | volume = 171, | pages = 244–245 | title = A New Low: Lilliputian pipette releases tiniest drops | author = Aimee Cunningham | date = 2007-04-18}}</ref>
-->
== Referensi ==
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wiktionary|pipettepipet}}
{{Commons|Pipette}}
* {{en}} [http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/demos/pipetuse/pipetuse.htm HelpfulPetunjuk Hintsyang onBerguna thetentang UsePenggunaan ofPipet aVolumetrik] Volumetric{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630142910/http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/demos/pipetuse/pipetuse.htm Pipet]|date=2013-06-30 }} byoleh Oliver Seely
* {{en}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRVFZJ-VLCc TheSejarah History of the PipettePipet] (YouTube video [[YouTube]])
* {{en}} [http://www.pipetteuk.com/ Sejarah Pipet menurut Basis Data Paten Amerika Serikat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424004054/http://www.pipetteuk.com/ |date=2012-04-24 }}
*[http://www.pipetteuk.com/ The History of the Pipette according to the US Patent Database]
* {{it}} [http://www.pipette.esit/ The History of the PipettingSejarah (Spanish)Perpipetan]
*[http://www.pipette.it/ The History of the Pipetting (Italian)]
;Pipettes in the news:
* [http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050524/news_1b24inventio.html Gugatan Hukum Gilson/Rainin Lawsuit]
{{Peralatan lab}}
{{Authority control}}
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