Krisis pangan 2022: Perbedaan antara revisi
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k Bot: Mengganti kategori Ekonomika di tahun 2022 dengan Sejarah ekonomi dalam tahun 2022 |
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| (7 revisi perantara oleh 3 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
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{{Yatim|Oktober 2022}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' adalah peningkatan [[harga pangan]] dan krisis pasokan pangan di seluruh dunia yang terjadi di tahun 2022. Berbagai kondisi secara bersama-sama menjadi penyebab mengapa krisis ini terjadi, seperti masalah geopolitik, ekonomi, dan bencana alam seperti [[gelombang panas]], [[banjir]], dan [[kekeringan]] [[perubahan iklim dan pertanian|akibat perubahan iklim]]. [[Ketahanan pangan selama pandemi Covid-19|Pandemi COVID-19 juga menyebabkan masalah ketahanan pangan]] yang masih berlanjut di tahun 2022.
Baris 6 ⟶ 7:
Di beberapa wilayah seperti [[Afrika Timur]] dan [[Madagaskar]], kekeringan dan kelaparan sudah terjadi akibat kegagalan sistem pertanian dan perubahan iklim, dan peningkatan harga pangan diperkirakan akan membuat situasi semakin memburuk.<ref name="Good" /><ref name=":0" /> Bahkan negara-negara belahan bumi utara yang biasanya memiliki [[ketahanan pangan|suplai pangan yang baik]], seperti [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]], mulai mengalami dampak langsung inflasi harga akibat berkurangnya pasokan pangan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philpott |first=Tom |title=As Russia's invasion roils supply chains, the world grows hungrier |url=https://www.motherjones.com/food/2022/04/russia-ukraine-wheat-fertilizer-invasion-natural-gas-energy-hunger/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref> Berbagai analis menyebutkan bahwa peningkatan harga pangan ini adalah yang terburuk sejak krisis pangan 2007-2008.<ref name=":0" />
== Penyebab ==
=== Krisis energi ===
{{Further|Pangan vs. bahan bakar}}
[[Gas alam]] adalah bahan baku produksi [[amonia]] melalui [[proses Haber]] yang kemudian digunakan dalam produksi [[pupuk]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mulvaney |first1=Dustin |title=Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-9677-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_eji4ZzEiQC&pg=PA301 |page=301}}</ref> Pengembangan sumber nitrogen anorganik ini telah secara signifikan menyokong populasi dunia, dan diperkirakan saat ini hampir setengah warga dunia memiliki persediaan pangan yang dihasilkan dari lahan yang menggunakan pupuk nitrogen anorganik ini.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Erisman|first1=Jan Willem|author2=MA Sutton, J Galloway, Z Klimont, W Winiwarter|title=How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world|journal=[[Nature Geoscience]]|pages=636–639|date=October 2008|volume=1|doi=10.1038/ngeo325|url=http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf|access-date=22 October 2010|issue=10|bibcode=2008NatGe...1..636E|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723223052/http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf|archive-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>
Krisis energi global di tahun 2021–2022 telah merambat hingga ke produksi pupuk dan [[industri pangan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Energy crisis today – fertiliser and food crisis tomorrow? |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/opinion/energy-crisis-today-fertiliser-and-food-crisis-tomorrow/ |work=Euractiv |date=19 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='I'm afraid we're going to have a food crisis': The energy crunch has made fertilizer too expensive to produce, says Yara CEO |url=https://fortune.com/2021/11/04/energy-crisis-food-shortage-security-fertilizer-prices-yara-ceo-madagascar-cop26/ |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Soaring fertilizer prices put global food security at risk |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/05/06/fertilizer-prices-food-securtiy |work=Axios |date=6 May 2022}}</ref> Hal ini telah menyebabkan berbagai harga pupuk telah mencapai titik tertingginya sejak tahun 2008. Dan ini, menurut [[Independent Commodity Intelligence Services]] adalah masalah serius karena setengah suplai pangan dunia disokong oleh pupuk nitrogen anorganik.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/20/global-energy-crisis-famine-production |work=The Guardian |date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
=== Invasi Rusia terhadap Ukraina ===
Harga gandum dunia telah mencapai harga tertingginya sejak 2008 merespon invasi Rusia di tahun 2002.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukraine Invasion Threatens Global Wheat Supply |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/business/ukraine-russia-wheat-prices.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224194252/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/business/ukraine-russia-wheat-prices.html |archive-date=24 February 2022 |author-last1=Swanson |author-first1=Anna}}</ref> Pada saat invasi berlangsung, Ukraina merupakan eksportir [[jagung]] dan [[gandum]] terbesar nomor empat di dunia, dan eksportir [[minyak biji bunga matahari]] terbesar dunia. Rusia dan Ukraina secara bersama-sama merupakan penyuplai 27 persen gandum dunia dan 53 persen biji bunga matahari dan minyak biji bunga matahari dunia.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 March 2022 |title=Ukraine War to Compound Hunger, Poverty in Africa, Experts Say |work=VOA News |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-war-to-compound-hunger-poverty-in-africa-experts-say/6492430.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324223234/https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-war-to-compound-hunger-poverty-in-africa-experts-say/6492430.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[World Food Programme]] memperingatkan di bulan Maret bahwa perang di Ukraina dapat menyebabkan [[ketahanan pangan|krisis pangan global]] mencapai level yang belum pernah dilihat sebelumnya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Durisin |first1=Megan |last2=Elkin |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Parija |first3=Pratik |date=9 March 2022 |title=The World's Next Food Emergency Is Here as War Compounds Hunger Crisis |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-08/war-in-ukraine-compounds-global-food-inflation-hunger-crisis |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313045846/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-08/war-in-ukraine-compounds-global-food-inflation-hunger-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref> Potensi gangguan yang terjadi pada suplai gandum dunia dapat memperparah krisis kelaparan di Yaman, Afghanistan, dan Afrika Timur.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2022 |title=Crisis in Ukraine Drives Food Prices Higher Around World |work=[[Voice of America|VOA News]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hold-for-wknd-crisis-in-ukraine-drives-food-prices-higher-around-world/6471261.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314135650/https://www.voanews.com/a/hold-for-wknd-crisis-in-ukraine-drives-food-prices-higher-around-world/6471261.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UN food agency official alarmed by Afghan food, fuel prices |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-afghanistan-business-lifestyle-poverty-c40ed521af2bf491ee438d0bbfab0353 |work=Associated Press |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407104053/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-afghanistan-business-lifestyle-poverty-c40ed521af2bf491ee438d0bbfab0353 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Foreign Policy">{{cite news |title=Afghanistan's Hungry Will Pay the Price for Putin's War |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/afghanistan-food-insecurity-humanitarian-crisis-war/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210249/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/afghanistan-food-insecurity-humanitarian-crisis-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2022 |title=As many as 28 million people across East Africa at risk of extreme hunger if rains fail again |work=[[Oxfam]] |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/many-28-million-people-across-east-africa-risk-extreme-hunger-if-rains-fail-again |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325145208/https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/many-28-million-people-across-east-africa-risk-extreme-hunger-if-rains-fail-again |url-status=live }}</ref> Asosiasi Produsen Roti Amerika Serikat memperingatkan bahwa segala hal yang terbuat dari [[serealia]] akan mengalami peningkatan harga karena masing-masing jenis serealia saling terkait dan saling menggantikan. [[Wells Fargo]] menyatakan bahwa Ukraina akan mengalami kesulitan dalam bercocok tanam di musim semi 2002 dan akan kehilangan satu musim tanam, sedangkan embargo yang diterapkan terhadap Rusia akan semakin meningkatkan inflasi di sektor harga pangan. Mengembalikan kemampuan Ukraina dalam bercocok tanam ke kondisi semula akan membutuhkan waktu beberapa tahun bahkan setelah peperangan berakhir.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine will likely ratchet American food prices even higher, experts say |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/02/26/ukraine-russia-wheat-exports/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/02/26/ukraine-russia-wheat-exports/ |archive-date=27 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Peningkatan harga gandum akibat konflik ini akan semakin memperparah negara-negara yang sangat bergantung pada ekspor gandum Rusia dan Ukraina, seperti Mesir dan negara-negara di Afrika lainnya, dan dapat menyebabkan kerusuhan masyarakat.<ref>{{cite news |title=How tensions in Ukraine could rile Egypt |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/02/03/how-tensions-in-ukraine-could-rile-egypt |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224074626/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/02/03/how-tensions-in-ukraine-could-rile-egypt |archive-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Setidaknya 25 negara-negara di Afrika mengimpor sepertiga suplai gandum negara mereka dari Rusia dan Ukraina, dan 15 diantaranya mengimpor lebih dari setengahnya dari kedua negara itu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Mohammed |date=2022-03-19 |title=Ukraine War to Compound Hunger, Poverty in Africa, Experts Say |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-war-to-compound-hunger-poverty-in-africa-experts-say/6492430.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=VOA |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324223234/https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-war-to-compound-hunger-poverty-in-africa-experts-say/6492430.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Di bulan Februari, sebelum perang dimulai, pemerintah China memutuskan untuk menanggalkan setiap hambatan impor gandum dari Rusia sebagai bagian dari kesepakatan dagang yang telah dicapai kedua negara sebelumnya.<ref>{{cite web |title=海关总署公告2022年第21号（关于允许俄罗斯全境小麦进口的公告） [General Administration of Customs Notification 21/2022] |url=http://www.customs.gov.cn//customs/302249/2480148/4198208/index.html |website=[[General Administration of Customs]] |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225071757/http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/2480148/4198208/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' menyebut ini sebagai "penyelamat" perekonomian Rusia.<ref>{{cite web |author-last1=Tang |author-first1=Frank |date=24 February 2022 |title=China lifts all wheat-import restrictions on Russia amid Ukraine crisis |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3168278/ukraine-crisis-deepens-china-lifts-all-wheat-import?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article&campaign=3168278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213447/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3168278/ukraine-crisis-deepens-china-lifts-all-wheat-import?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article&campaign=3168278 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Pada bulan Maret, FAO dan PBB melaporkan bahwa indeks harga pangan dunia telah mencapai level tertingginya dengan peningkatan sebesar 24 persen ''year-over-year'', dan analis memperkirakan bahwa invasi akan memiliki dampak yang berkepanjangan terhadap harga pangan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Food prices jump 24.1% yr/yr to hit record high in Feb, U.N. agency says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/food-prices-hit-record-high-february-un-agency-says-2022-03-04/ |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306003720/https://www.reuters.com/world/food-prices-hit-record-high-february-un-agency-says-2022-03-04/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Food Price Index hit record high in February, UN agency reports |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113332 |newspaper=UN News |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306142045/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113332 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Pada akhir bulan Maret, berdasarkan pernyataan wakil sekretaris negara Amerika Serikat, invasi Rusia, secara spesifik blokade laut dan serangan terhadap kapal kargo sipil, telah menyebabkan kelangkaan pangan di Ukraina; kondisi yang akan merambat ke berbagai belahan dunia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin has created a "global food crisis" with war in Ukraine, US deputy secretary of state says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-29-22/h_52b64edc0433e080499ab92243b8b64a |access-date=30 March 2022 |agency=CNN |date=29 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330005054/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-29-22/h_52b64edc0433e080499ab92243b8b64a |url-status=live }}</ref> Ditambah lagi dengan hambatan ekspor yang dialami Rusia akibat sanksi ekonomi karena mereka adalah salah satu eksportir utama [[potas]], [[amonia]], [[urea]], dan [[nutrien]] tanah lainnya dan dapat mengganggu ketahanan pangan di berbagai negara.<ref>{{cite news |title=As sanctions bite Russia, fertilizer shortage imperils world food supply |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sanctions-bite-russia-fertilizer-shortage-imperils-world-food-supply-2022-03-23/ |work=Reuters |date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAO Information Note: The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict, 25 March 2022 Update |url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf |website=Food and Agriculture Organization |date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Soaring fertilizer prices put global food security at risk |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/05/06/fertilizer-prices-food-securtiy |work=Axios |date=6 May 2022}}</ref> Peningkatan [[harga gas alam]] juga akan menaikkan harga [[pupuk]], dan akan berkontribusi pada peningkatan harga pangan secara global.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia-Ukraine war worsens fertilizer crunch, risking food supplies |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/12/1092251401/russia-ukraine-war-worsens-fertilizer-crunch-risking-food-supplies?t=1653820567878 |work=[[NPR]] |date=12 April 2022}}</ref> Sejak sebelum perang dimulai, Rusia telah menerapkan larangan ekspor [[amonium nitrat]] untuk memenuhi kebutuhan petani dalam negeri merespon tingginya harga pupuk dunia yang sudah meningkat.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Aled |last2=Bland |first2=William |last3=Bobylov |first3=Alexandre |date=2022-02-02 |title=Russia bans ammonium nitrate exports until April to support domestic farmers |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/agriculture/020222-russia-bans-ammonium-nitrate-exports-until-april-to-support-domestic-farmers |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=www.spglobal.com |language=en}}</ref>
Berbagai ilmuwan menyarankan bahwa para pembuat kebijakan jangan meninggalkan praktek [[pertanian berkelanjutan]] demi meningkatkan produksi pangan. Sebaliknya, perubahan harus ada pada sisi permintaan, yaitu konsumen, yang secara langsung akan membentuk sistem pangan global yang berkelanjutan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Food crisis due to Ukraine war calls for demand-side action: less animal products, less waste, and greening EU agricultural policy — Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research |url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-news/food-crisis-due-to-ukraine-war-calls-for-action-less-meat-less-waste-and-greening-eu-agricultural-policy |publisher=[[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]] |access-date=18 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Perubahan yang dimaksud adalah dengan mengurangi konsumsi daging, karena [[hewan ternak]] mengkonsumsi serealia dalam jumlah besar dan lahan [[penggembalaan]] yang luas, dua hal yang dapat dialihkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan masyarakat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Auswirkungen des Ukraine-Kriegs auf Ernährungssicherheit |url=https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/rapid-reaction/details/news/auswirkungen-des-ukraine-krieg-auf-ernaehrungssicherheit/ |work=[[Science Media Centre#Other SMCs|Science Media Centre Germany]] |access-date=18 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bentley |first1=Alison |title=Broken bread — avert global wheat crisis caused by invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00789-x |journal=Nature |access-date=18 April 2022 |pages=551 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00789-x |date=22 March 2022|volume=603 |issue=7902 |pmid=35318475 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..551B |s2cid=247616714 }}</ref>
=== Krisis iklim ===
{{Further|Perubahan iklim dan pertanian}}
Kejadian gelombang panas, banjir, dan kekeringan yang berulang antara tahun 2020 dan 2022 secara signifikan mempengaruhi suplai pangan dunia. Berbagai cuaca ekstrim ini terkait dengan [[perubahan iklim]] yang menjadikan sistem pangan kurang mampu bertahan dari guncangan selevel seperti perang di Ukraina. Jumlah cadangan gandum dunia sejak awal tahun 2022 sudah sangat rendah akibat cuaca ekstrim yang telah terjadi tersebut.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Meredith |title='We see the storm coming': U.S. struggles to contain a deepening global food crisis |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/05/deepening-global-food-crisis-ukraine-russia-00023124 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref>
Di [[Irak]], perubahan iklim telah menyebabkan [[kelangkaan air]] yang dapat memiliki dampak pada negara itu selama beberapa tahun ke depan.<ref>{{cite news |title='All the trees have died': Iraqis face intensifying water crisis |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/all-the-trees-have-died-iraqis-face-persistent-water-crisis |work=Al Jazeera |date=5 November 2021}}</ref> Suplai air Irak amat bergantung pada [[sistem sungai Eufrat–Tigris]] yang sedang mengalami penurunan debit aliran.<ref>{{cite news |title=Severe water shortages strain wheat harvest in Iraq |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-technology-agriculture-iraq-57c49a6c08e293f6c08e07bb26e6a489 |work=Associated Press |date=29 May 2022}}</ref>
Kekeringan di Afrima Timur telah terjadi sejak tahun 2021 dan semakin intens pada tahun 2022 sebagai akibat dari datangnya [[La Nina]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MULVANEY |first=KIERAN |date=2022-03-14 |title=Historic drought looms for 20 million living in Horn of Africa |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/historic-drought-looms-for-20-million-living-in-horn-of-africa |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=National Geographic: Environment |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-08 |title=Severe drought threatens 13 million with hunger in Horn of Africa |language=en |work=UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111472 |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref> Tiga musim hujan hadir dalam kondisi yang kering di kawasan tersebut, mematikan [[tanaman pertanian]] dan sejumlah besar hewan ternak.<ref name=":1" /> PBB memperkirakan dua puluh juta rakyat Afrika berada dalam risiko kelaparan.<ref name=":1" /> Sejumlah besar hewan ternak dan satwa liar mati akibat kekeringan ini.<ref name=":1" /> Berbagai kondisi ini memperparah dampak wabah [[belalang gurun]] di tahun 2019–2021 yang menghancurkan sejumlah besar area lahan pertanian.<ref name=":1" />
Di awal oktober 2021, atau setahun setelah [[perang Tigray]] dimulai, lembaga PBB untuk kemanusiaan yang bertugas di Tigray, [[Kantor_Koordinasi_Urusan_Kemanusiaan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa|OCHA]], menyatakan bahwa pemerintah Ethiopia dengan sengaja menyebabkan kelaparan di wilayah Tigray, dengan cara menghentikan bantuan kemanusiaan masuk ke wilayah itu.<ref name="PBS_sophisticated_campaign">{{cite news | last1= Schifrin | first1= Nick | title= Ethiopia's 'sophisticated campaign' to withhold food, fuel and other aid from Tigray | date= 6 October 2021 |newspaper= [[PBS]] | url= https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/ethiopias-sophisticated-campaign-to-withhold-food-fuel-and-other-aid-from-tigray |access-date= 16 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211016045014/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/ethiopias-sophisticated-campaign-to-withhold-food-fuel-and-other-aid-from-tigray |archive-date= 16 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Krisis iklim juga terjadi di Eropa. Kekeringan yang terjadi saat musim dingin di Spanyol dan Portugal pada awal tahun 2022 diprediksi dapat mengurangi hasil pertanian di beberapa area hingga sebanyak 80 persen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-13 |title=Extreme winter drought devastates crops in Spain and Portugal |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/13/climate-change-induced-extreme-winter-drought-devastates-crops-in-spain-and-portugal |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> Hujan yang turun di awal Maret dan April tidak cukup membantu kondisi kekeringan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/espana/2022-04-08/el-marzo-menos-soleado-en-39-anos.html|website=[[El País]]|date=8 April 2022|first=Victoria|last=Torres Benayas|title=El marzo menos soleado en 40 años}}</ref> Di Prancis, hujan yang dingin membeku justru terjadi di saat pembentukan kuncup, mematikan bakal bunga dan mengurangi hasil tanaman buah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Late frost ices over French vineyards, threatens fruit crops |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-france-europe-environment-48f01edff0e6cbc33e4a1b51d36790dc |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
Kekeringan di Italia telah mengurangi jumlah debit air yang mengalir di [[sungai Po]], yang berkontribusi penting terhadap 40 persen hasil tani di negara itu. [[Intrusi air asin]] di pesisir dapat mengurangi hasil tani hingga 30 persen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy's longest river, fed by melt from the Alps, dries up, threatening agricultural collapse |url=https://www.dailykos.com/story/2022/5/18/2098186/-Italy-s-longest-river-fed-by-melt-from-the-Alps-dries-up-its-food-basket-threatening-collapse |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Daily Kos}}</ref>
Semenjak krisis pangan terjadi, India mengekspor lebih banyak gandum demi mengisi kekosongan suplai gandum dunia yang diakibatkan peperangan di Ukraina.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Mayank |title=EXCLUSIVE India acts to seize gap in wheat export market left by Ukraine war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/exclusive-india-acts-seize-gap-wheat-export-market-left-by-ukraine-war-2022-03-15/ |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=Reuters |date=16 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Namun di India sendiri, gelombang panas menyebabkan suplai pangan terganggu dan harga di beberapa tempat meningkat. Masalah juga diakibatkan oleh peperangan yang menyebabkan harga pupuk dunia meningkat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=Explained: How heatwave might thwart India's dream to feed the world |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/explained-how-heatwave-might-thwart-indias-dream-to-feed-the-world-10576961.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424150614/https://www.firstpost.com/business/explained-how-heatwave-might-thwart-indias-dream-to-feed-the-world-10576961.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Gelombang panas hadir di akhir musim tanam, membunuh tanaman sebelum mereka siap dipanen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaughan |first=Adam |title=Severe Indian heatwave will bake a billion people and damage crops |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2317372-severe-indian-heatwave-will-bake-a-billion-people-and-damage-crops/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426214955/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2317372-severe-indian-heatwave-will-bake-a-billion-people-and-damage-crops/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Hari |last2=Ives |first2=Mike |title=The Extreme Heat Pummeling India and Pakistan Is About to Get Worse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/28/world/asia/india-extreme-heat-wave.html |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428154220/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/28/world/asia/india-extreme-heat-wave.html/|archive-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> Gelombang panas ini telah menyebabkan pemerintah India mengubah kebijakannya terhadap suplai gandum dunia dengan menghentikan ekspor gandum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Business |first=Diksha Madhok, CNN |title=India offered to help fix the global food crisis. Here's why it backtracked |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/17/business/india-wheat-export-ban-food-prices-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=CNN}}</ref> Gelombang panas juga sangat mempengaruhi hasil panen buah di [[Balochistan]].<ref name="guardian_2may2022">{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Meer Baloch |first2=Shah |title=‘We are living in hell’: Pakistan and India suffer extreme spring heatwaves |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/02/pakistan-india-heatwaves-water-electricity-shortages |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=2 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Gelombang panas telah menyebabkan [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]], [[Paraguay]], dan Brazil selatan, kawasan yang juluki dengan "kerucut selatan", mengalami penurunan hasil panen [[jagung]], [[kedelai]], dan serealia lainnya, sehingga secara signifikan mempengaruhi harga komoditas tersebut di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=GRAINS-Soybeans steady as South America rain chances assessed |url=https://www.agriculture.com/markets/newswire/grains-soybeans-steady-as-south-america-rain-chances-assessed |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Successful Farming |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611025637/https://www.agriculture.com/markets/newswire/grains-soybeans-steady-as-south-america-rain-chances-assessed |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=by |date=2022-01-10 |title=La Niña puts record harvests at risk |url=https://california18.com/strike-of-carriers-the-police-arrested-39-subjects-during-disturbances-on-the-central-highway/4062232022/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=California18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Heath |first=Maximilian |date=2022-01-06 |title=Heatwave to hit Argentina, further stressing corn, soybean crops |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/heatwave-hit-argentina-further-stressing-corn-soybean-crops-2022-01-06/ |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=GRANT |first=DANIEL |title=Argentine crops in 'grave danger;' Brazilian estimates fall |work=FarmWeek Now |url=https://www.farmweeknow.com/crop_conditions/argentine-crops-in-grave-danger-brazilian-estimates-fall/article_07e48b3e-73de-11ec-9ccf-1353f727de96.html}}</ref>
Banjir parah di [[New South Wales]], Australia pada Februari 2022 telah menghancurkan ladang [[kedelai]] dan [[sawah]] padi serta menurunkan sekitar 36 persen hasil kacang [[makadamia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-03 |title='All of our crops are completely submerged': Total crop losses expected in northern NSW flood zone |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-03/northern-nsw-crop-flood-damage/100875454 |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref> Sejumlah besar kawanan hewan ternak terganggu dan berbagai infrastruktur pertanian dan peternakan rusak parah akibat banjir, yang disebut sebagai bencana alam perusak hasil pertanian terbesar ketiga di Australia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=Floods and livestock losses leave NSW and Queensland farmers reeling from third disaster in three years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/02/floods-and-livestock-losses-leave-nsw-and-queensland-farmers-reeling-from-third-disaster-in-three-years |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
=== Kegagalan rantai pasokan pangan ===
Di bulan Mei 2022, harian Guardian menyatakan bahwa salah satu penyebab rentannya sistem pangan adalah karena rantai pasokan dikendalikan oleh pemusatan pola pangan yang disebut dengan ''Global Standard Diet''. Mereka membandingkan krisis perbankan 2008 disebabkan oleh pola yang serupa dengan yang dilakukan sistem pangan dunia saat ini.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=The banks collapsed in 2008 – and our food system is about to do the same {{!}} George Monbiot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/may/19/banks-collapsed-in-2008-food-system-same-producers-regulators |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
Di China, ''lockdown'' akibat COVID-19 yang masih berlanjut sampai sekarang sebagai bagian dari [[kebijakan nol COVID]] yang secara signifikan menurunkan input pertanian terhadap komoditas yang penting.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yu |first=Sun |date=2022-04-06 |title=China's zero-Covid policy risks causing agricultural crisis and food shortages |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/17aaf112-be52-4695-9f2d-849a50ea3c2d |access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref> Sebelum ini, China yang sejak tahun 2021 telah melakukan pencadangan makanan pada level yang sangat tinggi dalam sejarah mereka dikarenakan [[perang dagang]] yang terjadi dengan Amerika Serikat dan Australia, dapat membeli lebih banyak bahan pangan dari berbagai negara di dunia.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China hoards over half the world's grain, pushing up global prices|work=Nikkei Asia|author=SHIN WATANABE, AIKO MUNAKATA|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Datawatch/China-hoards-over-half-the-world-s-grain-pushing-up-global-prices|access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref>
==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
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